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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is DNA found?
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In the nucleus of the cell
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What does DNA stand for?
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
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2 strands of nucleic acid wind together to form a _____ _____
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Double helix
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What is one piece or strand of DNA called?
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Chromosome
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True/False?
All species have the same number of chromosomes. |
False
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What is the process called when DNA is turned into RNA?
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Transcription
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What is it called when RNA is turned into proteins?
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Translation
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What is a pair of homologous chromosomes called?
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homologs
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What is the gene location on a chromosome called?
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Locus or loci
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What are different forms of a gene called?
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Alleles
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If you have n pair of heterozygous genes, how many genetically different sperm/egg will you have? How many different genotypes?
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Sperm/egg - 2^n
genotypes- 3^n |
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What are the two ways traits can be measured?
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subjectively and objectively
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How are qualitative traits measured?
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objectively
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How are qualitative traits measured?
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subjectively
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What is breeding value?
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"parental worth" the genotype transferred from parent to offspring.
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What is a non additive value?
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gene combinations in the individual that are unique in each generation and not passed down.
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What is a common way to eliminate the environmental portion of the phenotype?
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adjusted records
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For the purpose of adjusted records, if the dam is 3 years old how many pounds would the bull calf be? the heifer calf?
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bull calf - 40
heifer calf - 36 |
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For the purpose of adjusted records, if the dam is 5-10 years old how many pounds would the bull calf be? the heifer calf?
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bull calf - 0
heifer calf - 0 |
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What is selection also known as?
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differential reproduction
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What is selection differential?
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deciding which animals reproduce and which ones dont.
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What is selection differential also known as?
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reach
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What is "reach" or selection differential?
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the superiority of interiority of selected animals compared to the group average
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If the average little size is 12 and the selected average litter size is 14, what is the selection differential?
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2
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What is heritability?
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the total phenotypic variation due to breeding value
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If something is highly heritable, what percentage does it have?
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over 40%
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If something has medium heritability what percentage does it have?
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20-39%
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If something has low heritability what percentage does it have?
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less than 20%
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What are the three different types of selection methods?
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Tandem, Independent culling levels, and selection index
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What selection method is good for less than two traits?
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Tandem method
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What is the easiest and most popular selection method?
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Independent culling levels
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What is the most powerful/strongest selection method?
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Selection index
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What are the two types of breeders?
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1. seedstock
2. commercial |
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What are the 3 decisions that breeders normally have to make?
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1. choosing individuals that become parents
2. rate of reproduction 3.mating system |
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What is a mating system?
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An ID by genetic relationship of the animals being mated
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What is inbreeding?
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the mating of animals more closely related than the population
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What is outbreeding?
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the mating of animals not as closely related
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What is inbreedings main purpose?
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heterosis!
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Most inbred animals are extremely heterozygous or homozygous?
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homozygous
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True or False:
The genotype of an individual is inherited from its parents. |
True
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True or False:
All mammals have the same number of chromosomes in their cells. |
False
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True or False:
A gene is made up of the entire piece of DNA or chromosome. |
False
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True or False:
There are multiple genes on a single chromosome. |
True
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True or False:
A homozygous animal will always have the superior phenotype. |
False
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True or False:
A gene that interacts with its homologous allele is displaying allelic interactions. |
True
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Fill in the blank:
Mating homozygous recessive with homozygous dominant parents can result in offspring that display _______ (also known as hybrid vigor), which means that the offspring outperform their parents. |
heterosis
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Fill in the blank:
A pig possesses alleles for a given trait that are identical is said to be __________. When alleles for the trait are different, the individual is said to be ________. |
homozygous
heterozygous |
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Fill in the blank:
Within all diploid cells, chromosomes are paired and carry genes that affect the same traits. These paired chromosomes are said to be _______. |
Homologues
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True or False:
Chemical digestion does not occur in the mouth of swine. |
False
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True or False:
The esophagus connects the mouth to the stomach. |
True
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True or False:
The function of the stomach is to absorb feed. |
False
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True or False:
Mastication occurs in the large intestine. |
False
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True or False:
The majority of water absorption occurs in the large intestine. |
True
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What does amylase break down?
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Starch
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What does trypsin break down?
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Proteins
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What does lipase break down?
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Fats
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What does chymotrypsin break down?
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Peptides
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What are the 3 volatile fatty acids produced in the rumen by microbes?
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1. Acetic Acid
2. Propionic Acid 3. Butyric Acid |
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What are the 4 stomach compartments in a ewe?
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Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
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What are the 3 sections of the small intestine in the sow?
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1. Duodenum
2. Jejunem 3. ileum |
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What are the "finger-like" microscopic projections lining the small intestine called?
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Villi
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Phenotype = genotype + ________
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environment
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Phenotypic variation that is due to differences in an animals genotype is called ________.
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Heritability
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What is the term for superiority (or inferiority) of animals selected to be parents compared to the average of the herd?
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selection differential
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The amount of genetic change made in a herd of animals during a year can be predicted by knowing what three variables?
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1. Heritability
2. Selection differential 3. Generation interval |
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What is the term for the average age of parents when their offspring are born?
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Generation interval
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Which selection procedure involves selection for only one trait at a time and is least effective?
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Tandem
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Which selection procedure involves ranking each individual animal against all others in the herd for the traits being selected and then obtaining a total score of the ranks for each animal. and is most effective?
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Selection index
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True or False:
Quantitative traits are subjectively measured, such as hair color. |
False
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True or False:
Qualitative traits are objectively measured, such as milk production. |
False
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True or False:
Breeding value refers to the genotype passed down to The offspring from the parent. |
True
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True or False:
The total phenotypic variation due to breeding value is known as heritability. |
True
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True or False:
The number of different genetic combinations decreases as the number of genes considered for a trait increases |
False
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What is a major disadvantage of inbreeding?
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Inbreeding is detrimental to reproductive performance and preweaning and postweaning growth.
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What is line breeding?
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A low risk form of inbreeding used to maintain a high genetic relationship to an outstanding ancestor.
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What are the two primary reasons for crossbreeding?
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1. To take advantage of breed complementation
2. To take advantage of heterosis |
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What is outcrossing?
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Mating of unrelated animals of the same breed
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What is grading up?
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The mating of purebred sires to commercial grade females and their female offspring for several generations
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What are the four types of outbreeding?
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1. Species Cross
2. Cross breeding 3. Out crossing 4. Grading up |
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What is the most aggressive type of cross when outbreeding?
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Species Cross
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What are the three types of cross breeding?
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1. two breed rotation
2. three breed rotation 3. terminal crossbreeding |
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How many compartments does a non-ruminent stomach have?
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1
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How many compartments does a ruminent stomach have?
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4
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What two things does the mouth contain?
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1. teeth
2. tongue |
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What are the two functions of the teeth?
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1. breakdown feed
2. mastication |
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What is mastication?
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Chewing
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What is the function of the tongue?
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deglutition
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What is deglutition?
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Swallowing
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What is the function of the esophagus?
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To connect the mouth to the stomach
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What is the function of the non ruminent stomach?
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To break down feed
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What are the 4 regions of the non ruminent stomach?
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1. Cardiac
2. Fundic 3. Corpus 4. Pyloric |
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What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
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To hold the food in the stomach until it is totally digested
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What is the main function of the rumen?
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Fermentation through bacteria and protozoa
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What is the secondary function of the rumen?
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to break down feed
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What is another name for chewing the cud?
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Rumination
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What is rumination?
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The regurgitation, chewing, and reswallowing of a bolus of food.
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What does increasing the surface area of the rumen do?
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It increases the amount of bacteria and protozoa which in turn increases the rate of fermentation.
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What is the function of the reticulum?
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More fermentation and further breakdown
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What does the reticulum look like according to Dr. Whitaker?
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A honeycomb
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What is the function of the Omasum?
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Grinding
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What are the folds of the omasum called?
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Manyplies
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What is the abomasum also called?
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the true stomach
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What are the two functions of the duodenum?
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1. Further feed breakdown
2. Absorption of nutrients |
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What is another name for the large intestine?
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colon
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What are the two functions of the large intestine?
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1. Water absorption
2. feces formation |
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Give the order in which the seed travels through the digestive system in poultry.
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1. Beak
2. Esophagus 3. Crop 4. Proventriculus 5. Gizzard 6. Small intestine 7. Large intestine |
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In non ruminents, what two enzymes does saliva have?
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1. Lipase
2. Amalase |
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What are the two types of mastication?
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1. Mechanical
2. Chemical |
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What is an enzyme?
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Proteins that catylize a chemical reaction
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Why does HCl enter the non ruminent stomach? (2 reasons)
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1. To create an acidic environment
2. Milk coagulation |
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Why does pepsin enter the non ruminent stomach? (2 reasons)
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1. Protein breakdown
2. Only active in a highly acidic environment |
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Why does the non ruminent stomach have a mucus lining?
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to protect the stomach from acid
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What is chyme?
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The substance left over after complete breakdown occurs in stomach
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The dudenal cells release what two chemicals?
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1. Secretin
2. CCK |
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What does CCK stand for?
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Cholecystokinin
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The duodenal cells secrete Secretin which targets the ______, and this organ releases _______ ______ to neutralize chyme.
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Pancreas
Pancreatic juices |
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The entrance of chyme into the duodenum triggers the release of _________ which targets the ______ and _______.
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CCK (Cholecystokinin)
Gall Bladder Pancreas |
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CCK triggers the gall bladder to release _______
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bile
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What does bile do?
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emulsifies fats
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When CCK targets the pancreas, it triggers the pancreas to release what 4 enzymes?
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1. Lipase
2. Amylase 3. Trypsin 4. Chymotrypsin |
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What type of animal feed has high energy low fiber and is highly digestible?
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Concentrate
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Give some examples of concentrate animal feed.
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Cereal grains, oil meals, and molasses
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What type of animal feed is low in energy, high fiber, and has low digestibility?
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Roughage
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Give some examples of roughages?
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Hay, silage, grazing forages
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What is a nutrient?
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Any feed constituent that functions in the support of life
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What is a nutrient?
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Any feed constituent that functions in the support of life
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What is the most important nutrient?
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Water
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What four things is water needed for in the body?
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1. Metabolic reactions
2. Nutrient transportation 3. Maintain body temperature 4. Cell shape/body shape |
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What is animal feed called when you remove the water from it?
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Dry Matter
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What three elements do all carbohydrates contain?
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1. Carbon
2.Hydrogen 3. Oxygen |
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What is the simplest form of carbohydrates?
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Starch!
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What is starch used for?
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Energy storage
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What is the complex form of carbohydrates?
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Cellulose
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What is the major building block of plant structure?
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Cellulos
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What are lipids known as?
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Fats and oils
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What type of lipids are solid at room temperature?
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Fats
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What type of lipids are liquid at room temperature?
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Oils
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How much more energy do lipids contain than carbohydrates?
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2.25 times the amount of energy than carbohydrates
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What is the lipid form inside cells?
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triglyceride
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What are essential fatty acids defined as?
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Fatty acids required by all animals
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What are the 2 essential fatty acids?
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1. Linoleic acid
2. Linolenic acid |
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What are the essential fatty acids needed for?
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Cell structure and prostaglandin synthesis
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What are the two essential fatty acids also known as?
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Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids
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What is the only nutrient that contains nitrogen?
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Proteins
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What are the building blocks of proteins?
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amino acids
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What is the bond called that connects amino acids together?
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Peptide bonds
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What are the 5 functions of protein?
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1. Body growth
2. Milk production 3. Cell tissue and repair 4. Nutrient transportation 5. Enzymes |
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What is an essential amino acid defined as?
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An amino acid that has to be provided in diet
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What are the 10 essential amino acids?
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1. Arginine
2. Histidine 3. Isoleucine 4. leucine 5. lysine 6. methionine 7. phenylalanine 8. threonine 9. Tryptophan 10. Valine |
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What is a nonessential amino acid defined as?
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An amino acid that can be synthesized in the animal
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What are the 11 non essential amino acids?
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1. alanine
2. asparganine 3. aspartic acid 4. cysteine 5. glutamic acid 6. glutamine 7. glycine 8. hydroxproline 9. proline 10. serine 11. tyrosine |
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What is the first limiting amino acid?
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Methionine
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What is a limiting amino acid?
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If that amino acids levels are not met, nothing else matters.
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What are the two types of minerals?
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1. Macrominerals
2. Microminerals |
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What is a macromineral defined as?
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A mineral that is required in large amounts
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What are the seven macrominerals?
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1. Calcium
2. Chlorine 3. Magnesium 4. Phosphorus 5. Potassium 6. Sodium 7. Sulfur |
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What two macrominerals are needed for bone growth and development?
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Calcium and Phosphorus
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What 3 macrominerals are needed for plasma and blood osmolarity?
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1. Chlorine
2. Potassium 3. Sodium |
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What are microminerals also called?
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trace minerals
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What are microminerals defined as?
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minerals that are required in small amounts
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What are the 10 micro minerals?
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1. Chromium
2. Cobalt 3. Copper 4. Fluorine 5. Iodine 6. Iron 7. Manganese 8. Molybdenum 9. Selenium 10. Zinc |
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What are the two types of vitamins?
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1. Water soluble
2. Fat soluble |
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What are the fat soluble vitamins?
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A, D, E, K
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What does vitamin A do?
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It is responsible for eye pigment color, and repair of body linings
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What does Vitamin D do?
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It regulates absorption of Calcium and Phosphorus from the intestine
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What does Vitamin E do
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It prevents cell membrane damage. also known antioxidents
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What does Vitamin K do?
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It helps in blood clotting
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What is the digestibility of feed?
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The amount of nutrients absorbed from digestive tract.
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What is the formula to find the digestibility of feed?
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(amt of nutrient in feed-amt of nutrient in feces) divided by amt of nutrient in feed, All multiplied by 100 = percent digestibility
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What is energy used for in the body?
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It drives the chemical reaction and body functions
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What does TDN stand for?
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Total digestible nutrients
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What is net energy divided up into?
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1. Maintenence
2. Production |
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What is basal metabolism?
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The energy needed for normal activities
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True or False:
Protein synthesis needs to be greater than protein breakdown. |
True
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What is fattening?
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The storing of surplus energy as fat
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Why do producers usually feed a high energy diet to their animal right before slaughter?
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High energy foods are extremely fattening and expensive. It gives the animal the appropriate amount of fat at the time of slaughter
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What is the largest energy/nutrition requirement?
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Lactation
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