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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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T or F:
All cranial nerves have the special modality. |
True!
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T or F:
All nerves with the general modality are somatic motor nerves. |
False!
Cranial nerves can be general as well. |
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Which cranial nerves are SSA? What are their functions?
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Optic n. (CNII) - vision
Vestibulaocochlear n. (CNVIII) - sound |
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Which cranial nerves are SVA? What are their functions?
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Olfactory n. (CNI) - olfaction
Facial n. (CNVII) - taste in tongue Glossopharyngeal n. (CNIX) - taste in tongue Vagus n. (CNX) - taste in tongue |
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What are the receptor organs for general proprioception? What innervates these?
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Muscles, tendons, and joints.
Innervated by CNV and all spinal nn. |
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What is the main organ for special proprioception? What innervates this?
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Membranous labrynth of inner ear
Vestibular division of CNVIII innervates this |
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Where do preganglionic sympathetic nerve cell bodies that innervate the head originate? What is the LAST place that these can synapse?
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T1 - T3
Cranial cervical ganglion |
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ID the sympathetic structures of the head and neck.
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A - Cranial cervical ganglion
B - Vagosympathetic trunk C - Middle cervical ganglion D - Cervicothoracic ganglion |
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ID the sympathetic structures of the head and neck.
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A - Cranial cervical ganglion
B - Vagosympathetic trunk C - Middle cervical ganglion D - Cervicothoracic ganglion |
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What nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the head?
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CN III, VII, IX, (X does provide parasympathetic innervation but NOT to the head)
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T or F:
Many parasympathetic fibers course with the trigeminal nerve. |
True! Even though CNV has no parasympathetic innervation, parasympathetic nerves course with this branches of this nerve.
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Where is the post-sympathetic ganglion for CNIII found? What organs does it innervate?
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Ciliary ganglion
Innervates ciliary m. and sphincter pupillae m. |
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What organs does the facial n. innervate parasympathetically?
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Lacrimal, nasal, palatine, mandibular, and sublingual salivary glands.
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Name the cranial nerves numbers AND names!!!
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CN I Olfactory n.
CN II Optic n. CN III Oculomotor n. CN IV Trochlear n. CN V Trigeminal n. CN VI Abducens n. CN VII Facial n. CN VIII Vestibulocochlear n. CN IX Glossopharyngeal n. CN X Vagus n. CN XI Accessory n. CN XII Hypoglossal n. |
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Which cranial nerves have sensory, motor, and parasympathetic modalities?
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Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus (VII, IX and X)
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How is CNI tested?
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Aromatic compounds on a cotton ball
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How can CNII be tested?
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Drop cotton ball, use maze, pupillary light reflex
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Through which cranial opening does CNIII exit? What does it innervate?
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Orbital fissure
Some extrinsic and all intrinsic muscles of the eye |
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What are common dysfunctions involving the oculomotor nerve? How do you test these?
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Lateral strabismus
Ptosis (drooping of superior palpebra) Mydriasis (dilation of pupil)_ Cyclopegia (paralysis of accomodation) Test via direct and consensual light reflexes |
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ID these structures:
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A - Oculomotor n.
B - Optic n. C - Trochlear n. D - Abducens n. E - Oculomotor n. (tricky) F - Ciliary ganglion |
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T or F:
When you test light reflexes, you expect to see a positive bilateral response when testing one eye. |
True! Due to the decussation (crossing) of the optic nerve. Called the consentual reflex.
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What is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain stem dorsally? What opening does this nerve pass through?
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Trochlear n.
Orbital fissure |
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Which nerve or nerves are affected in each kitty?
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A - Trochlear n.
B - Oculomotor n. C - Abducens n. |
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Where does the opthalmic nerve pass through? What is it sensory to?
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Orbital fissure
Sensory to palpebrae and eyeball and surrounding areas |
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What are the branches of the opthalmic nerve?
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Frontal n.
Nasociliary n. Lacrimal n. |
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Which reflexes can test the opthalmic nerve and facial nerves?
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Corneal reflex
Palpebral reflex |
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Where does the maxillary nerve exit? What does it innervate?
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Via the round foramen then rostral alar foramen.
Sensory to inferior palpebra, nasal mucosa, upper teeth and lip, and nose |
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What are the branches of the maxillary nerve?
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Zygomaticotemporal n.
Zygomaticofacial n. Pterygopalatine n. Infraorbital n. |
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What are the branches of the pterygopalatine n.?
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Major palatine n.
Minor palatine n. Caudal nasal n. |
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What are the branches of the infraorbital n.?
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Caudal superior alveolar brs.
Middle superior alveolar brs. Rostral superior alveolar brs. Infraorbital brs. |
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What does the infraorbital nerve course through?
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Infraorbital canal
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How would a dysfunction of the maxillary nerve manifest? How would you test for this?
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Lack of sensation to innervated areas.
Test - pull hair or foreign object in nasal vestibule |
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Which specific nerve is each of these a sensory area for? What is each nerve a branch of?
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A - Infraorbital n.
B - Zygomaticotemporal n. C - Zygomaticofacial n. All are maxillary branches of the trigeminal n. |
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Which muscles do be the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve motor to fo shizzo?
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Mylohyoideus m.
Tensor tympani m. Tensor veli palatini m. |
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What are the sensory branches of the mandibular nerve?
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Buccal n.
Lingual n. Inferior (mandibular) alveolar n. Auriculotemporal n. |
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Which branch of the mandibular nerve has mixed motor and sensory function? What does it innervate?
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Mylohyoideus n.
Motor to rostral digastricus and mylohyoideus m. Sensory to lower lip, cheek, and intermandibular area |
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Which nerves innervate the mandibular teeth? The maxillary teeth?
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Caudal, middle, and rostral alveolar brs. of the inferior (mandibular) n.
Caudal, middle, and rostral alveolar brs. of the infraorbital n. for maxillary |
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How does dysfunction of the mandibular nerve manifest? How can this be tested?
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Atrophy of masticatory muscles and lack of cutaneous sensation.
Open mouth and test for muscular tone. |
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Identify the nerves constituting these autonomous zones.
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A - Maxillary branch of CNV
B - Opthalmic branch of CNV C - Facial n. (CNVII) D - Mandibular branch of CNV E - Ventral Cervical brs. of C2 |
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ID the cranial nerve and/or the foramen
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A - Facial n. (VII)
B - Stylomastoid foramen C - IX, X, XI D - Tympanooccipital fissure E - Ethmoidal foramina |
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ID the cranial nerves and their foramina
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A - CNV (Mandibular br.)
B - Oval foramen C - CNV (Maxillary br.) D - Rostral alar foramen E - CNII (Optic) F - Optic canal |
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ID the cranial nerves or foramina
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A - CNXII (hypoglossal)
B - Hypoglossal foramen C - CNIII (Oculomotor) D - CNV (Opthalmic br.) E - CNVI (Abducens) F - CN IV (Trochlear) G - Orbital fissure |
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Which organs does the facial n. provide parasympathetic innervation to? Which branches provide this?
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Lacrimal, nasal, mandibular, and sublingual salivary glands
Chorda tympani and major petrosal nn. provide parasympathetic innervation |
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Which nerves course with the facial n. when leaving the cranial cavity?
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Vestibular and cochlear nn.
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To which ganglia do parasympathetic branches of the facial n. course to? Which nerves interact with each ganglion?
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Chorda tympani courses to the mandibular and sublingual ganglia.
Petrosal n. courses to the pterygopalatine ganglion |
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What do postganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion innervate?
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Lacrimal and nasal glands
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What do postganglionic fibers of the mandibular and sublingual ganglia innervate?
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Mandibular and sublingual salivary glands
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Where does the facial n. exit?
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Stylomastoid forman
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T or F:
Branches of the trigeminal and facial nerves provide non-motor innervation to the rostral 2/3 of the tongue. |
True!
Lingual provides sensory while chorda tympani is gustatory |
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What are the four main branches of the facial n. (once it exits the stylomastoid foramen)?
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Auriculopalpebral
Dorsal buccal Ventral buccal Cervical brs. |
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Damage to which cranial nerve would result in the following symptoms: flaccid paralysis of the muscles of facial expression – drooping of the ear, widening of the palpebral fissure, drooling of saliva out the corner of the mouth
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Facial nerve at level of stylomastoid foramen
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T or F:
CN VIII never leaves the skull. |
True!
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What are symptoms of vestibular nerve dysfunction?
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Disequilibrium, circling, head tilt, nystagmus (involuntary rapid movement of the eyeball). The circling and head tilt are toward the ipsilateral (same) side of the lesion.
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Where do sensory fibers of CN IX run from (sensory to which regions)?
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caudal portion of the tongue, pharyngeal sinus and carotid sinus; gustatory from caudal 1/3 of tongue
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What does CN IX provide parasympathetic innervation to?
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Parotid and zygomatic salivary glands
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A dog with hypertension localized to the head and tachycardia may have damaged which nerve? How can this be tested?
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Damage to CN IX; test by carotid sinus reflex
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How are all three modalities of CN IX tested?
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Sensory (SVA) - carotid sinus reflex
Motor (GSE - SVE) - swallowing/gag reflex Parasympathetic (GVE) - mouth dryness |
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What is the vagus nerve motor to?
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Structures arising from the 4th pharyngeal arch (esophagus, pharynx, larynx)
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Where are sensory cell bodies of the vagus nerve located?
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Nodose ganglion (distal ganglion of the vagus)
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ID these nervous structures:
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A - Vagosympathetic trunk
B - Nodose ganglion C - Cranial cervical ganglion |
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Which nerves provide sensory innervation to the esophagus? Which regions of the esophagus? What are these nerves branches from?
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Pharynx and cranial third - pharyngeal br.
Middle third - recurrent laryngeal n. Distal third - dorsal/ventral vagal trunks All brs. of Vagus n. |
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Dysphonia could indicate a lesion of which cranial nerve?
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Vagus (innervates cricothyroideus)
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What are tests to determine vagal lesions?
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Swallowing reflex, gag reflex, and cough reflex (and sneeze reflex)
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How would parasympathetic dysfunction of the vagus n. manifest?
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tachycardia and reduced peristalsis
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What does the accessory nerve innervate?
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Muscles of the 5th and 6th pharyngeal arches. (cleidocephalicus, omotransversarius, sternocephalicus, trapezius mm)
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What does CNXII innervate?
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Extrinsic and intrinsic lingual muscles. Also geniohyoideus.
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What is different about the manifestation of acute vs. chronic CNXII lesions?
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Acute - tongue drawn contralaterally
Chronic - tongue drawn ipsilaterally |
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Which nerve is blocked at point A? What is the effect of this block?
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Infraorbital n.
Desensitizes the upper lip and nose and roof of nasal cavity. |
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Which nerve is being blocked at point B? What effect will this have?
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Maxillary n.
Desensitizes maxilla, upper teeth, nose, and upper lip. |
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What nerve would a nerve block at point C block? What effect would this have?
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Zygomatic, lacrimal, and opthalmic nn.
Desensitization of eye and orbit |
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Blocking at point D would impact which nerve? What effect will this have?
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Mental nn.
Desensitizes lower lip |
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Local anesthesia applied to point E would impact which nerve? What effect will this have?
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Inferior alveolar n. (of mandibular br.)
Desensitizes mandible including all lower teeth, skin, mucosa, and lower lip |
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Local anesthesia applied to point E would impact which nerve? What effect will this have?
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Inferior alveolar n. (of mandibular br.)
Desensitizes mandible including all lower teeth, skin, mucosa, and lower lip |
