Anatomy - Unit 2 (Upper & Lower Limbs)

Front 1

number and types of vertebrae

Back 1

33 total vertebrae (7 cervical; 12 thoracic; 5 lumbar; 5 sacral [fused]; 4 coccygeal fused]

Front 2

major components of an individual vertebra

Back 2

body; vertebral arch (pedicles & lamina); 1 spinous process; 2 costal/transverse processes, superior/inferior articular processes

Front 3

spina bifida (definition & types)

Back 3

failure of lamina (vertebral arch) to fuse; types: occulta (asymptomatic); cystica (cyst protrudes through gap, can result in meningocele or meningomyelocele); myeloschisis (neural tube fails to close)

Front 4

four curvatures of the spine (names and directions)

Back 4

cervical (anterior); thoracic (posterior); lumbar (anterior); sacral (posterior)

Front 5

abnormal curvatures of the spine

Back 5

kyphosis (increased posterior curvature of thoracic vertebrae); lordosis (increased anterior curvature of lumbar vertebrae); scoliosis (abnormal lateral curvature)

Front 6

name of joints between adjacent vertebrae

Back 6

zygoapophyseal (or facet) joints between superior and inferior articular processes;

Front 7

components and function of an intervertebral disk

Back 7

outside = annulus fibrosus ; inside = nucleus pulposus ; function = absorb shock and distribute weight evenly

Front 8

ligaments linking adjacent vertebrae

Back 8

anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum (between lamina), interspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament, intertransverse ligament

Front 9

structure and function of intervertebral foramina

Back 9

top/bottom = pedicles of adjacent vertebrae, anterior wall = vertebral body, posterior wall = facet joint; purpose = to transmit dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves

Front 10

contents of the vertebral canal (exterior to interior)

Back 10

epidural space (fat & internal vertebral venous plexus); dura mater; subdural space (potential space); arachnoid mater; subarachnoid space (CSF); pia mater; spinal cord/nerves

Front 11

components of the meninges (external to internal)

Back 11

dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space (CSF), pia mater

Front 12

vertebral level at which the meninges terminate

Back 12

meninges (dura, arachnoid, pia) terminate at the level of the S2 vertebral (in the cauda equina)

Front 13

CSF (location; composition; function)

Back 13

CSF: location = ventricles of brain/subarachnoid space; composition = clear fluid (few cells, low glucose, low protein); function = cushioning brain/absorbing waste/transporting hormones

Front 14

conus medullaris

Back 14

the most inferior end of the spinal cord; located at the level of the L2 vertebra

Front 15

which spinal nerves exit superior to the vertebrae with the SAME name? inferior?

Back 15

because of the 'extra' C8 spinal nerve: C1-C7 spinal nerves = superior to C1-C7 vertebrae; T1 & down = inferior to T1 & down

Front 16

cauda equina

Back 16

the dorsal/ventral roots of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves that extend inferior to the conus medullaris (end of the spinal cord in the vertebral column)

Front 17

location of lumbar puncture (and layers passed through)

Back 17

location: between L4 & L5 vertebrae (i.e. below the inferior end of the spinal cord); layers transversed: skin; superficial/deep fascia; ligamentum flavum (or supraspinous & interspinous ligaments); intralaminar space; epidural space; dura mater; arachnoid mater

Front 18

radiculopathy (definition and causes)

Back 18

radiculopathy = compression of roots of spinal nerves in the intervertebral foramina that causes pain/parasthesia in dermatome and weakness of skeletal muscles in myotome; potential causes = osteoarthritis, spondylitis, spondylosis, herniated disk

Front 19

spondylitis v. spondylosis

Back 19

spondylitis = inflammation that causes additional bone growth @ margins of vertebral bodies; spondylosis = degenerative changes in intervertebral disks

Front 20

herniated disk

Back 20

occurs when the nucleus pulposus protrudes at the posterior and lateral past of the annulus fibrosis; results in the compression of the roots of spinal nerves

Front 21

characteristics of cervical vertebrae

Back 21

cervical vertebrae: small bodies, short spinous processes, transverse processes (for vertebral arteries), facet joints @ 45 degree angles,

Front 22

characteristics of atlas v. axis

Back 22

atlas (C1): posterior & anterior arches, no body, superior articular process allows 'yes motion'; axis (C2): has the dens (replaces body of atlas), pivot joint allows 'no' motion with atlas (no disk between atlas and axis)

Front 23

characteristics of thoracic vertebrae

Back 23

thoracic vertebrae: heart-shaped bodies, long/oblique spinous processes, costal facets (on bodies and transverse processes), facet joints @ 60 degree angles

Front 24

characteristics of lumbar vertebrae

Back 24

lumbar vertebrae: large kidney-shaped bodies; short horizontal spinous processes; long transverse processes; superior/inferior articular processes connected by islthmus/pars interarticularis (scotty dog)

Front 25

spondylolysis & spondylolisthesis

Back 25

spondylolysis = fracture of the isthmus (scotty dog) of a lumbar vertebrae (looks like a collar on the dog); spondylolisthesis = anterior displacement of the vertebral body (neck of scotty dog is extended)

Front 26

components of the sacrum

Back 26

sacrum = 5 fused vertebrae; median crest (from 5 spinous processes); promontory; 4 dorsal foramina (transmit dorsal rami) & 4 ventral foramina (transmit ventral rami)

Front 27

muscles of the 3 layers of back muscles

Back 27

superficial = trapezius, latissimus dorsi, lefator scapulae, rhomboids major/minor; intermediate = serratus posterior superior/inferior, levatores costarum (12 pairs); deep = splenius capitis/cervicis, erector spinae, tranversospinales, intervertebrals

Front 28

superficial muscles of the back

Back 28

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, lefator scapulae, rhomboids major/minor

Front 29

intermediate muscles of the back

Back 29

serratus posterior superior/inferior, levatores costarum (12 pairs

Front 30

deep muscles of the back

Back 30

splenius capitis/cervicis, erector spinae (illiocostalis, longissimus, spinalis), tranversospinales (semispinales, multifidus, rotatores), intervertebrals (interspinales, intertransversarii)

Front 31

nerve that innervates the: trapezius

Back 31

trapezius: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

Front 32

nerve that innervates the: latissimus dorsi

Back 32

latissimus dorsi: thoracodorsal nerve (one of the collateral nerves of the brachial plexus)

Front 33

nerve that innervates the: levator spaculae

Back 33

levator scapulae: dorsal scapular nerve (collateral nerve from brachial plexus [C5])

Front 34

nerve that innervates the: rhomboid major/minor

Back 34

levator scapulae: dorsal scapular nerve (collateral nerve from brachial plexus [C5])

Front 35

nerves that innervate the: intermediate muscles of the back

Back 35

ventral rami of spinal nerves

Front 36

nerves that innervate the: deep muscles of the back

Back 36

dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Front 37

parts of the pectoral girdle

Back 37

pectoral girdle = clavicle + scapula

Front 38

what is the only location of articulation between the axial skeleton and the upper limb?

Back 38

the sternoclavicular joint

Front 39

what is the most common location of a fracture of the clavicle?

Back 39

weakest point of clavicle = between middle 1/3 and lateral 1/3

Front 40

characteristics of the glenohumeral joint

Back 40

glenohumeral joint = ball & socket joint; permits flexion, extension, ad/abduction, and medial/lateral rotation; joins head of humerus with glenoid fossa of scapula

Front 41

muscles involved in: elevation of the scapula

Back 41

elevation of scapula = levator scapulae, upper trapezius

Front 42

muscles involved in: depression of the scapula

Back 42

depression of scapula = pectoralis minor, lower trapezius, latissimus dorsi

Front 43

muscles involved in: protraction of scapula

Back 43

protraction of scapula = serratus anterior, pectoralis minor

Front 44

muscles involved in: retraction of scapula

Back 44

retraction of scapula = rhomboid major/minor, middle trapezius

Front 45

muscles involved in: lateral rotation of scapula (in abduction of humerus)

Back 45

lateral rotation of scapula = lower serratus anterior, upper & lower trapezius

Front 46

muscles involved in: medial rotation of scapula (in adduction of humerus)

Back 46

medial rotation of scapula = rhomboid major/minor, levator scapulae

Front 47

muscles involved in: flexion of humerus at shoulder

Back 47

flexion of humerus at shoulder = pectoralis minor (clavicular), deltoid (clavicular), biceps (short head), coracobrachialis

Front 48

muscles involved in: extension of humerus at shoulder

Back 48

extension of humerus at shoulder = deltoid (posterior), latissimus dorsi, teres major

Front 49

muscles involved in: abduction of humerus at shoulder

Back 49

abduction of humerus at shoulder = deltoid (middle), supraspinatus

Front 50

muscles involved in: adduction of humerus at shoulder

Back 50

adduction of humerus at shoulder = pectoralis major (sternocostal), latissimus dorsi, teres minor

Front 51

muscles involved in: lateral rotation of humerus at shoulder

Back 51

lateral rotation of humerus at shoulder = deltoid (posterior), infraspinatus, teres minor

Front 52

muscles involved in: medial rotation of humerus at shoulder

Back 52

medial rotation of humerus at shoulder = pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid (clavicular), teres major, subscapularis

Front 53

muscles of the rotator cuff (and their actions)

Back 53

SITS = supraspinatus (abduction), infraspinatus & teres minor (external rotation), subscapularis (internal rotation)

Front 54

nerve that innervates the: pectoralis minor

Back 54

pectoralis minor: medial pectoral nerve (C7 & C8, collateral nerve of brachial plexus)

Front 55

nerve that innervates the: serratus anterior

Back 55

serratus anterior: long thoracic nerve (C5-C7, collateral nerve of brachial plexus)

Front 56

nerve that innervates the: rhomboid major/minor

Back 56

rhomboid major/minor: dorsal scapular nerve (C5, collateral nerve of brachial plexus)

Front 57

nerve that innervates the: deltoid

Back 57

deltoid: axillary nerve (C6, lateral branch of posterior cord of brachial plexus)

Front 58

nerve that innervates the: biceps brachii

Back 58

biceps brachii: musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7, proximal branch of the lateral cord, anterior division of brachial plexus)

Front 59

nerve that innervates the: coracobrachialis

Back 59

corachobrachialis: musculocutaneous nerve (C6-C7, proximal branch of lateral cord, anterior division of brachial plexus)

Front 60

nerve that innervates the: teres major

Back 60

teres major: lower subscapular nerve (C6, collateral nerve of the brachial plexus that branches from the posterior cord)

Front 61

nerve that innervates the: supraspinatus

Back 61

supraspinatus: suprascapular nerve (C5, arises from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus)

Front 62

nerve that innervates the: pectoralis major

Back 62

pectoralis major: medial & lateral pectoral nerves (C6-T1, 2 collateral branches that branch from the medial and lateral cords, respectively, of the brachial plexus)

Front 63

nerve that innervates the: infraspinatus

Back 63

infraspinatus: suprascapular nerve (C5-C6, arises from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus)

Front 64

nerve that innervates the: teres minor

Back 64

teres minor: axillary nerve (C6, posterior division fibers from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus)

Front 65

nerve that innervates the: subscapularis

Back 65

subscapularis: upper & lower subscapular nerves (C5-C6, collateral nerves of the brachial plexus that arise from the posterior cord)

Front 66

most common direction of dislocation of the humerus

Back 66

humerus is most commonly dislocated anteriorly & inferiorly from the glenohumeral joint

Front 67

what nerve and artery might be damaged from a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus?

Back 67

axillary nerve & posterior circumflex humeral artery

Front 68

what nerve may be lesioned as a result of an inter/supracondylar fracture of the humerus?

Back 68

the median nerve

Front 69

components of the elbow joints

Back 69

humeroradial jointhumeroulnar jointproximal radioulnar joint

Front 70

epicondylitis (definition, two main types, common names, locations)

Back 70

epicondylitis: inflammation of a tendon in the elbowlateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow): common extensor tendonmedial epicondylitis (golfer's elbow): common flexor tendon

Front 71

what nerve may be lesioned by a fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

Back 71

the ulnar nerve

Front 72

components of the wrist joint

Back 72

radiocarpal jointulnocarpal jointscarpometacarpal joints

Front 73

muscles involved in the flexion of the radius and ulna at the elbow

Back 73

brachialisbiceps brachiibrachioradialisflexor carpi radialispronator teres

Front 74

muscles involved in: the extension of the ulna and radius at the elbow joint

Back 74

triceps brachii

Front 75

muscles involved in: pronation of the forearm (the radius over the ulna)

Back 75

pronator terespronator quadratus

Front 76

muscles involved in: supination of the forearm (return of radius to anatomical position)

Back 76

supinatorbiceps brachii

Front 77

nerve that innervates the: brachialis

Back 77

musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6)

Front 78

nerve that innervates the: biceps brachii

Back 78

musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6)

Front 79

nerve that innervates the: brachioradialis

Back 79

radial nerve (C5-C6)

Front 80

nerve that innervates the: flexor carpi radialis

Back 80

median nerve (C6-C7)

Front 81

nerve that innervates the: pronator teres

Back 81

median nerve (C6-C7)

Front 82

nerve that innervates the: triceps brachii

Back 82

radial nerve (C7-C8)

Front 83

nerve that innervates the: pronator teres

Back 83

median nerve (C6-C7)

Front 84

nerve that innervates the: pronator quadratus

Back 84

median (anterior interosseous) nerve (C8-T1)

Front 85

nerve that innervates the: supinator

Back 85

radial nerve, deep branch (C6-C8)

Front 86

Colles' fracture (definition, consequence, common sign)

Back 86

fracture of the distal radiuscan cause an avulsion of the styloid process from the radius shaftmay exhibit a dinner-fork" deformity of the forearm"

Front 87

8 carpal bones (mnemonic and names, lateral to medial and proximal to distal)

Back 87

mnemonic: Sometimes Lovers Try Positions / That They Cannot Handleproximal row:scaphoidlunatetriquetrumpisiform distal row:trapeziumtrapezoidcapitatehamate

Front 88

what is the most commonly dislocated carpal bone? where to? what syndrome can this cause?

Back 88

lunateanteriorly, into the carpal tunnelcarpal tunnel syndrome

Front 89

boundaries of the carpal tunnel

Back 89

posterior wall: 8 carpal bonesanterior wall: flexor retinaculum

Front 90

what structures pass through the carpal tunnel?

Back 90

median nerve9 tendons, from 3 flexor muscles:flexor digitorum superficialisflexor digitorum profundusflexor pollicis longus

Front 91

canal of Guyon (location, structures passing through)

Back 91

between pisiform bone and hook of hamate (superficial to carpal tunnel)contains: ulnar vein, artery & nerve

Front 92

muscles involved in: the flexion of the hand (at the wrist)

Back 92

flexors carpi ulnaris/radialisflexors digitorum superficialis/profundusflexor pollicis longuspalmaris longus

Front 93

muscles involved in: extension of the hand at the wrist

Back 93

Extensors... carpi ulnariscarpi radialis longus/brevisdigitorumdigiti minimipollicis longusindicus

Front 94

muscles involved in: abduction (radial deviation) of hand at the wrist

Back 94

extensor carpi radialis longus/brevisflexor carpi radialis

Front 95

muscles involved in: adduction (ulnar deviation) of the hand at the wrist

Back 95

flexor carpi ulnarisextensor carpi ulnaris

Front 96

nerve that innervates the: flexor carpi ulnaris

Back 96

ulnar nerve (C8)

Front 97

nerve that innervates the: flexor carpi radialis

Back 97

median nerve (C6-C7)

Front 98

nerve that innervates the: flexor digitorum profundus

Back 98

median (anterior interosseus) nerve (C8-T1)

Front 99

nerve that innervates the: flexor digitorum superficialis

Back 99

median nerve (C7-T1)

Front 100

nerve that innervates the: flexor pollicus longus

Back 100

median (anterior interosseus) nerve (C8-T1)

Front 101

nerve that innervates the: palmaris longus

Back 101

median nerve (C7-C8)

Front 102

nerve that innervates the: extensor carpi ulnaris

Back 102

radial nerve, deep branch (C7-C8)

Front 103

nerve that innervates the: extensor carpi radialis longus

Back 103

radial nerve (C6-C7)

Front 104

nerve that innervates the: extensor carpi radialis brevis

Back 104

radial nerve, deep branch (C6-C7_

Front 105

nerve that innervates the: extensor digitorum

Back 105

radial nerve, deep branch (C6-C8_

Front 106

nerve that innervates the: extensor digiti minimi

Back 106

radial nerve, deep branch (C7-C8)

Front 107

nerve that innervates the: extensor pollicis longus

Back 107

radial nerve, deep branch (C7-C8)

Front 108

nerve that innervates the: extensor indicis

Back 108

radial nerve, deep branch (C7-C8)

Front 109

3 joints of each finger (and the bones involved)

Back 109

MP: metacarpophalangeal joint (metacarpal bone + proximal phalanx)PIP: proximal interphalangeal joint (proximal + middle phalanges)DIP: distal interphalangeal joint (middle + distal phalanges)

Front 110

main functional difference between the metarcarpophalangeal joints and the interphalangeal joints

Back 110

MP = condyloid joints (allow flexion/extenstion AND adduction/abduction)IP = hinge joints (ONLY allow flexion/extension)

Front 111

how many joints does the thumb have?

Back 111

only 2: 1) MP & 2) IP(because there are only two phalanges bones in the thumb, not 3 like the fingers)

Front 112

what muscle is involved in:flexion of the fingers at the MP, PIP and DIP joints?

Back 112

flexor digitorum profundus

Front 113

what muscle is involved in:flexion of the fingers at the MP and PIP joints, only?

Back 113

flexor digitorum superficialis 

Front 114

what muscles are involved in:flexion of the fingers at the MP joints, only? 

Back 114

lumbricalsinterossei

Front 115

what muscle is involved in:flexion of the pinky finger at the carpometacarpal AND metacarpophalangeal joints?

Back 115

flexor digiti minimi

Front 116

what muscle is involved in:flexion of the pinky finger at the carpometacarpal joint only?

Back 116

opponens digiti minimi

Front 117

what muscle is involved in:extension of the index, middle & ring finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint?

Back 117

extensor digitorum

Front 118

what muscle is involved in:extension of the index finger at the at the metacarpophalangeal joint?

Back 118

extensor indicus

Front 119

what muscle is involved in:extension of the pinky finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint?

Back 119

extensor digiti minimi

Front 120

what muscles are involved in:extension of all the fingers at the interphalangeal joints?

Back 120

lumbricalsinterossei

Front 121

what muscle is involved in:abduction of all fingers (except the pinky) at the metacarpophalangeal joints?

Back 121

dorsal interossei

Front 122

what muscle is involved in:abduction of the pinky finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint?

Back 122

abductor digiti minimi

Front 123

what muscle is involved in:adduction of all fingers (except the pinky) at the metacarpophalangeal joints?

Back 123

palmar interossei

Front 124

what muscle is involved in:opposition of the pinky finger at the carpometacarpal joint?

Back 124

opponens digiti minimi

Front 125

what muscle is involved in:flexion of the thumb at ALL joints (especially the interphalangeal)?

Back 125

flexor pollicis longus

Front 126

what muscle is involved in:flexion of the thumb at both the carpometacarpal and the metacarpophalangeal joint?

Back 126

flexor pollicis brevis

Front 127

what muscle is involved in:flexion of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint only?

Back 127

opponens pollicis

Front 128

what muscle is involved in:extension of the thumb at all joints?

Back 128

extensor pollicis longus

Front 129

what muscle is involved in:extension of the thumb at the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints only?

Back 129

extensor pollicis brevis

Front 130

what muscle is involved in:abduction of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint only?

Back 130

abductor pollicis longus

Front 131

what muscle is involved in:abduction of the thumb at both the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints?

Back 131

abductor pollicis brevis

Front 132

what muscle is involved in:adduction of the thumb at the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints?

Back 132

adductor pollicis

Front 133

what muscle is involved in:opposition of the thumb at the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints?

Back 133

opponens pollicis

Front 134

nerves that innervates the:flexor digitorum profundus

Back 134

anterior interosseus [median] nerve (to index & middle fingers)ulnar nerve (to ring and pinky fingers)

Front 135

nerve that innervates the:flexor digitorum superficialis

Back 135

median nerve (C8-T1)

Front 136

nerves that innervates the:lumbricals of the hand

Back 136

middle/index fingers: median nervering/pinky: ulnar nerve

Front 137

nerve that innervates the:interossei of the hand

Back 137

ulnar nerve, deep branch (C8-T1)

Front 138

nerve that innervates the:flexor digiti minimi

Back 138

ulnar nerve, deep branch

Front 139

nerve that innervates the:opponens digiti minimi

Back 139

ulnar nerve, deep branch

Front 140

nerve that innervates the:extensor digitorum of the hand

Back 140

radial nerve, deep branch (C6-C8)

Front 141

nerve that innervates the:extensor indicis

Back 141

radial nerve, deep branch (C7-C8)

Front 142

nerve that innervates the:extensor digiti minimi

Back 142

radial nerve, deep branch (C7-C8)

Front 143

nerve that innervates the:abductor digiti minimi of the hand

Back 143

ulnar nerve, deep branch (C8-T1)

Front 144

nerve that innervates the:opponens digiti minimi

Back 144

ulnar nerve, deep branch (C8-T1)

Front 145

nerve that innervates the:flexor pollicis longus

Back 145

median (anterior interosseus) nerve (C8-T1)

Front 146

nerve that innervates the:flexor pollicis brevis

Back 146

median nerve, recurrent branch

Front 147

nerve that innervates the:opponens pollicis

Back 147

median nerve, recurrent branch (C8-T1)

Front 148

nerve that innervates the:extensor pollicis longus

Back 148

radial nerve, deep branch (C7-C8)

Front 149

nerve that innervates the:extensor pollicis brevis

Back 149

radial nerve, deep branch (C7-C8)

Front 150

nerve that innervates the:abductor pollicis longus

Back 150

radial nerve, deep branch (C7-C8)

Front 151

nerve that innervates the:abductor pollicis brevis

Back 151

median nerve, recurrent branch (C8-T1)

Front 152

nerve that innervates the:adductor pollicis

Back 152

ulnar nerve, deep branch (C8-T1)

Front 153

nerve that innervates the:opponens pollicis

Back 153

median nerve, recurrent branch (C8-T1)

Front 154

anatomic snuffbox

Back 154

portion of the posterolateral portion of the wrist that is bounded by the extensor pollicus brevis and the abductor pollicis longus importance: overlies the scaphoid bone; fracture in scaphoid leads to pain over anatomical snuffboxradial artetry passes through snuffbox

Front 155

what is the most commonly fractured bone in the wrist?

Back 155

the scaphoid bone(fracture causes pain over anatomical snuffbox and can lacerate part of the radial artery)

Front 156

at what point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

Back 156

as it passes the lateral border of the first rib

Front 157

main artery that branches off of the subclavian artery (and the two arteries that it splits into)

Back 157

the thyrocervical trunk, which splits into:suprascapular arterytransverse cervical artery

Front 158

muscles supplied by: suprascapular artery

Back 158

supraspinatusinfraspinatus

Front 159

muscles supplied by:transverse cervical artery (superficial and deep branches)

Back 159

superficial branch: trapeziusdeep branch (aka dorsal scapular artery): rhomboids & levator scapulae

Front 160

branches of the transverse cervical artery

Back 160

superficial branch of the transverse cervical arterydorsal scapular artery (aka deep branch of the transverse cervical artery)

Front 161

the 1-2-3" of the axillary artery"

Back 161

3 segments of the axillary artery (proximal to distal):between 1st rib & pectoralis minor: 1 branch coming off (superior thoracic artery)underneath pectoralis minor: 2 branches (thoracromial & lateral thoracic arteries)between pectoralis minor and teres major tendon: 3 branches (subscapular artery, posterior & anterior circumflex humeral arteries)

Front 162

superior thoracic artery (location & muscles supplied)

Back 162

branches off the 1st segment of the axillary arterysupplies a) the 1st two intercostal spaces and b) the serratus anterior

Front 163

thoracromial artery (location & structures supplied)

Back 163

the first branch of the 2nd segment of the axillary arterysupplies the anterior wall of the axilla: pectoral musclesdeltoidclavicleacromioclavicular joint

Front 164

lateral thoracic artery (location & structures supplied)

Back 164

the second branch of the 2nd segment of the axillary arterycourses with the long thoracic nervesupplies: serratus anterior, pectoral muscles the breast

Front 165

subscapular artery (location, branches and structurest they supply)

Back 165

largest branch of the axillary artery (1st branch of 3rd segment of the axillary)branches:circumflex scapular artery: supplies teres major/minor & infraspinatusthoracodorsal artery: supplies the latissimus dorsi

Front 166

circumflex scapular artery (location & structures supplied)

Back 166

branches off the subscapular artery (from the axillary artery)supplies: teres major/minorinfraspinatus

Front 167

thoracodorsal artery (location & structures supplied)

Back 167

branch off the subscapular artery (from the axillary artery)supplies the latissiumus dorsi

Front 168

posterior circumflex artery (location & structures supplied)

Back 168

2nd branch off the 3rd segment of the axillary arterycourses with the axillary nerve through the quadrangular spacesupplies: deltoidteres major/minorlong head of triceps

Front 169

anterior circumflex humeral artery (location & structures supplied)

Back 169

3rd and last branch of the 3rd segment of the axillary arterysupplies muscles in the anterior arm

Front 170

potential anastamoses that can circumvent an occlusion of the axillary artery (1st or 2nd part)

Back 170

anastomoses can occur between:1) the circumflex scapular and thoracodorsal branches of the subscapular artery, and2) suprascapular, dorsal scapular and posterior intercostal arteries

Front 171

at what point does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

Back 171

at the lower border of teh teres major tendon

Front 172

main artery branching off the brachial artery

Back 172

the profunda brachial artery (aka deep brachial artery)

Front 173

profunda brachial artery (location & structures supplied)

Back 173

branches off the brachial arterycourses with the radial nerve around the shaft of the humerussupplies triceps brachii and provides collateral circulation around the elbow

Front 174

what is Volkmann's ischemic contracture?

Back 174

Volkmann's ischemic contracture: compression of the brachial artery (perhaps from a supercondylar fracture of the humerus) causes ischemia of the foream and handpatients present with severely flexed hand and fingers

Front 175

what is Dupuytren's conctracture?

Back 175

Dupuytren's contracture: fibrosis/shortening of the palmar aponeurosis compresses the flexor tendonspatients present with flexion of the ring and pinky fingers

Front 176

the brachial artery splits into which two arteries?

Back 176

radial artery (laterally)ulnar artery (medially)

Front 177

location at which the brachial artery splits into the radial and ulnar arteries?

Back 177

the cubital fossa

Front 178

ulnar artery (location & structures supplied)

Back 178

arises from the brachial artery at the cubital fossasupplies: the medial side of the forearmthe hand

Front 179

branches of the ulnar artery

Back 179

common interosseus arterysuperficial (palmar) arch deep branch

Front 180

common interosseus artery (location & structures supplied)

Back 180

arises from ulnar artery in cubital fossabranches into a) anterior interosseus artery (anterior forearm), andb) posterior interosseus artery (posterior forearm)

Front 181

superficial palmar arch (location & structures supplied)

Back 181

arises from the ulnar arterysupplies the hand and digits

Front 182

radial artery (location & structures supplied)

Back 182

branches laterally from the brachial artery at the cubital fossasupplies the lateral side of the forearm and the handbranches: superficial, deep palmar arch

Front 183

primary veins draining the upper limb

Back 183

cephalic vein (lateral aspect)basilic vein (medial aspect)brachial vein (central)

Front 184

gradient of innervation in the brachial plexus (basic terms)

Back 184

proximal to distal gradient: superior rami innervate proximal musclesinferior rami innervate distal muscles

Front 185

basic organization of the brachial plexus

Back 185

5 roots (C5-T1)3 trunks (superior, middle, inferior)6 divisions (3 anterior, 3 posterior)3 cords (lateral, posterior, anterior)10 collateral branches5 terminal branches

Front 186

in the upper limb, generally, anterior muscles act as....

Back 186

flexors(innervated by ANTERIOR DIVISION fibers: musculocutaneous, ulnar, median lateral and medial pectoral nerves)

Front 187

in the upper limb, generally, posterior muscles at as...

Back 187

extensors(inntervated by POSTERIOR DIVISION fibers: axillary, radial, upper, middle, and lower subscapular nerves)

Front 188

preplexus injuries

Back 188

affect ventral rami or trunks proximal to most of the brachial plexus, which means they have a much more widespread effects than more distal injuries

Front 189

what is Erb-Duchenne syndrome?

Back 189

Erb-Duchenne syndrome is cuased by a lesion to the C5 & C6 ventral rami in the superior trunk of the brachial plexusmainly affects proximal musculature in the upper limbpatients often present with a waiter's tip" position (arm adducted extended and medially rotated)"

Front 190

what is Klumpke's paralysis?

Back 190

Klumpke's paralysis is caused by compression of the C8 & T1 ventral rami in the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus (perhaps because of a pancoast tumor in the apical lung)mainly affects distal muscles in the upper limb (intrinsic muscles of hand)patients can present with ape hand" and "claw hand or may have difficulty making a fist

Front 191

5 terminal branches of the brachial plexus

Back 191

anterior division (lateral to medial): musculocutaneous, median & ulnar nervesposterior division (lateral to medial): axillary & radial nerves

Front 192

10 collateral branches off the brachial plexus

Back 192

long thoracicdorsal scapularsuprascapularlateral pectoralsubscapular: upper, middle (thoracodorsal) & lowermedial pectoralmedial brachial cutaneousmedial antebrachial cutaneous

Front 193

structures innnervated by the:suprascapular nerve

Back 193

supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles

Front 194

structures innnervated by the:lateral pectoral nerve

Back 194

pectoralis major (clavicular head)

Front 195

structures innnervated by the:medial pectoral nerve

Back 195

pectoralis minor & pectoralis minor

Front 196

structures innnervated by the:medial brachial cutaneous nerve

Back 196

skin on the medial aspect of the arm

Front 197

structures innnervated by the:medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve

Back 197

skin on the medial aspect of the forearm

Front 198

structures innnervated by the:upper subscapular nerve

Back 198

the subscapularis muscle

Front 199

structures innnervated by the:middle subscapular (thoracodorsal) nerve

Back 199

the latissimus dorsi

Front 200

structures innnervated by the:lower subscapular nerve

Back 200

subscapularis and teres major

Front 201

structures innnervated by the:dorsal scapular nerve

Back 201

levator scapulaerhomboid major/minor

Front 202

structures innnervated by the:long thoracic nerve

Back 202

serratus anterior

Front 203

lesions to the long thoracic nerve can cause...

Back 203

winging" of the scapula because the serratus anterior cannot hold the vertebral border of the scapula flat against the back"

Front 204

lesions of the suprascapular nerve can cause...

Back 204

shoulder pain, weakness in abduction and lateral rotation of the arm at the shoulder

Front 205

lesions of the thoracodorsal nerve can cause...

Back 205

weakness of the latissimus dorsi, resulting in difficulty in elevating the trunk (like in doing a pull-up) and may have difficult using a crutch

Front 206

lesions of the musculocutaneous nerve can cause...

Back 206

weakness in flexion of the forearm at the elbow and in supination of the forearm

Front 207

structures innnervated by the:median nerve

Back 207

the superficial muscles in the anterior forearm: flexor carpi radialis,palmaris longus,flexor digitorum superficialis, &pronator teresthe thenar muscles(innervates all muscles in anterior forearm EXCEPT: brachioradialis, flexor carpi ulnaris & part of flexor digitorum profundus)

Front 208

structures innnervated by the:anterior interosseus nerve

Back 208

lateral half of the flexor digitorum profundusflexor pollicis longuspronator quadratus

Front 209

structures innnervated by the:recurrent branch of the median nerve

Back 209

3 thenar muscles

Front 210

structures innnervated by the:muscular branches ofthe median nerve

Back 210

the lumbricals of the index and middle fingers

Front 211

structures innnervated by the:common palmar digital and proper digital cutaneous nerves (branches of the median nerve)

Back 211

palmar aspects & sides of the thumb, index, middle fingers & half of ring finger

Front 212

structures innnervated by the:palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve

Back 212

skin of the lateral palm up to the middle of the ring finger

Front 213

branches of the median nerve

Back 213

common interosseus nerve (anterior & posterior branches)recurrent branchcommon palmar digital nervesproper digital cutaneous nervespalmar cutaneous branch

Front 214

cutaneous innervation of the hand

Back 214

radial nerve (superficial): lateral 1/2 of dorsal sidemedial nerve: lateral 1/2 of palmar side (& index, middle & 1/2 of ring fingertips)ulnar nerve: medial dorsal/palmar hand (pinky & 1/2 of ring)

Front 215

lesions to the median nerve in the carpal tunnel can cause...

Back 215

carpal tunnel syndrome: numbness and pain, particularly at night over the palmar aspects of the thub, index and middle fingers

Front 216

lesions to the median nerve proximal to the cubital fossa can cause...

Back 216

(often caused by a supracondylar fracture of the humerus)altered sensation in the lateral part of the handweakness in pronation and ability to flex thumb and middle/index fingerspatients often present with hand of benediction""

Front 217

lesions to the anterior interosseus nerve can cause...

Back 217

weakness of pronation of the forearmweakness in flexion of the index & middle fingers at ateh DIP joints

Front 218

branches of the ulnar nerve

Back 218

palmar cutaneous branchdorsal cutaneous branchsuperficial branchdeep branch

Front 219

structures innnervated by the:ulnar nerve

Back 219

1½ muscles in the anterior forearm: flexor carpi ulnaris and medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus

Front 220

structures innnervated by the:palmar/dorsal cutaneous branches of the ulnar nerve

Back 220

palmar: medial aspect of the palm of the handdorsal: medial dorsum of hand and fingers

Front 221

structures innnervated by the:superficial branch of the ulnar nerve

Back 221

palmaris brevisskin of the medial side of the palm and dorsum of the hand

Front 222

structures innnervated by the:deep branch of the ulnar nerve

Back 222

3 muscles of the hypothenar eminencelumbricals of teh ring and little fingeradductor pollicis7 interosseus muscles (dorsal and palmar)

Front 223

lesions to the ulnar nerve at the wrist can cause...

Back 223

ulnar claw hand of the ring and little fingers (b/c/o weakness of medial 2 lumbricals that flex at the MP joints and extend at the interphalangeal joints)(often occurs by fracture of the hook of hamate) 

Front 224

lesions to the ulnar nerve at the elbow can cause...

Back 224

ulnar claw hand (pinky & little fingers)weakness in flexion of the distal interphalangeal joints or ring and little fingerspain/paresthesia in ring and pinky fingers(most often occurs at the spot where the ulnar nerve passes the medial epicondyle)

Front 225

structures innnervated by the:axillary nerve

Back 225

deltoidteres minorskin of arm covering the attachment of the deltoid to the humerus

Front 226

lesions to the axillary nerve can cause...

Back 226

weakness in abduction of the arm at the shoulderaltered sensation of the skin over the deltoid muscle

Front 227

branches of the radial nerve

Back 227

in the proximal forearm, the radial nerve splits into:superficial cutanenous branch, anddeep muscular branch

Front 228

structures innnervated by the:radial nerve

Back 228

3 heads of the triceps brachiibrachioradialisextensor carpi radialis longusskin of the posterior arm

Front 229

structures innnervated by the:superficial branch of the radial nerve

Back 229

skin over the lateral forearmskin of the dorsal lateral part of hand

Front 230

structures innnervated by the:deep branch of the radial nerve

Back 230

muscles of the posterior forearm (mainly extensors): supinator,extensor digitorumextensor carpi radialis brevisextensor carpi ulnarisextensors pollicis longus/brevisabductor pollicis longusextensor digiti minimiextensor indicis

Front 231

lesions of the radial nerve at the humerus can cause...

Back 231

wrist drop": weakness in extension of the hand at the wristweakened supination of forearm"

Front 232

components of the pelvic girdle

Back 232

iliumischiumpubis(all join at acetabulum)

Front 233

hip joint (type, parts, movements that occur)

Back 233

ball-and-socket jointcomponents: bones: head of femur and acetabulumligaments: iliofemoral, pubofemoral & ischiofemoralmovements: flexion/extension, ab/adduction, medial/lateral rotation

Front 234

fracture of the neck of the femur can cause...

Back 234

avascular necrosis by rupturing the medial circumflex femoral artery (the sole artery supplying blood to the head of the femur)

Front 235

direction in which hip dislocations most commonly occur

Back 235

posterior direction (head of femur moves posteriorly)

Front 236

muscles involved in:flexion of the femur at the hip

Back 236

iliacus & psoas majorrectus femorissartoriustensor fasciae lataepectineusadductors longus/brevis

Front 237

muscles involved in:extension of the femur at hip

Back 237

gluteus maximussemimebranosussemitendinosusbiceps femoris (long head)adductor magnus (hamstring part)

Front 238

muscles involved in:adduction of the femur at the hip

Back 238

adductors longus, brevis, & magnusgracilispectineus

Front 239

muscles involved in:abduction of femur at the hip

Back 239

gluteus medius & minimustensor fasciae latae

Front 240

muscles involved in:medial rotation of femur at the hip

Back 240

gluteus minimiusgluteus medius, anterior fibers

Front 241

muscles involved in:lateral rotation of the femur at the hip

Back 241

gluteus maximussartoriusobturator internus/externus gemellus superior/inferiorquadratus femorispiriformis

Front 242

nerve that innervates the:iliacus

Back 242

lumbar ventral rami (L2-L3)

Front 243

nerve that innervates the:psoas major

Back 243

lumbar ventral rami (L2-L3)

Front 244

nerve that innervates the:rectus femoris

Back 244

femoral nerve (L2-L4)

Front 245

nerve that innervates the:sartorius

Back 245

femoral nerve (L2-L3)

Front 246

nerve that innervates the:tensor fasciae latae

Back 246

superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)

Front 247

nerve that innervates the:pectineus muscle

Back 247

femoral nerve (L2-L3)

Front 248

nerve that innervates the:obturator longus

Back 248

obturator nerve (L2-L4)

Front 249

nerve that innervates the:adductor brevis

Back 249

obturator (L2-L4)

Front 250

nerve that innervates the:adductor magnus

Back 250

obturator nerve (L2-L4)

Front 251

nerve that innervates the:gluteus maximus

Back 251

inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)

Front 252

nerve that innervates the:semimembranosus

Back 252

sciatic nerve, tibial part (L5-S1)

Front 253

nerve that innervates the:semitendonosus

Back 253

sciatic nerve, tibial part (L5-S2)

Front 254

nerve that innervates the:biceps femoris, long head

Back 254

sciatic nerve, tibial part (S1-S2)

Front 255

nerve that innervates the:gluteus medius & minimus

Back 255

superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)

Front 256

nerve that innervates the:obturator internus

Back 256

nerve to teh obturator internus (L5-S2)

Front 257

nerve that innervates the:superior gemellus

Back 257

nerve to the obturator internus (L5-S2)

Front 258

nerve that innervates the:obturator externus

Back 258

obturator nerve (L3-L4)

Front 259

nerve that innervates the:quatratus femoris

Back 259

nerve to the quadratus femoris (L4-S1)

Front 260

nerve that innervates the:inferior gemellus

Back 260

nerve to the quadratus femoris

Front 261

nerve that innervates the:piriformis

Back 261

nerve to the piriformis (L5-S2)

Front 262

knee joint (type, parts, movements)

Back 262

modified hinge jointbones: condyles of femur & tibial plateausligaments: patellar, oblique popliteal, tibial & fibular (medial & lateral) collateral, anterior & posterior cruciate ligamentsmovements: flexion/extension, extension, rotation, gliding

Front 263

patellar ligament

Back 263

connects the patella to the tibial tuberosity

Front 264

oblique popliteal ligament

Back 264

part of the semimembranosus tendonstrengthens the posterior part of the knee joint capsule

Front 265

fibular collateral ligament

Back 265

aka lateral collateral ligamentconnects the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula

Front 266

tibial collateral ligament

Back 266

aka medial collateral ligamentconnects the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial aspect of the tibia

Front 267

muscles involved in:flexion of the leg at the knee

Back 267

semimembranosussemitendinosusbiceps femoris (long & short heads)gracilissartoriuspopliteusgastrocnemius

Front 268

muscles involved in:extension of the leg at the knee

Back 268

quadriceps femoris: vastus medialis/intermedius/lateralisrectus femoris

Front 269

muscles involved in:lateral rotation of the leg at the knee

Back 269

biceps femoris

Front 270

muscles involved in:medial rotation of the leg at the knee

Back 270

popliteus ('unlocks' extended knee)semimembranosussemitendinosusgracilissartorius

Front 271

nerve that innervates the:biceps femoris, long head

Back 271

sciatic nerve, tibial part (S1-S2)

Front 272

nerve that innervates the:biceps femoris, short head

Back 272

sciatic nerve, common peroneal (L5-S2)

Front 273

nerve that innervates the:gracilis

Back 273

obturator nerve (L2-L4)

Front 274

nerve that innervates the:popliteus

Back 274

tibial nerve (L4-S1)

Front 275

nerve that innervates the:gastrocnemius

Back 275

tibial nerve (S1-S2)

Front 276

nerve that innervates the:quadriceps femoris (vastus lateralis/intermedius/medialis, rectus femoris)

Back 276

femoral nerve (L2-L4)

Front 277

anterior cruciate ligament

Back 277

aka ACLthe APEX" ligament: attaches to tibia Anteriorlycourses Posteriorly and EXternallyprevents anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur"

Front 278

posterior cruciate ligament

Back 278

aka PCLthe PAIN" ligament: attaches to tibia Posteriorlycourses Anteriorly and INternallyprevents the posterior displacement of tibia on femur"

Front 279

medial & lateral menisci

Back 279

intracapsular, fibrous shock-absorbers of the kneemedial: shaped like a Clateral: shaped like an O

Front 280

the terrible triad" of knee injuries"

Back 280

tibial (medial) collateral ligamentmedial meniscusanterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Front 281

joints that make up the ankle

Back 281

talocrural joint (tibia/fibula & talus)subtalar (talus & calcaneus)transverse tarsal joints

Front 282

talocrural joint (type, components, movement)

Back 282

hinge jointbones: a) trochlea of talus and b) lateral maleolus of fibula and medial maleolus of tibialigaments: deltoid (medial) & lateralmovement: dorsiflexion (extension) and plantar flexion (flexion)

Front 283

components of deltoid (medial) ligament of ankle

Back 283

4 parts (stronger than lateral ligament)1 & 2) anterior & posterior tibiotalar ligaments3) tibionavicular ligament4) tibiocalcaneal ligament

Front 284

coponents of the lateral ligament of the ankle

Back 284

3 components (weaker than deltoid ligament)1 & 2) anterior & posterior taolofibular ligaments3) calcaneofibular ligament

Front 285

which are more common: eversion ankle sprains or inversion ankle sprains?

Back 285

inversion ankle sprains = more common (lateral ligament of ankle is weaker than medial ligment of ankle)

Front 286

subtalar joing (type, components, movement)

Back 286

ball-and-socket jointinvolves talus & calcaneusmovement: supination (inversion) & pronation (eversion)

Front 287

transverse tarsal joints (type, components, movements)

Back 287

components: talus & navicular bonecalcaneus & cuboid bonemovement: contributes to inversion and eversion

Front 288

muscles involved in:plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle

Back 288

gastrocnemiussoleusplantaristibialis posteriorflexor digitorum longusflexor hallicus longusperoneus (fibularis) longus/brevis

Front 289

muscles involved in:dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle

Back 289

tibialis anteriorextyensor hallicis longusextensor digitorum longusperoneus tertius

Front 290

muscles involved in:inversion of the foot at the ankle

Back 290

tibialis anteriorextensor hallicis longustibialis posterior

Front 291

muscles involved in:eversion of the foot at the ankle

Back 291

peroneus longus/brevis/tertius

Front 292

nerve that innervates the:gastrocnemius

Back 292

tibial nerve (S1-S2)

Front 293

nerve that innervates the:soleus

Back 293

tibial nerve (S1-S2)

Front 294

nerve that innervates the:plantaris muscle

Back 294

tibial nerve (L5-S1)

Front 295

nerve that innervates the:tibialis posterior

Back 295

tibial nerve (L5-S1)

Front 296

nerve that innervates the:flexor digitorum longus

Back 296

tibial nerve (L5-S1)

Front 297

nerve that innervates the:flexor hallucis longus

Back 297

tibial nerve (L5-S2)

Front 298

nerve that innervates the:peroneus longus

Back 298

superficial peroneal nerve (L5-S1)

Front 299

nerve that innervates the:peroneus brevis

Back 299

superficial peroneal nerve (L5-S1)

Front 300

nerve that innervates the:tibialis anterior

Back 300

deep peroneal nerve (L4-L5)

Front 301

nerve that innervates the:extensor hallucis longus

Back 301

deep peroneal nerve (L5-S1)

Front 302

nerve that innervates the:extensor digitorum longus

Back 302

deep peroneal nerve (L4-S1)

Front 303

nerve that innervates the:peroneus tertius

Back 303

deep peroneal nerve (L4-S1)

Front 304

path of the femoral artery

Back 304

begins at the inguinal ligament (as a continuation of the external iliac artery)courses: through femoral triangleends as it courses through the adductor canal, where it becomes the popliteal artery

Front 305

deep femoral artery

Back 305

branches off the femoral arterygives rise to the lateral and medial circumflex arteries (supply head/neck of femur)4 perforating arteries that supply the medial thigh

Front 306

cruciate anastomosis of the posterior thigh

Back 306

provide collateral circulation of the lower limb in case the femor artery becomes occludedoccurs among: medial/lateral circumflex femoral arteriesinferior gluteal arteryfirst perforating artery

Front 307

muscles involved in:flexion of all joints of the toes

Back 307

flexors hallucis/digitorum longusquadratus plantae (aka flexor accessorius)

Front 308

muscle(s) involved in:flexion of the tarsometatarsal & proximal interphalangeal joints (toes 2-5)

Back 308

flexor digitorum brevis

Front 309

muscle(s) involved in:flexion of the tarsometatarsal joints of toes 1 & 5

Back 309

flexor hallucis brevisflexor digiti minimi brevis

Front 310

muscle(s) involved in:flexion of toes 2-5

Back 310

lumbricals (1-4)interossei

Front 311

muscle(s) involved in:extension of toes at all joints

Back 311

extensor digitorum longus

Front 312

muscle(s) involved in:extension of toes 2-4 at all joints

Back 312

extensor digitorum brevis

Front 313

muscle(s) involved in:extension of the big toe at all joints

Back 313

extensor extensor hallucis longus

Front 314

muscle(s) involved in:extension of the big toe at the tarsometatarsal joints only

Back 314

extensor hallucis brevis

Front 315

muscle(s) involved in:extension of toes 2-5 at the interphalangeal joints only

Back 315

lumbricals

Front 316

muscle(s) involved in:abduction of big toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint

Back 316

abductor hallucis

Front 317

muscle(s) involved in:abduction of toes 2-4 at the metatarsophalangeal joints

Back 317

dorsal interossei

Front 318

muscle(s) involved in:abduction of the pinky toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint

Back 318

abductor digiti minimi

Front 319

muscle(s) involved in:adduction of the big toe at the tarsometatarsal joint

Back 319

adductor hallucis

Front 320

muscle(s) involved in:adduction of toes 3-5 at the tarsometatarsal joints

Back 320

plantar interossei

Front 321

nerve that innervates the:flexor hallucis longus

Back 321

tibial nerve (L5-S1)

Front 322

nerve that innervates the:flexor digitorum longus

Back 322

tibial nerve (L5-S1)

Front 323

nerve that innervates the:quadratus plantae

Back 323

lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)

Front 324

nerve that innervates the:flexor digitorum brevis

Back 324

medial plantar nerve (L5-S1)

Front 325

nerve that innervates the:flexor hallucis brevis

Back 325

medial plantar nerve (L5-S1)

Front 326

nerve that innervates the:flexor digiti minimi brevis

Back 326

lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)

Front 327

nerve that innervates the:first lumbrical

Back 327

median plantar nerve (L5-S1)

Front 328

nerve that innervates the:2nd thru 4th lumbricals

Back 328

lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)

Front 329

nerve that innervates the:plantar interossei

Back 329

lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)

Front 330

nerve that innervates the:extensor digitorum longus

Back 330

deep peroneal nerve (L4-S1)

Front 331

nerve that innervates the:extensor digitorum brevis

Back 331

deep peroneal nerve (L5-S1)

Front 332

nerve that innervates the:extensor hallucis longus

Back 332

deep peroneal nerve (L5-S1)

Front 333

nerve that innervates the:extensor hallucis brevis

Back 333

deep peroneal nerve (L5-S1)

Front 334

nerve that innervates the:abductor hallucis

Back 334

medial plantar nerve (L5-S1)

Front 335

nerve that innervates the:dorsal interossei

Back 335

lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)

Front 336

nerve that innervates the:abductor digiti minimi

Back 336

lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)

Front 337

nerve that innervates the:adductor hallucis

Back 337

lateral plantar nerve (S1-S2)

Front 338

popliteal artery

Back 338

originates as the femoral artery passes through the adductor hiatuscourses through popliteal fossagives rise to 5 genicular arteries ends at the inferior border of the popliteus when it splits into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Front 339

arteries contributing to collateral circulation around the knee

Back 339

5 genicular branches of the popliteal arteriesdescending genicular branch of the femoral arterydescending branch of the lateral circumflex arteryanterior recurrent branch of the anterior tibial artery

Front 340

anterior tibial artery

Back 340

branches off the popliteal arterycourses anteriorly with the deep peroneal nerve, passing between tibia and fibula proximal to the interosseus membranesupplies the anterior compartment of the legbecomes the dorsalis pedis artery at the ankle

Front 341

where can the dorsalis pedis pulse be felt?

Back 341

at the dorsal artery of teh foot, lateral to the tendon of the extensor halucis longus

Front 342

posterior tibial artery

Back 342

arises from the popliteal artery after the anterior tibial artery splits offcourses through the posterior compartment of the leg with the tibial nervesupplies the posterior compartment of the leggives rise to the peroneal artery, which branches off laterallypasses into the foot behind the medial malleolus and divides into the medial and lateral plantar arteries

Front 343

branches of the internal iliac artery that supply the gluteal region

Back 343

superior gluteal arteryinferior gluteal arteryobturator artery

Front 344

superior gluteal artery (path, structures supplied)

Back 344

branches from internal iliac artery courses with superior gluteal nerve, superior to the piriformispasses through greater sciatic foramensupplies the gluteus maximus/medius/minimus

Front 345

inferior gluteal artery (path, structures supplied)

Back 345

branches off the internal iliac arterycourses along with the inferior gluteal nerve, inferior to the piriformispasses through the greater sciatic foramensupplies the gluteus maximus, lateral rotators of the femur and parts of the hamstrings

Front 346

venous drainage of the lower limb: superficial and deep vessels

Back 346

superficial: great and small saphenous veinsdeep: veins that course with arteries of the same name

Front 347

lumbar plexus

Back 347

formed by the ventral rami of L1-L4 ventral ramilocated on the posterior abdominal wall and greater pelvisanterior division: becomes the obturator nerveposterior division: becomes the femoral nerve

Front 348

what nerve does the anterior division of the lumbar plexus become?

Back 348

the obturator nerve

Front 349

what nerve does the posterior division of the lumbar plexus become?

Back 349

the femoral nerve

Front 350

lumbosacral plexus

Back 350

formed by the ventral rami of L4-S3 spinal nerveslocated in the lesser pelvis2 parts: anterior division: tibial nerveposterior division: common fibular/peroneal nerve

Front 351

what nerve does the anterior division of the lubosacral plexus become?

Back 351

the tibial nerve

Front 352

what nerves does the posterior division of the lumbosacral plexus become?

Back 352

the common fibular/peroneal nervealso: superior and inferior gluteal nerves

Front 353

terminal nerves of the lumbar plexus

Back 353

femoral nerve (from posterior division of lumbar plexus)obturator nerve (from anterior division of lumbar plexus)

Front 354

femoral nerve

Back 354

arises from the posterior division of the lumbar plexuscourses with the psoas majorpasses into the anterior thigh posterior to the inguinal ligamentgives rise to the saphenous nerveinnervates: quadriceps femoris, iliopsoas, sartorius and pectineus

Front 355

saphenous nerve

Back 355

the longest branch of the femoral nervearises from the femoral nerve as it passes through the adductor canalcourses through the great saphenous veininnervates the skin of the medial side of the leg and foot

Front 356

lesions to the femoral nerve in the abdomen can cause...

Back 356

weakness in:flexion of the thigh at the hipextension of the leg at the knee

Front 357

lesions to the saphenous nerve can cause...

Back 357

pain and paresthesia in the skin of the medial aspect of the leg and foot

Front 358

obturator nerve

Back 358

arises from anterior division fibers of the lumbar plexuscourses anteriorly and inferiorly in the lesser pelvis  passes through the obturator foramen and into the medial thighinnervates: adductor longus/brevis/magnus, gracilis, obturator externus

Front 359

lesions to the obturator nerve in the pelvis can cause...

Back 359

weakness in adduction of the thigh at the hipparesthesia in the skin of the medial thigh

Front 360

5 collateral nerves of the lumbar plexus (somtimes i imagine gorgeous lovers)

Back 360

subcostal nerveiliohypogastric nerveilioinguinal nervegenitofemoral nervelateral femoral cutaneous nerve

Front 361

lesions to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve can cause...

Back 361

pain and paresthesia in the anterolateral thigh

Front 362

6 terminal nerves of the lumbosacral plexus

Back 362

superior gluteal nerveinferior gluteal nervetibial nervecommon fibular nervesuperficial fibular nervedeep fibular nerve

Front 363

superior gluteal nerve

Back 363

arises from poterior division fibers of the lumbosacral plexuscourses with the superior gluteal artery through the greater sciatic foramen superior to piriformis muscleinnervates the gluteus medius/minimus & tensor fasciae latae

Front 364

lesions to the superior gluteal nerve can cause...

Back 364

weakness in abduction of the thigh at the hip (causing a waddling gait)

Front 365

inferior gluteal nerve

Back 365

arises from posterior division fibers in the lumbosacral plexuscourses with the inferior gluteal artery through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis muscleinnervates the gluteus maximus

Front 366

lesions to the inferior gluteal nerve can cause...

Back 366

weakness in lateral rotation and extension of the thigh at the hip (difficulty climbing stairs)causes a gluteus maximus gait""

Front 367

tibial nerve

Back 367

arises from anterior division fibers of the lumbosacral plexuspasses through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformiscourses through the posterior thigh with the common fibular nerve (as the sciatic nerve)separates from fibular nerve at the superior border of the popliteal fossacourses through the posterior legpasses through the plantar tunnel and divides into the medial and lateral plantar nerves

Front 368

structures innervated by the:medial plantar nerve

Back 368

4 muscles in the sole of the foot:flexor digitorum brevisflexor hallucis brevisabductor hallucisfirst lumbrical

Front 369

structures innervated by the:lateral plantar nerve

Back 369

quadratus plantaeflexor digiti minimi brevisplantar/dorsal interosseilumbricals 2-4abductor digiti minimiadductor hallucis

Front 370

what nerve can be lesioned by an intramuscular injection into the gluteus maximus OR a posterior dislocation of the femur in the hip?

Back 370

the sciatic nerve

Front 371

lesions of the tibial nerve in a) the gluteal region or b) the ankle can cause...

Back 371

a) gluteal lesion: weakness of flexion of leg at knee & plantar flexion of footb) ankle lesion: pain/paresthesia in sole of foot

Front 372

common fibular (peroneal) nerve

Back 372

arises from posterior division fibers of the lumbosacral plexuscourses with the tibial nerve as the sciatic nerve through the posterior thighseparates from the tibial nerve at the superior border of the popliteal fossaspirals laterally around the neck of the fibulasplits into deep and superficial branches, which innervate the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg, respectively

Front 373

what is the most frequently lesioned nerve in the lower limb?

Back 373

the common fibular nerve (as it passes around the neck of the fibula)

Front 374

lesions to the common fibular nerve can cause...

Back 374

footdrop" from a loss of dorsiflexion and eversion at the ankle associated with a steppage gait (raising foot high up off the ground slapping it on the ground)"

Front 375

superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve

Back 375

arises when the common fibular nerve bifurcates in the legcourses through the lateral compartment of the leginnervates: the fibularis (peroneus) longus and brevis, and the skin of the lateral leg and dorsum of the foot

Front 376

lesions to the superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve can cause...

Back 376

pain and paresthesia in the dorsum of the foot

Front 377

deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

Back 377

arises when the common fibular nerve bifurcates in the legcourses with the anterior tibial artery through the anterior compartment of the leginnervates the muscles of the anterior leg and dorsum of foot: tibialis anteriorextensor hallucis longus/brevisextensor digitorum longus/brevisfibularis (peroneus) tertius

Front 378

lesions to the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve can cause...

Back 378

footdrop and paresthesia in the skin of the webbed space between the big toe and 2nd toe

Front 379

6 collateral nerves of the lumbosacral plexus

Back 379

sural nervenerve to the quadratus femorisnerve to the obturator internusposterior femoral cutaneous nervenerve to the piriformisperforating cutaneous nerve

Front 380

sural nerve

Back 380

arises from contributing fibers of the tibial and common fibular nervescourses with the small saphenous vein in the posterior leginnervates: skin of posterior leg and lateral aspect of foot

Front 381

nerve to the quadratus femoris muscle

Back 381

arises from anterior fibers of the lumbosacral plexus (L4-S1)enters gluteal region after passing thorugh the greater sciatic forameninnervates: inferior gemellus and quadratus femoris

Front 382

nerve to the obturator internus muscle

Back 382

arises from anterior fibers of the lumbosacral plexus (L5-S2)enters gluteal region after passing through the greater and lesser sciatic foraminainnervates the obteratur internus (and possibly the inferior gemellus)

Front 383

posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

Back 383

arises from anterior and posterior division fibers of the lumbosacral plexus (S1-S3)innervates the skin of the posterior thigh and upper calf

Front 384

nerve to the piriformis muscle

Back 384

arises from S1-S2 ventral rami in the lumbosacral plexusinnervates the piriformis muscle

Front 385

perforating cutaneous nerve

Back 385

arises from S2-S3 ventral rami in the lumbosacral plexusinnervates the skin covering the ischioanal fossa and the gluteal region near the anal canal