Anatomy Winter Quarter Final(Ans)

Front 1

Pre-ganglionic axons of ANS are lightyl myelinated (Type __)

Back 1

B

Front 2

post-ganglionic axons are unmyelinated (Type ____)

Back 2

C

Front 3

Pre-ganglionic Sympathetic axons: Adrenergic or Cholinergic?

Back 3

Cholinergic

Front 4

Pre-ganglionic Parasympathetic axons: Adrenergic or Cholinergic?

Back 4

Cholinergic

Front 5

Post-ganglionic Sympathetic axons: Adrenergic or Cholinergic?

Back 5

Most are Adrenergic

Front 6

Post-ganglionic Parasympathetic axons: Adrenergic or Cholinergic?

Back 6

Cholinergic

Front 7

Adrenergic Receptors bind:

Back 7

Epi/NE

Front 8

NE effect alpha or beta more in adrenergic receptors?

Back 8

alpha

Front 9

Epi effect alpha or beta more in adrenergic receptors?

Back 9

equal

Front 10

Cholinergic Receptors bind:

Back 10

ACh

Front 11

Two types of Cholinergic Receptors:

Back 11

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

Front 12

Nicotinic: direct or indirect?

Back 12

direct

Front 13

Nicotinic: excitatory or inhibitory

Back 13

excitatory

Front 14

Muscarinic: direct or indirect?

Back 14

Indirect

Front 15

Muscarinic: excitatory or inhibitory

Back 15

both

Front 16

Pathway one:

Back 16

ventral root, spinal nerve, ventral ramus, white ramus communicans, SYNAPSE IN CHAIN GANGLIA at any level, gray ramus, ventral ramus

Front 17

Pathway two:

Back 17

ventral root, spinal nerve, ventral ramus, white ramus communican, SYNAPSE IN CHAIN GANGLIA, chain ganglia, sympathetic nerve

Front 18

Pathway three:

Back 18

ventral root, spinal nerve, ventral ramus, white ramus communicans, chain ganglia, splanchnic nerve, SYNAPSE IN COLLATERAL GANGLIA

Front 19

Pathway four:

Back 19

ventral root, spinal nerve, ventral ramus, white ramus communicans, chain ganglia, splanchnic nerve, adrenal medulla

Front 20

Parasympathetic: pre-ganglionic synapse with post-ganglionic in _________________

Back 20

terminal ganglia

Front 21

resting & digesting

Back 21

Parasympathetic

Front 22

fight or flight

Back 22

Sympathetic

Front 23

D division means:

Back 23

digesting, defacation, diuresis

Front 24

D division

Back 24

Parasympathetic

Front 25

E division means:

Back 25

exercise, excitement, embarrassment

Front 26

E division

Back 26

Sympathetic

Front 27

Craniosacral

Back 27

ParaSympathetic

Front 28

Thoracolumbar

Back 28

Sympathetic

Front 29

Long pre-ganglionic axons and short post-ganglionic

Back 29

ParaSympathetic

Front 30

Short pre-ganglionic axons and long post-ganglionic

Back 30

Sympathetic

Front 31

Hypothalamus is

Back 31

the BOSS

Front 32

Function of endocrine system:

Back 32

Regulate body activity and responses to stimuli through the use of specific chemicals called HORMONES.

Front 33

Ultimate Control: Endocrine or Nervous System?

Back 33

Nervous

Front 34

Effects are slower in endocrine or nervous system?

Back 34

endocrine

Front 35

Effects last longer in endocrine or nervous system?

Back 35

Endocrine

Front 36

Hormone secreted in ________ amounts

Back 36

tiny

Front 37

Hormones versus Nervous system:

Back 37

Hormones are secreted into bloodstream to go to target tissue and nervous system uses electrical impulses

Front 38

Two types of hormones:

Back 38

protein-based and lipid-based

Front 39

Protein-based hormones

Back 39

proteins, peptides, glycoproteins, amino acid derivatives

Front 40

lipid-based proteins

Back 40

steroids and fatty acid derivatives

Front 41

Hormones come from _________________

Back 41

ductless glands

Front 42

Ductless glands are made of three parts

Back 42

epithelial cells, connective tissue, and vascular supply

Front 43

Two mechanisms used by hormones

Back 43

Second messenger system and Direct gene activation

Front 44

Second Messenger System

Back 44

protein-based (except TH), membrane-bound receptors

Front 45

Direct gene activation

Back 45

steroids and TH, diffuse through to intracellular receptors

Front 46

half-life

Back 46

time for removal or 1/2 the amount of hormone from the body

Front 47

Three types of controls for hormone:

Back 47

humoral, neural, hormonal

Front 48

changing levels of chemicals in blood directly stimulate hormone release

Back 48

Humoral

Front 49

Example of Humoral

Back 49

PTH, insulin

Front 50

Nerves themselves stimulate hormone release

Back 50

Neural

Front 51

Example of Neural

Back 51

Epi/NE

Front 52

hormones released by certain glands can cause release of hormones by other glands

Back 52

Hormonal

Front 53

Example of Hormonal

Back 53

GHIH

Front 54

Secretes GHRH

Back 54

Ventral Hypothalamus

Front 55

Secretes GHIH

Back 55

Ventral Hypothalamus

Front 56

Secretes PRH

Back 56

Ventral Hypothalamus

Front 57

Secretes PIH

Back 57

Ventral Hypothalamus

Front 58

Secretes TRH

Back 58

Ventral Hypothalamus

Front 59

Secretes GnRH

Back 59

Ventral Hypothalamus

Front 60

Secretes CRH

Back 60

Ventral Hypothalamus

Front 61

Secretes ADH

Back 61

Supraoptic nuclei

Front 62

Stores ADH

Back 62

Posterior Pituitary

Front 63

Secretes Oxytocin

Back 63

Paraventricular nuclei

Front 64

Stores Oxytocin

Back 64

Posterior Pituitary

Front 65

Secretes ACTH

Back 65

Anterior Pituitary

Front 66

promote release of glucocorticoids and androgens from adrenal cortex

Back 66

ACTH

Front 67

Secretes TSH

Back 67

Anterior Pituitary

Front 68

stimulates thyroid gland to release TH

Back 68

TSH

Front 69

Secretes FSH

Back 69

Anterior Pituitary

Front 70

stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen produciton/stimulates sperm produciton

Back 70

FSH

Front 71

Secretes LH

Back 71

Anterior Pituitary

Front 72

triggers ovulation and corpus luteum formation and production of estrogen and progesterone/promotes testosterone production

Back 72

LH

Front 73

Secretes Prolactin

Back 73

Anterior Pituitary

Front 74

promotes milk production in pregnant woman and after birth

Back 74

Prolactin

Front 75

Secretes GH

Back 75

Anterior Pituitary

Front 76

stimulates protein synthesis and growth in liver, muscle, bone

Back 76

GH

Front 77

Two Hormones Secretes by Thyroid Gland

Back 77

TH and Calcitonin

Front 78

maintains blood pressure, causes normal tissue growth, stimulates enzymes in glucose oxidation pathway to increase the metabolic rate

Back 78

TH

Front 79

stimulated by high blood calcium levels

Back 79

Calcitonin

Front 80

lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and stimulates calcium uptake in bone

Back 80

Calcitonin

Front 81

Secretes PTH

Back 81

Parathyroid Gland

Front 82

stimulated by low blood calcium levels

Back 82

PTH

Front 83

increases osteoclasts, stimulates break down more bone, increase calcium reabsorption in kidneys,

Back 83

PTH

Front 84

Secretes Cortisol

Back 84

Adrenal Cortex

Front 85

assists in stress reduction, depresses inflammation and immune responses

Back 85

Cortisol

Front 86

Glucocorticoids

Back 86

Cortisol

Front 87

Secretes Aldosterone

Back 87

Adrenal Cortex

Front 88

Mineralocorticoids

Back 88

Aldosterone

Front 89

increases bloods levels of Na+ and decreases K+ and H+, works on kidney tubule reabsorbtion, causes water volume and BP to rise

Back 89

Aldosterone

Front 90

Secretes Androgens

Back 90

Adrenal Cortex

Front 91

Gonadocorticoids

Back 91

Androgens

Front 92

Testosterone and Estrogen, which category?

Back 92

Gonadocorticoids

Front 93

responsible for onset of puberty, female sex drive, estrogen production

Back 93

Androgens

Front 94

Secretes Epinephrine

Back 94

Adrenal Medulla

Front 95

responsible for sympathetic nervous system effects such as raising blood sugar levels, raising heart rate

Back 95

Epinephrine

Front 96

Secretes Norepinephrine

Back 96

Adrenal Medulla

Front 97

vasoconstriction and effects on blood pressure

Back 97

Norepinephrine

Front 98

Secreted in Pacreas

Back 98

Insulin and Glucagon

Front 99

Stimulated when blood glucose levels are high

Back 99

Insulin

Front 100

Hypoglycemic agent

Back 100

Insulin

Front 101

enhances glucose entry into body cells, inhibits glycogen breakdown, triggers enzymes for glucose oxidation

Back 101

Insulin

Front 102

Produced by Alpha cells in Pancreas

Back 102

Glucagon

Front 103

Produced by Beta cells in Pancreas

Back 103

Insulin

Front 104

Stimulated when blood glucose levels are low

Back 104

Glucagon

Front 105

Hyperglycemic agent

Back 105

Glucagon

Front 106

causes breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Back 106

Glucagon

Front 107

Diabetes mellitus Type 1

Back 107

insufficient production of insulin

Front 108

Diabetes mellitus Type 2

Back 108

lack of sensitivity to insulin

Front 109

Secretes melatonin

Back 109

Pineal Gland

Front 110

helps set wake/sleep patterns

Back 110

Melatonin

Front 111

Two hormones produced by Thymus gland

Back 111

Thymosins and Thympoietins

Front 112

influence T-lymphocyte maturation

Back 112

Thymosins and Thympoietins

Front 113

Production of eggs in ovarian follicles

Back 113

Oogenesis

Front 114

production of sperm in seminiferous tubules of testes

Back 114

Spermatogenesis

Front 115

Has 46 C'somes

Back 115

Diploid

Front 116

Has 23 C'somes

Back 116

Haploid

Front 117

Crossing over occurs

Back 117

Prophase I

Front 118

Critical in genetic diversity

Back 118

Crossing over and random assortment

Front 119

Random Assortment occurs

Back 119

Metaphase I

Front 120

Diploid to Haploid

Back 120

Anaphase I

Front 121

Same as Mitosis

Back 121

Meiosis II

Front 122

3 types of mistakes in Meiosis

Back 122

Nondisjunction, uneven crossovers, and mutations

Front 123

Nondisjunction occurs in:

Back 123

Anaphase I or Anaphase II

Front 124

Missing Chromosomes

Back 124

infertility

Front 125

Extra Chromosomes

Back 125

ex. 3 21's causes Down Syndrome

Front 126

Storage site for sperm

Back 126

Epididymis

Front 127

Production site for sperm

Back 127

Seminiferous tubules

Front 128

Spermatogenesis occurs in

Back 128

seminiferous tubules within testes

Front 129

Sertoli cells are bound by _______ junctions

Back 129

Tight

Front 130

Function of Sertoli Cells

Back 130

protect by making blood-testes barrier, nourish, provide medium for sperm to swim

Front 131

Secretes Androgen-Binding Protein (ADP)

Back 131

Sertoli Cells

Front 132

Time frame for spermatogenesis

Back 132

64-72 days

Front 133

Average sperm per ejactulation

Back 133

400 million

Front 134

GnRH causes Anterior Pituitary cells to release _______ and ________

Back 134

LH and FSH

Front 135

Stimulates Sertoli cells to release ABP

Back 135

FSH

Front 136

____ binds to interstitial cells and causes them to secrete testosterone

Back 136

LH

Front 137

fluid provides a transport medium and nutrients for sperm and helps neutralize acidic pH of urethra and female vagina

Back 137

Semen

Front 138

Three glands that secrete semen

Back 138

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Bulbourethral Gland

Front 139

60% of semen comes from

Back 139

Seminal Vesicles

Front 140

fructose and citric acid for nutrition, fibrinogen,secretes alkaline fluid that neutralizes acidity in vagina

Back 140

Seminal Vesicle

Front 141

coagulating enzyme

Back 141

fibrinogen

Front 142

30% of Semen comes from

Back 142

Prostate Gland

Front 143

fibrinogen, finbrinolysis, prevents UTI's

Back 143

Prostate Gland

Front 144

breaks down the coagulation of semen

Back 144

Finbrinolysin

Front 145

neutralizes acidity in man's urethra, lubricates end of penis

Back 145

Bulbourethral (Cowpers) Gland

Front 146

Nerve for erection

Back 146

pudendal nerve

Front 147

Erection: Parasympathetic or sympathetic?

Back 147

parasympathetic

Front 148

Ejaculation: parasympathetic or sympathetic?

Back 148

sympathetic

Front 149

Meiosis I in Oogenesis

Back 149

Months 3-7 of gestation

Front 150

At birth, Oogenesis stops at

Back 150

Prophase I

Front 151

At birth, females have about _____________ oocytes

Back 151

2 million

Front 152

At puberty, ___________ oocytes remain

Back 152

400,000

Front 153

In average lifetime, ____________ secondary oocytes will form

Back 153

400-500

Front 154

Unless fertilized, the secondary ooctye stops at:

Back 154

Metaphase II

Front 155

Two phases of Ovarian Cycle

Back 155

Follicular and Luteal

Front 156

Days 1-14 of Ovarian Cycle

Back 156

Follicular Phase

Front 157

Days 14-28 of Ovarian Cycle

Back 157

Luteal Phase

Front 158

Granulosa cells are connected to oocyte by _____ junctions

Back 158

Gap

Front 159

a glycoprotein-rich, thick transparent membrane around the oocyte

Back 159

zone pellucida

Front 160

Ovulation is triggered by:

Back 160

LH

Front 161

High estrogen and high progesterone means

Back 161

reduced GnRH, FSH, and LH

Front 162

Three types of estrogen

Back 162

estradiol, estriol, and estrone

Front 163

menarche

Back 163

menstruation

Front 164

thelarche

Back 164

breast development

Front 165

pubarache

Back 165

pubic hair development

Front 166

secreted by cells associated after implantation in the uterus

Back 166

Human Choroinic Gonadotropic Hormone (HCG)

Front 167

prevents degeneration of corpus luteum so continues to produce progesterone until placenta takes over

Back 167

HCG

Front 168

Three phases of Uterine Cycle

Back 168

menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase

Front 169

Days 1-5 of Uterine Cycle

Back 169

Menstrual Phase

Front 170

Days 6-14 of Uterine Cycle

Back 170

Proliferative Phase

Front 171

Days 15-28 of Uterine Cycle

Back 171

Secretory Phase

Front 172

_________ mL of blood lost on average menstrual cycle

Back 172

35-50