Ant 270 (After Midterm 1)

Front 1

Nevali Cori: cult buildings

Back 1

-turkey
-cult buildings with domestic buildings on either side (room for storage)

Front 2

Nevali Cori: figurines

Back 2

-head ancestor depicted in cult building ; depicted 3 times
-Statues present. site located next to limestone deposit
-male figurines present; unusual bc of predominance of female figs during this time
-shows community ritual
-sedentary!

Front 3

Gobekli Tepe: where and when

Back 3

larger site compared to Nevali cori!
- mountainous location
-occupied from mesolithic to neolithic

Front 4

Gobekli Tepe: structures

Back 4

-large circular structures, more monolithic structures
- T shaped structures
-ornateley decorated, animals, geometric desigsn
-vultures "sky burial"body eaten by birds and taken to heaven
-giant man statue

Front 5

Gobekli Tepe: carvings and symbolism

Back 5

- motifs' ; boars, vultures, ferocious predators, (neolithic symbols
-grinning cats
significance: most are predators, thought to be guardians of protectors

Front 6

Gobekli Tepe: siginficance

Back 6

1. no domestic structures, solely sacred site; was it religion that started social complexity?
2.no evidence for domestication of animals and plants; site shows a lot of social complexity for a NON SEDENTARY group
3. could be a central meeting place

Front 7

Ain Ghazal: where and when

Back 7

Northwestern Jordan
-largest neolithic site
-middle to late neolithic (before pottery)
-rectangular rooms, domestic plants animals

Front 8

Ain Ghazal: Megasite Phenomenon/ domestic architecture

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-transition from villages to towns
-2 story houses= extended families
-more people available to do more chores
-larger labor pool

Front 9

Ain Ghazal: Burials

Back 9

2 types:
1.intramural subfloor- headless skeleton buried in the home
2. trash burial- no ceremony involved; not all diceased people are treated the same
-plastering floors helps us tell time of occupation

Front 10

Ain Ghazal: cattle figurines/ anthropomorphic figurines

Back 10

-lots of cattle figurines
-cattle was not fully domesticated, not very useful
-"killed cattle"-sympathetic magic, like voodoo dolls
-anth figurines- made out of twigs, dipped in clay

Front 11

Ain Ghazal: What happens in the PPNC?

Back 11

-population decrease, all big and small sites disappear completely
-Climate: got worse, agriculture wasnt working
-goats?:goats eat everything
-social decrease: not knowing hot to cope with more social civilizations

Front 12

pristine state

Back 12

first civilizations

Front 13

secondary states

Back 13

arose bc of contact b/w pristine states

Front 14

Environment of Pristine states/ differences

Back 14

-located next to rivers
-all early societies arise where agriculture is prominent
-differences: mesoamerica; water doesn't seem to be quite as important

Front 15

Characteristics of complexity

Back 15

urbanism
site hierarchy
monumental architecture
art
burials
writing
rulers
social stritification
warfare
specialization
long distance trade

Front 16

Urbanism

Back 16

-areas that are centers for political/ religiouis institutions, markets
-hinterland- periphery where everyone else lives

Front 17

site hierarchies

Back 17

nested levels of power
-big cities, suburbs, farmville

Front 18

monuments

Back 18

large scale building projects
-projects are magnanomou in scale and legacy
-expression of power

Front 19

art

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high art- distinct, recognizable, standardized enough to tell the difference bw different societies
-state purposes- decorate architecture, seen by rich people
-use of propoganda, seen by everybody, not just state purposes

Front 20

elaborate burials

Back 20

-difference in scale from neolithic
-indicates distinction b/w social classes

Front 21

writing

Back 21

-to keep track of social happenings
-used for different purposes; economic transactions, kings, as an oracle, calendrics etc.

Front 22

Rulers

Back 22

-one person ruling
-people who have left an impression on society
-must be able to pass power on
-religious, military, judicial power

Front 23

social stratification

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-hierarchy
-achieved status: acheived by oneself
-ascribed status: born into a class

Front 24

Warfare

Back 24

-war with other civilizations to gain resources, labor
-citizens forced by the state to fight

Front 25

Specialization

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-based on profession
-attached craftsman- works for the sate
-independent craftsman- works mostly for themselves, minimal control

Front 26

Long distance trade

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-trading raw material; copper, tin, metals, stones
-ex silk road, weigh stations for camels, uluburn- shipwreck found products from every trade path

Front 27

Monocausal theories: Wittfogel, carneiro

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Wittfogel: hydraulic hypothesis (irrigation)
Carneiro-warfare (violence necessary)

Front 28

Territorial state

Back 28

powerful central governement that controls territory

Front 29

City states

Back 29

every city is its own political identity

Front 30

Staple Finance

Back 30

agricultural products needed for survival
-simpler in smaller societies

Front 31

wealth finance

Back 31

more given value, gold, money, jewles

Front 32

Mesopotamia: Geography

Back 32

Iraq
-located b/w Zagros and Taurus mountains
-diverse environmental zones
--north :lots of rainfall, rich in resources
--south: essentially desert, resource poor, quite fertile when irrigated
-Isohayat: irriagation zone, above the line get 250 mm of rainfall, below doesnt, cant do agriculture

Front 33

Mesopotamia: Economy

Back 33

-Pastoralism- textiles from domestication of sheep (south esp)
-marshes- resource plenty

Front 34

Mesopotamia: 6th Millenium, farming villages

Back 34

-chalcolithic: farming period
3 cultural phases:
1. Hussana
2. Samarra- Irrigation begins
3. Halaf

Front 35

Mesopotamia: Ubaid

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-spread of cultural ideas
-standardized bricks, pottery
-evidence for boats
-occupation in near east
-communal granary

Front 36

Mesopotamia: Eridu, Ubaid

Back 36

-evidece for ritual cult
-sequence of temples
--fish bones present (sacrifice)
--worshiping a deity
--direct continuity of traditions

Front 37

Ziggurat

Back 37

-not a temple
-"house of the mountain"

Front 38

Roles of temples in Mesopotamia

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-religious and economic institutions
-store houses, workshops
-largest landowners, employers
-redistributing wealth among city

Front 39

Enki

Back 39

god in Summerian mythology
-patron god of the city Eridu

Front 40

3 factors of emerging complexity

Back 40

1. temple
2. irrigation
3. economic exchange

Front 41

Uruk: advancements

Back 41

-mass production of pots
-wheel
-early writing
-plow

Front 42

Uruk: Eanna Precinct

Back 42

-from the godess Inanna. role of godess in new Years
-cone mozaic
-earliest tablets

Front 43

Uruk: Riemchengebaude

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-singular building filled with exotic valuable remains
-animal sacrifice?

Front 44

Uruk: Anu Ziggurat

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-obviously a delegated job like the pyrimads
-many hours of labor

Front 45

Uruk: White Temple

Back 45

-buttressed architecture

Front 46

Art in Uruk: Bevel rimmed bowls

Back 46

-same size volume
-standard unit of payment?
-offerings for temple?

Front 47

Uruk: Urbanism, why?

Back 47

1. climate change
2. immigration of people from the hinterlands