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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four major segments of the upper limbs? |
Shoulder, arm, forearm, and hands. |
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What is the longest segment of the upper limb? |
The arm. |
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What are the parts of the upper (and lower) limbs that are most mobile? |
Digits. |
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The clavicles have an S curvature. Where is it most convex? Concave? What does this curvature confer? |
Sternal end for convex. And acromial end for concave. Resilience. |
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Why is the lateral border of the scapula made up of a thick bar of bone? |
It prevents buckling. |
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What is the common site of fracute in the humerus? |
The surgical neck. |
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The intertubercular sulcus is a groove that separates the greater and lesser tubercle of the humerus. What do they allow? |
A protected passage of the slender tendon of the long head bicep. |
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What is the stabilizing bone of the forearm? |
The ulna. |
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The ulna does not reach in the wrist joint. What does this imply? |
It does not participate in the movement. |
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What accomodates the head of the ulna? |
The ulnar notch. |
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Why are the interosseous membranes between the radius and ulna ran in an oblique course? |
This allows transmission of forces received by the radius into the ulna for transmission to the humerus. |
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What is the largest carpal bone? |
Capitate. |
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What three structures does each phalanx (phalanges) have? |
Head, shaft, and base. |
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The skin that is superior to the clavicle is very elastic. What does this confer surgically? |
The skin can be brought down and incised to protect the subclavian artery from incision. After incision, the skin naturally returns superior to the clavicle. |
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How can the head of the humerus be felt? |
Palpation deep into the armpit but not when the arms are fully abducted. |
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What are the characteristics of the clavicles in manual workers? |
It's thicker and the muscle attachments are more marked. |
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What often causes clavicular fractures? Why is the shoulder more dropped in clavicular fractures? |
An indirect force transmitted to the clavicle by the forearm and arm of an outstretched hand. The thicker medial portion is lifted by the sternocleidomastoid while the thin acromial portion can no longer be elevated by the trapezius. |
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What do you call a fracture most common in young children where one side of a bone is bent and one is broken? |
Greenstick fracture. |
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What is the first long bone to ossify? |
Clavicles. |
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A small scale-like epiphysis can sometimes be present at the acromial end of the clavicle. What is it usually mistaken for? |
A fracture. |
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In what common, particular accident do scapular fractures occur? What does the fracture usually involve? |
Pedestrian-vehicle accidents. Protrusion of the acromion. |
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Where are fractures of the humeral surgical neck mostly common? |
Elderly people with osteoporosis who experience minor falls on the hand. |
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Where is avulsion fracture of the greater tubercle of the humerus more common? How can this fracture happen? |
Middle aged and elderly people. A fall on the acromial part of the shoulder. |
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What commonly causes transverse fractures in the humeral shaft? |
Direct blows to the humerus. |
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The humerus can experience an intercondylar fracture. How can this happen? |
A severe fall on a flexed elbow which drives the olecranon like a wedge separating one or both condyles from the shaft. |
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What is the most common fracture of the forearm? What causes it? |
Colles fracture. When a person falls on an outstretched limb to ease a fall. |
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What carpal bone is usually the most fractured? This injury is usually misdiagnosed as what? Why? |
The scaphoid bone. Usually misdiagnosed as a wrist sprain. This is because during the incident, the fracture is not as seen in the radiograph. |
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What do you call the most common fracture that afflicts the fifth metacarpal? What is its often cause? |
Boxer's fracture. Causes by a punch by an unskilled person especially when the hand is abducted. |
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What commonly occurs in distal phalanx fractures? |
Comminution (breaking of bone into small pieces) and a hematoma. |
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The ulnar nerve is close to the hook of the hamate. What does this imply? |
An injury to the hamate can injure the ulnar nerve causing a decrease in grip strength. |
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What must be removed to view the infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles? |
The infraspinous and supraspinous fascia which are usually thick. |
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What do the medial and lateral intermuscular septa divide? What makes them important? |
The anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) fascial compartments. Given that the ones they invest in have the same nerve and blood supply, they would be important in preventing the spread of infection or hemorrhage. |
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What converts the anterior concavity of the outer carpus bones into a carpal tunnel? What passes through here? |
Flexor retinaculum. Flexor tendons and median nerves. |
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What is the thick sheet of white fibrous tissue that attaches flat muscles in need of a wide area of attachment? |
Aponeuroses. |
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What do the short skin ligaments that connect the skin to the deep palmar aponeurosis do? |
They allow little sliding movement of the skin in the palms by holding the palmar skin as close to the aponeurosis. |
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From what does the cephalic vein originate and where does it enter? Through what vein does it communicate to join the basilic vein? |
Lateral aspect of the dorsal venous network and to the clavipectoral triangle. Median cubital vein. |
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Deep veins usually occur as? |
Pairs or accompanying veins. |
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Where do deep lymphatic veins of the upper limbs terminate? |
Humeral axillary lymph nodes. |
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Most cutaneous nerves of the upper limb are derived from where? This major nerve network is formed by what spinal nerves that exit the anterior rami? |
Brachial plexus. C5-T1 |
