Animal Form & Function & Osmoregulation

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Anatomy

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The structure of an organism

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Physiology

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The process and functions of an organism

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Interstitial Fluid

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The fluid filling the spaces between cells in most animals

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Tissues

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An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both

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Organs

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A specialized centre of body function composed of several different types of tissues

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Organ Systems

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A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions

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Regulator

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An animal for which mechanisms of homeostasis moderate internal changes in a particular variable in the face of external fluctuation of that variable

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Conformer

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An animal for which an internal condition conforms to (changes in accordance with) changes in an environmental variable

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Homeostasis

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The steady-state physiological condition of the body

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Set Point

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In homeostasis in animals, a value maintained for a particular variable, such as body temperature or solute concentration

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Stimulus

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In feedback regulation, a fluctuation in a variable that triggers a response

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Sensor

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In homeostasis, a receptor that detects a stimulus

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Response

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In feedback regulation, a physiological activity triggered by a change in a variable

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Negative Feedback

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A for of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change

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Positive Feedback

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A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable trigger a response that reinforces or amplifies the change

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Circadian Rhythm

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A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that persists even in the absence of external cues

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Acclimation

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Physiological adjustment to a change in a single environmental factor

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Acclimatization

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Physiological adjustment to changes in complex environmental factors

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Thermoregulation

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The maintenance of internal body temperature within a tolerable range

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Endotherms - Name an example

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Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism. This heat usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment

-Walrus is an example

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Ectotherms - Name an example

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Body temperature is determined mainly by external conditions. Produce some heat by metabolism, but not enough to elevate temperature above that imposed by the environment

- Turtle is an example

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Integumentary System

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The outer covering of the mammal's body, including skin, hair, nails, claws or hooves

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Countercurrent Exchange

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The exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions. For example, blood in a fish gill flows in the opposite direction of water passing over the gill, maximizing diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the blood

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Radiation

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The emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero. Example, a lizard absorbs heat radiation from the distant sun, and radiates a smaller amount of energy to the surrounding air

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Evaporation

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The removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas. Evaporation of water from a lizard's moist surfaces that are exposed to the environment has a strong cooling effect

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Conduction

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The direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of objects in contact with each other, as when a lizard sits on a hot rock

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Convection

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The transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface, as when a breeze contributes to heat loss from a lizard's dry skin, or when blood moves heat from the body core to the extremities

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Nonshivering Thermogenesis

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A process that occurs in brown adipose tissue, that results in the production of heat

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Hypothalamus

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The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; function in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary gland and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary

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Bioenergetics

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The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism

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Metabolic Rate

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The total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

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Basal Metabolic Rate

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The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and non-stressed endotherm at a comfortable temperature

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Standard Metabolic Rate

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The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, non-stressed ectotherm at a particular temperature

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Torpor

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A physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases

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Hibernation

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A long-term physiological state in which metabolism decreases, the heart and respiratory system slow down, and body temperature is maintained at a lower level than normal

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Osmoregulation

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Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism

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Excretion

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The disposal of nitrogen-containing metabolites and other waste products

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Osmosis

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The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane

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Osmolarity

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Solute concentration expressed as molarity

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Osmoconformer

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An animal that is isoosmotic with its environment

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Osmoregulator

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An animal that controls its internal osmolarity independent by the external environment

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Anhydrobiosis

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A dormant state involving loss of almost all body water

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Transport Epithelia

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One of more layers of specialized epithelial cells that carry out and regulate solute movement