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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis
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The process of maintaining physiological stability
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The smallest unit of life is...
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A cell
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The process of glycolysis during which cells break down glucose in order to gain energy accessible to the cell occurs in...
a. plasma membrane b. cytoplasm c. outer mitochondrial membrane d. inner mitochondrial membrane e. mitochondrial matrix |
b. Cytoplasm
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Muscle cells are able to express a different complement of proteins from brain cells because...
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The expression of muscle-specific genes is regulated by transcription factors not present in brain cells and vice versa
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Which tissue has the highest mitochondrial density (is the most oxygen dependent)?
a. Nervous Tissue b. muscle tissue c. blood tissue d. respiratory epithelial tissue |
a. Nervous Tissue
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What is NOT an example of connective tissue?
a. muscle b. lymph c. blood d. tendon |
a. Muscle
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The end-product of glycolysis is...
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Pyruvic Acid
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What is NOT a function of the Golgi complex?
a. Translation of mRNA b. modification of oligosaccharide adducts to proteins c. sorting proteins destined for secretion or inclusion in organelles d. All of the above are functions of the Golgi complex e. None of the above are functions of the Golgi Complex |
a. Translation of mRNA
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Cell membranes have a ___ structure with polar head groups of the phospholipids facing toward the aqueous environment and the___ facing toward the interior of the membrane.
a. bilayer, hydrophilic tails b. bilayer, hydrophobic tails c. micellar, hydrophilic tails d. liposomal, hydrophilic tails e. liposomal, hydrophobic tails |
b. Bilayer, Hydrophobic tails
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In terms of energetics, a substance is transported down its concentration gradient by__ transport.
a. carrier mediated b. facilitated c. passive d. active e. simple |
c. Passive
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Most of the ATP generated as a consequence of oxidative of glucose comes from...
a. from substrate-level phosphorylation associated with glycolosis b. from substrate-level phosphorylation associated with the cytric acid cycle. c. from oxidative phosphorylation associated with the electron transport chain. d. none of the above |
c. oxidative phosphorylation associated with the electron transport chain
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In the nervous system, the term membrane potential refers to the...
a. possibility that a cell can form a myelin sheath b. separation of charges across the biological membrane c. ability of a membrane to give rise to vesicles d. psychological like mindedness e. ability of the plasma membrane to form T-tubules |
b. separation of charges across a biological membrane
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What is associated with depolarization of a neuronal membrane?
a. Flow of cations into the cell b. Flow of cations out of the cell c. Flow of anions into the cell d. Both a and c are correct e. Both b and c are correct |
a. Flow of cations into the cell
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In a typical neuron, opening of voltage-gated sodium results in...
a. influx of Na+ b. efflux of Na+ c. influx of K+ d. efflux of K+ e. all of the above |
a. Influx of Na+
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Ganglia are
a. clusters of neuronal cell bodies b. organisms with many (>4) tentacles c. a social group of organisms indentifiable by similar external morphology d. none of the above |
a. Clusters of neuronal cell bodies
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What explains why channels are required in membranes in order for neurons to perform their function?
a. Neurons have to function in reception (e.g. sensory); therefore, they must be able to switch channels to get appropriate information. b. the lipid bilayer is impermeable to ions and polar molecules, and ion flow through membrane is essential for nervous transmission of information. c. Channels permit the flow of water through the membrane, and water is necessary for hydrolysis reactions in the cytoplasm. d. Channels are required in order to keep Ca2+ levels low inside the cytoplasm. |
b.The lipid bilayer is impermeable to ions and polar molecules, and ion flow through the membrane is essential for nervous transmission of information.
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Polarization
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State where membrane potential is not 0 mV.
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Depolarization
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A change in potential that makes the membrane less polarized (less negative) than at resting potential.
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Repolarization
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Membrane returns to resting potential
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Hyperpolarization
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Change in potential that makes the membrane more polarized (more negative) than at resting potential.
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The main advantage of antagonistic control of visceral organs by the sympathetic and parasympathetic system is it...
a. saves energy b. economizes on volume requirements since organs can constrict when they are not being used. c. allows precise regulation of the acitivity of the organs innervated |
c. Allows precise regulation of the activity of the organs so innervated.
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The sympathetic nervous system
a. Is within the CNS b. Uses only acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter c. Has a short postganglionic fiber d. Has a short preganglionic fiber |
a. Has a short preganglionic fiber
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Sympathetic System
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"Fight or Flight"
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Parasympathetic System
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"Rest and Digest"
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Somatic Nervous System
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Voluntary
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Involuntary
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The neurons responsible for bringing information about tactile stimuli from the fingers to the spinal cord are considered...
a. afferent b. sensory c.peripheral d. all of the above e. None of the above c. |
d. all of the above
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Which part of a neuron has the highest density of voltage-gated Na+ channels?
a. dendrites b. the cell body c. axon hillock d. the axon e. None of the above |
c. Axon Hillock
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One advantage of signaling pathways involving the generation of second messengers are opposed, for example, to signaling pathways involving influx of current is
a. the former are much faster in terms of generating cellular responses to first messengers. b. the former are slower in terms of generating cellular responses to first messengers. c. the former require less first messenger to elicit a response, since they allow for signal amplification. d. the former require more first messenger to elicit a response, allowing for more rapid termination of the signaling event. e. none of the above |
c. The former require less first messenger to elicit a response since they allow for signal amplification.
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Osmosis is the
a. mechanism through which information transfer occurs when you sleep with a book under your pillow. b. movement of water down a solute's concentration gradient . c. movement of water down its own concentration gradient. d. movement of water across a membrane irrespective of concentration gradients. e. movement of water across a membrane down its own concentration gradient. |
e. movement of water across a membrane down its own concentration gradient.
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Two or more tissues combined to perform a certain function is termed as an ___
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Organ
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The process through which genetic information contained in DNA is converted into information contained in RNA is called
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Transcription
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A process of decoding RNA into form polypeptides
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Translation
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____ has the lowest threshold potential of voltage-gated Na+ channels in the neuron
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Cell body
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List 3 ways the neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft
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1. Diffuse away from synaptic cleft.
2. Inactivated by specific enzymes. 3. Taken back into the axon terminal |
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Chemical messengers at chemical synapses released in response to elevated calcium in the axon terminal and able to bind to receptors on the post-synaptic cell is called...
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Neurotransmitters
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Post-ganglionic parasympathetic release___ and sympathetic fibers release___.
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Norepinephrine, Acetylcholine
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___ regulates to some extent the passage of substances from the blood to the interstitial fluid of the brain.
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Blood brain barrier
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3 classes of neurons are...
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1. Afferent Neurons
2. Efferent Neurons 3. Interneurone |
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The automatic nervous system that dominates in times of 'fight or flight' is ___ system.
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Sympathetic
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The neurotransmitter that both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers secrete is...
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Acetylcholine
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The cell organelle involved in ATP production is the
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Mitochondria
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The resting potential of a neuron is approximately ___
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-70 mV
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The 2 anatomical components of the central nervous system are the ___ and ___.
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Spinal cord ; brain
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The process that occurs at the neuromuscular junction when a neurotransmitter is emptied from a vesicle into the cleft is ___
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Chemical Synapses
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The two ions most involved in resting membrane potential of nerve sells are ___ and ___.
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sodium, potassium
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The parasympathetic nerves would be expected to ____ the heart rate.
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Decrease
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In a nerve cell there is more ___ (an ion) on the inside as compared to the extracellular fluid and involved in maintaining membrane potential.
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Potassium
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Autonomic nerves from the thoracic and lumbar areas are___nerves.
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Sympathetic
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What are the following disciplinary courses of study contributes to understanding physiology?
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Physics, genetics, evolution, molecular biology
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The process of maintaining physiological stability in the face of disturbance is referred to as...
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Homeostasis
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The process through which information contained in a messenger RNA is converted into protein is
a. Transcription b. Translation c. Transversion d. Transformation e. Transgression |
b. Translation
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Your liver cells are able to express a different complement of proteins from your brain cells because
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the expression of muscle specific genes is regulated by transcription factors not present in the brain cells and vice versa.
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Ribosomes function in the process of
a. transcription b. translation c. transversion d. transformation e. transition |
b. Translation
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Oxygen is required for ATP-generation by oxidative phosphorylation because
a. two molecules of molecular oxygen are first split and then covalently attached to the gamma phosphorous. b. it acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. c. both of the above d. none of the above |
b. it acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
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The process of glycolysis during which cells break down glucose in order to gain energy accessible to the cell occurs in
a. plasma membrane b. cytoplasm c. outer mitochondrial membran d. inner mitochondrial matrix e.mitochondrial matrix |
b. Cytoplasm
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The genetically process of cell death that occurs normally during development as superfluous tissues are eliminated is referred to as
a. apoplipoproteolysis b. apiary c. apoptosis d. necrosis |
d. Necrosis
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Electron Transport Chain involved in...
a. Oxidation of cofactors (NADH and FADH2) reduced during oxidation of citric acid cycle intermediates. b. Transport of hydrogen ions from mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. c. Generating water. d. all of the above e. none of the above |
d. all of the above
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If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it will
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Swell
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In the kidney, glucose appears in the initial filtrate formed in the glomerulus, but it is reclaimed and returned in the blood, thanks to the Na+ glucose cotransporter. This is an example of
a. facilitated diffusion b. primary active transport c. secondary active transport d. simple diffusion |
c. Secondary Active Transport
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Which is not found in the one of the tissue type found in mammals?
a. Muscle tissue b. Nervous tissue c. Cytoplasmic tissue d. Epithelial tissue |
c. Cytoplasmic tissue
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The cell organelle that is involved in processing raw materials to finished products to their final destination is____
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Golgi Complex
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The cell organelle that contains enzymes and serves as an intracellular digestive system for unwanted debris is
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Lysosome
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The main regulatory mechanism for homeostasis is___.
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Negative-Feedback
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Depolarization of the T tubule membrane causes mechanically-gated, calcium channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Open, leading to elevation of cytoplasmic calcium levels.
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The principal role of calcium in skeletal muscle contraction is to
a.participate in the propagation of an action potential along the the surface of the muscle fiber. b. Bind troponin c. Provide quick energy d. Calcium is involved in relaxation but not contraction |
b. Bind troponin
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Type of skeletal muscle which has few mitochondria, low myoglobin content, low oxidative phosphorylation activity and white color of fiber is
a. Slow-oxidative b. Fast-oxidative c. Fast-glycolic d. Slow-glycolytic |
c. Fast-glycolytic
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Calcitonin is produced by the
a. Parathyroid gland b. Adrenal gland c. Kidney d. Thyroid gland |
d. Thyroid gland
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Hormones produced in the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary via
a. A portal blood system b. Neural fibers c. Diffusion d. Membrane receptors |
a. A portal blood system
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Adrenal Gland is located adjacent to the:
a. Liver b. Pancreas c. Kidney d. Thyroid |
c. Kidney
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Which hormone is responsible for "milk let-down"?
a. Vasopressin b. Prolactin c. Oxytocin d. None of the above |
c. Oxytocin
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What hormone utilizes a second messenger system?
a. Steroid hormones b. Thyroid hormones c. Peptide hormones d. All hormones |
c. Peptide Hormones
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The signaling where a target cell is located nearby:
a. Autocrine b. Paracrine c. Merocrine d. All of the above |
b.Paracrine signaling
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Neurotransmitter associated with the neuromuscular junction
a. Acetylcholine b. Acetyl CoA c. Acetic Acid d. Acetylcholinesterase |
a. Acetylcholine
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Iodine is part of which hormone?
a. rT3 b. rT4 c. T3 d. T4 e. calcitocin |
d. Thyroxine (T4)
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What is the most active form of thyroid hormone?
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T3
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Without mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, animals die quickly due to
a. failure to rid the body of Na+, and consequent water retention b. failure to retain Na+, and consequently water retention c. failure to tid the body of K+, and consequent water retention d. failure to retain K+, and consequently water |
b. failure to retain Na+, and consequently water.
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Metabolic process that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates
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Gluconeogenesis
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Steroid hormones are
a. lipophilic b. hydrophilic c. secreted by the adrenal medulla d. all of the above |
a.Lipophilic
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Thyroid produces 2 hormones:
a. triiodotyrosine and calcitonin b. thyroid hormone and calcitonin c. tetraoidotyrosine and calcitonin d. thyroid hormone and calcium e. none of the above |
b. Thyroid hormone and calcitonin
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A tropic hormone is
a. one secreted at latitudes of the equator b. one whose function is to trigger cellular developement c. one whose function is to stimulate endocrine tissues d. none of the above |
c. one whose function is to stimulate endocrine tissues
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Regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis is under control of
a. Thyroid hormone b. Thyroid stimulating hormone c. Thyroid releasing hormone d. Thyrtropin stimulating hormone e. Thyrotropin releasing hormone |
b. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
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Type of muscle fiber that is low in mitochondria and myoglobulin content and the muscle fiber is white
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Fast-Glycolytic
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ATP used in muscle contraction and relaxation comes from 3 metabolic reaction pathways
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1. Splitting ATP by myosin ATPase provides the energy for power stroke of the cross bridge.
2. Binding of a fresh molecule of ATP ti myosin permits detachment of the bridge from actin filament at the end of the power stroke so that the cycle can be repeated. 3. Active transport of Ca++ back into SR during relaxation depends on energy derived from the breakdown of ATP. |
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Thin filament is composed of 3 proteins:
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tropinin, tropomyosin, and actin
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The process of where muscle mass grows by increasing size of cell volume
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Hypertrophy
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Major component of thick filament
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Myosin
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3 steroids produced in adrenal cortex
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1. Mineralocoricoids
2. Glucocorticoids 3. Sex Hormones |
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Steroid hormones are made from:
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Cholesterol
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Amine hormones are derived from the amino acid___
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tycrocine
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Major site for metabolic hormonal inactivation is
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Liver
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Hormones are excreted by__ excretion
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Urinary
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Hydrophillic are secreted (faster, slower) than hydrophobic ones.
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Faster
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In hormone to hormone interaction, one hormone is needed for other hormones effect is___.
a. Synergism b. Antagonism c. Permisiveness |
c. Permissiveness
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Receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones are found in the cell___.
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Nucleus
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Receptors for protein, peptides, amines, and fatty acid hormones are found in the cell ___ .
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Membrane
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Six hormones produced in anterior pituitary gland
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1. Growth Hormone
2. Luteinizing 3. Thyroid Stimulating 4. Prolactin 5. Folicle Stimulating 6. Adrenocortotropic |
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Antidiuretic hormones secreted in the pituitary gland is
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Vasopressin
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Hematocrit is
a. oxygen-biding pigment found in red blood cells b. the volume of serum after spin down from blood c. the space inside anthropods filled with circulatory fluid d. the packed cell volume e. another name for red blood cells |
d. the packed volume of blood
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The hormone secreted by the kidney in response to reduced oxygen is
a. renin b. angiotensin c. erythopoietin d. aldosterone |
c. Erythopoietin
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Blood supply to the lungs is referred to as the ___ circulation
a. systemic b. systamatic c. corporal d. pulmonary e. arbitrary |
d. Pulmonary
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Blood supply to the body is referred to as the ___ circulation
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Systemic
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What body fluid compartment represents about one third of the total body water?
a. Transcellular b. Intravascular c. Intracellular d. Extracellular |
d. Extracellular
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What normally functions as a PACEMAKER of the heart?
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Sinoatrial node
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Normal value for arterial blood pH
a. 3.85 b. 6.57 c. 7.35 d. 8.25 |
c. 7.35
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Mammalian erythrocytes are like any other cell in the body in that they
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Have a plasma membrane
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Venous blood enters the:
a. left atrium from the vena cava b.pulmonary artery from the left ventricle c. pulmonary artery from the right ventricle d. Left atrium from the pulmonary veins |
c.Pulmonary artery from the right ventricle
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Blood pumped from the left ventricle goes through the:
a. Aortic semilunar valve b. Pulmonary artery semilunar valve c. Right A-V valve d. Left A-V valve |
a. Aortic semilunar valve
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What circulatory vessels has the lowest pressure?
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Veins
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Blood allowed to coagulate for a while and then spun down. What is the upper layer that appears clear?
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Serum
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A heparin containing blood tube was spun without blood coagulation. What is the name of the upper clear layer?
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Plasma
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The arrest of bleeding from a broken blood vessel is
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Hemostasis
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Most abundant plasma protein in which transport lipids and steroid hormones is
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albumins
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Type of blood cell that do not have nucleus, mitochondria or organelles
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Red blood cells; erythrocytes
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Most common respiratory pigment in blood is___ and can bind up to 4 oxygen molecules
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Hemoglobin
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This pigment contains one heme and carries one oxygen and stores oxygen in muscle
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myoglobulin
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Plasma proteins which are immune effectors are known as
a. albumins b. globulins c. goblins d. globins e. fibrinogens |
b.Globulins
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Brisket Disease
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development of tissue edema in cattle that have acclimatized to high altitude
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Inhalation and exhalation through the same opening is called
a. diffusion b. flow through breathing c. Tidal breathing d. perfusion e. active breathing |
c. Tidal breathing
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Diffusion directly depends on
a. Partial pressure gradient b. Surface Area c. Distance d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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In water, gas solubility___as temperature increases
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decreases
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Basic unit of the mammalian lung is
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Alveous
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Space between lungs and thoracic wall is called
a. ventricle b. pleural cavity c. bronchiole d. alveoli e. pericardial cavity |
b. Pleural Cavity
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Volume of air which remains in the conducting airways and is not available for gas exchange
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Anatomic Dead Space
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Renal process that ensures the majority of plasma filtration
a. Glomerular filtration b. Tubular secretion c. Tubular reabsorption d. Osmoconcentration |
b.Tubular Secretion
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Individual pressure exerted independently by a particular gas within a mixture of gases is
a. diffusion pressure b. partial pressure c. air pressure d. equilibrium pressure |
b. partial pressure
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Mammals excrete nitrogenous wastes in which form?
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Urea
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Nitrogenous wastes are produced as a by-product of the metabolism as
a. Lipids b. Glucose c. Carbohydrates d. Amino Acids |
d. Amino acids
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In blood vessels,___ are the site of exchange between blood and tissues
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Capillaries
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___ serves as a blood reservoir
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Veins
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___ are the major resistant vessels
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artrioles
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___ act as pressure reservoirs
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arteries
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The fibers in the artery that allows flexibility to the artery walls so that they behave much like a balloon is achieved by 2 proteins
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Elastin and collagen
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3 functions of lymph system
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1. Absorb excess fluid
2. Defends the body against microorganisms 3. Absorption of fat |
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3 major forms of CO2 transport in the blood
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1. Bicarbonate ion
2. Carbonic anhydrase 3. Hemoglobin |
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Types of Leukocytes
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1. Neutrophils
2. Lymphocytes 3. Monocytes 4. Eosinophils 5. Basophils |
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SA node commonly referred to as the
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PACEMAKER
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Which part of the kidney is the glomerulus located?
a. Medulla b. Renal pelvis c. Cortex d. Ureter |
c. Cortex
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Osmoconcentration occurs in
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Medulla and Loop of Henle
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Which of the following is not a basic digestive process?
a. Absorption b. Digestion b. Secretion d. Motility e. Excression 4. Motility |
e. Excression
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The end product of fat digestion
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Monoglyceride
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What cells secrete pepsinogen, which in turn initiates protein digestion?
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Chief cells
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Stomach functions:
a. Storage b. chyme production c. Acid secretion d. Both b and c e. All of the above |
a. Storage
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Control of gastric secretion in response to food related stimuli acting on the brain occurs in:
a. Intestinal phase b. Cephalic phase c. Gastric phase d. All of the above |
d. all of the above
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What pancreatic enzymes contribute to carbohydrate digestion?
a.Pancreatic amylase b. pancreatic amylase c. proteolytic enzymes d. Lingual lipase e. Gastrin |
a. Pancreatic amylase
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The gentically programmed process of cell death that occurs normally during development
a. apoplipoproteolysis b. apiary c. apoptosis d. necrosis |
d. necrosis
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Which is not one of membrane transport mechanism?
a. Diffusion b. Vesicular transport c. Carrier mediated transport d. Bi-transport |
d. Bi-transport
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Which is not related to the Na+/K+ pump?
a. Maintains Na+ and K+ concentration gradients across the plasma membrane. b. Does not require energy c. Regulates cell volume by controlling the solute concentration d. Example of Na+/K+ pumps is co-transport of glucose and amino acids across the membrane |
b. Does not require energy
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Which of the following is not a function of HCI digestion?
a. Aids in pepsin activation b. Protein denaturing c. Actively secreted by D cells d. both b and c |
c. Actively secreted by D cells
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Control of gastric secretion in response to food stimuli acting on the brain occurs in.
a. Intestinal phase b. Cephalic phase c. Gastric phase d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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Which of the following pancreatic enzymes contributes to carbohydrate digestion?
a. Pancreatic amylase b. Pancreatic lipase c. Proteolytic enzymes d. Lingual lipase e. Gastrin |
a. Pancreatic amylase
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Which of the following is a function of the liver?
a. Vitamin C synthesis b. Gluconeogenesis c. Detoxification d. Glycogen storage e. All of the above |
e. All of the above
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Majority of nutrient absorption occurs in ___ intestine while water is absorbed in ___ intestine.
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small ; large
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The process where regurgitation of feed, remastication, resalivation, and finally reswallowing is___
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rumination
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Gastric exocrine secretory cells that secrete HCI and intrinsic factor is ___ cells
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parietal
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3 parts of small intestine
~(-um) |
duodunum, jejunum, and ileum
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The cecum is anatomically located at the junction of the __ and__.
a. Large intestine and the small intestine b. Large intestine and abomasum c. Small intestine and abomasum d. Abomasums and jejunums c. |
large intestine; small intestine
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Increased ___results in release of insulin from the endocrine pancreas is.
a. Blood pH b. Blood lipid c. Blood oxygen d. Blood glucose |
d. Blood glucose
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Which of the following carbohydrates is absorbed into the blood stream by passive diffusion?
a. Glucose b. Fructose c. Galactose d. Maltose |
b. Fructose
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Which part of the ruminent digestive system has the greatest volume?
a. Rumen b. Abomasum c. Small intestine d. Large intestine |
a. Rumen
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"True stomach" that is typified by low pH?
a. Abomasum b. Duodenum c. Cecum d. Large intestine |
a. Abomasum
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Which digestive glands produce HCI?
a. C cells in the pancreas b. Chief cells in the stomach c. Hepatic cells in the liver d. Parietal cells in the stomach |
d.Parietal cells in the stomach
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The end product of lipid digestion is/are
a. triglycerides b. proteins c. glycogen d. monoglyceride e. cellulose |
monoglyceride
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Which one is not a function of seminal plasma?
a. stimulates sperm motility b. activates sperm capacitation c. stimulates sperm transport in female d. transport media |
b. activates sperm capacitation
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Nutrients that are not produced or not produced enough within the body that is needed in the diet are ____.
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essential nutrients
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Parietal cells secretes___which is essential for vitamin B12 absorption
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intrinsic factor
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In carbohydrate absorption, monosaccharides__ and___ enter blood by energy dependent active transport and___enters body passive diffusion
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galactose, glucose, fructose
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In ruminants, 3 major volatile fatty acids:
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byric acid, acedic acid, and propeitic acid
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Endocrine cells within the testis that produce testosterone is ___cells
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leydig
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An enzyme containing vesicle that is responsible for lysing the outer egg covering___
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arcoma
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Tropic peptide hormone produced from the hypothalamus and responsible for the release of FSH and LH from anterior is
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GnRH
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A form of milk produced by the mammary glands in late pregnancy and the few days of parturition is___which is rich in immunoglobulins and nutrients
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colostrum
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