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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is blood? |
A type of connective tissue that is composed of many types of dissolved chemicals and floating cells. |
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What are the 2 kinds of connective tissue that make up blood cells for the body? |
Myeloid and Lymphatic connective tissue. |
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What is Myeloid? |
Also known as red marrow. Produced in: ribs, sternum, hipbones
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Myeloid forms all types of blood cells except some ____________ and _______________. |
Lymphocytes and Monocytes |
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What is Lymphatic connective tissue? |
It produces some lymphocytes and monocytes in lymph nodes, the thymus and spleen. |
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What is the liquid part of blood? |
Plasma |
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What is blood plasma? |
- liquid part of blood - non-living - consists of water and dissolved substances (gases, nutrients, hormones, waste, etc.) |
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What are the most abundant type of solutes in plasma? |
Plasma Proteins |
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What is blood serum? |
Plasma, minus its clotting factors. |
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How much blood is in a adult human? |
4-6 Liters |
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How much of our body weight does blood account for? |
7% |
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What are red blood cells also called? |
Erythrocytes |
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What are red blood cells? |
A caved in shaped cell with no nucleus that circulates O2 and CO2. |
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What unites to form oxyhemoglobin? |
RBC and Oxygen. This combination efficiently transports large quantities of O2 to body cells. |
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What are WBC also called? |
Leukocytes |
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What do White Blood Cells do? |
WBC defend the body from microorganisms that have invade the body tissues or blood stream. |
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Name 3 types of WBC: |
- Macrophages - Neutrophils - Eosinophils |
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What are Macrophages? |
- Chief Phagocyte WBC - Derived from circulating WBC's monocytes. Monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the tissue. They enlarge and develop into macrophages. - Free macrophages wander throughout the body tissue space in search of cellular debris. |
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What are Kupffer Cells? |
Specialized Macrophages in the liver. |
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What are Alveolar Cells? |
Specialized Macrophages in the lungs. |
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What are Neutrophils? |
- Most abundant type of WBC's. - Phagocytic WBC's when they encounter infectious material. |
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What are Eosinophils? |
Weak phagocytes but defend the body against parasitic worms. |
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What are platelets also known as? |
Thrombocytes |
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What's the first step of blood clotting? |
-Injury occurs to the blood vessel. Damaged cells in the wall of the injured vessels release clotting factors into the the blood plasma. The release of this forms prothrombin activator. |
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What's the second step of blood clotting? |
Platelets become sticky at the point of injury, forming a platelet plug. As platelets accumulate, they release additional clotting factors, forming even more prothrombin activator. |
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What is the third step of blood clotting? |
The prothrombin activator triggers the next step in blood clotting by changing prothrombin to thrombin. |
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What is the 4th and final step of blood clotting? |
The thrombin reacts with fibrinogen to change it to a fibrous gel called fibrin. |
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What is the heart? |
A triangular-shaped muscular transport system pump, which continuously propels oxygen, nutrients, waste, etc. into the interconnecting blood vessels. |
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Where is the apex of the heart pointing? |
Inferiorly towards the left hip. |
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What are the 3 layers of the heart? |
- Endocardium (inner) - Myocardium (middle) - Pericardium/Epicardium (outer)
Eat My Pussy |
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What is Myo- a prefix for? |
Muscle |
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What is the heart enclose in? |
A serous membrane called the pericardium. the pericardium is divided by 2 layers called partial and visceral pericardium (epicardium.) |
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What are the 4 chambers of the heart? |
- Right atria - Left atria - Right ventricle - Left ventricle |
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The internal partition that separates the heart longitudinally is __________________ which divides the 2 atria. |
The interatrial septum |
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The interventricular septum separates _________. |
The 2 ventricles. |
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What are 2 atrioventricular valves? |
- Bicuspid valve (mitral valves) - Tricuspid valve |
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Where is the bicuspid valve? |
Located between the left atrium and left ventricle. |
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Where is the tricuspid valve? |
Located between the right atrium and right ventricle. |
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What are the two semilunar valves? |
- Pulmonary semilunar valve - Aortic semilunar valve |
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Where is the Pulmonary semilunar valve located? |
At the beginning of the pulmonary artery. |
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Where is the Aortic semilunar valve located? |
At the beginning of the aorta. |
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Contraction of the heart is called __________. |
Systole |
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Relaxation of the heart is called ____________. |
Diastole |
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What is a cardiac cycle? |
One complete contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles of the heart. |
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How does it take for each cardiac cycle to complete? |
0.8 seconds if the heart is beating at an average rate of 75 beats per minute. |
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What is the pump on the right side of the heart? |
The Pulmonary Circuit Pump |
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What is the pump on the left side of the heart? |
The Systemic Circuit Pump |
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What's the main function of the pulmonary circuit pump? |
It involves the movement of of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. |
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What drains the myocardium? |
The coronary sinus |
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Blood entering the right atrium is __________ - oxygen rich - oxygen poor |
Oxygen poor |
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What is the main function of the systemic circuit pump? |
It involves the movement of blood from the left ventricle throughout the body as a whole. |
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When the left ventricle contracts, blood is pumped through the ___________ into the aorta and distributed to the entire body. |
Aortic semilunar valve. |
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What is the muscle layer of the heart? |
The myocardium |
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______________ is responsible for supplying oxygen and nutrient rich blood into the heart and returning oxygen poor blood to the venus system. |
Coronary circulation |
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Where do coronary arteries lie? |
Behind flaps of the aortic semilunar valve. |
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What is a myocardial infarction? |
Heart Attack. The coronary arteries become blocked and the heart muscle cells become deprived of oxygen and die or become damaged. |
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What is Angina pectoris? |
Severe chest pain resulting when the myocardium is deprived of sufficient oxygen and is often a warning of an impending MI. |
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What is coronary bypass surgery? |
Veins from other parts of the body are used to bypass blockages in the coronary arteries. |
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Does the heart require the nervous system ti stimulate beats? |
No. It can beat on it's own. |
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What is the second controlling system of the heart? |
The intrinsic conduction system (nodal system) |
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What's the most important node in the intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)? |
The sinoatrial node (pacemaker.) It starts each heartbeat and sets the pace from the whole heart. |
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Where is the sinoatrial node (pacemaker) located? |
In the right atrium. |
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What are the 3 layers/tunics of blood vessels? |
- Tunica externa (adventitia) - Tunica media - Tunica intima |
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What is the tunica externa? |
The outermost blood vessel layer, reinforcing wall. |
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What is the tunica media? |
The middle blood vessel layer, mostly smooth muscle and elastin. |
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What is the tunica intima? |
The innermost layer of blood vessels, containing endothelium. |
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What is blood transported throughout the body in? |
Blood vessels |
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What are the 3 types of blood vessels? |
- Arteries - Capillaries - Veins |
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Where do arteries pump blood? |
Atrial blood is pumped Away from the heart (left ventricle.) |
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What is the largest artery in the body? |
The Aorta |
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Arteries subdivide into _______ that become smaller and finally become tiny __________. |
Vessels, arterioles. |
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_____________ lead to and regulate blood flow into the capillary beds. |
Arterioles |
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What is the function of arteries? |
To distribute nutrients, gases, etc. with the movement of the blood under high pressure and assist in the arterial blood pressure. |
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What are capillaries? |
The smallest blood vessels with very thin walls. |
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Where do capillaries carry blood? |
From the arterioles to the venules. |
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Capillary beds are the exchange exchange sites of nutrients and respiratory gases between _____ and ____________. |
the blood, interstitial fluid. |
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What is the one layer of capillary walls composed of? |
Tunica intima (inner most layer of blood vessels) |
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What guards the entrance to the capillary and determine into which capillary the blood will flow? |
Precapillary sphincter |
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Where do veins carry the blood? |
Veins carry blood towards the heart. |
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What are the largest veins? |
The superior and inferior vena cava. |
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Venules join with other venules, which increase in size and become __________. |
Veins |
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Veins have what, to prevent back flow? |
Valves |
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What is the function of veins? |
To collect blood and return it to the heart. |
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The blood pressure in the veins is _________ compared to the arteries. |
Low |
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Where does the fetus secure oxygen and food from? |
Maternal blood instead of its own lungs and digestive organs. |
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What are the specialized blood vessels for the fetus? |
- Two small umbilical arteries (O2 blood poor) - One large umbilical vein (O2 rich blood) |
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What are ductus veins? |
Continuations of umbilical veins. Allows blood to bypass the fetus' liver and move directly into the inferior vena cava. |
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What are forman oval? |
Allows blood to bypass the lungs by moving blood from the right atrium directly into the left atrium. |
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What are ductus arteriosus? |
It connects the aorta and the pulmonary artery. |
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What is blood pressure the measurement of? |
The force of blood flowing against the walls of the arteries. |
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What are the 2 measurements of blood pressure? |
Systolic and Diastolic pressure. |
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What is Systolic pressure? |
Pressure in the arteries at the peak of the ventricular contraction. |
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What is Diastolic pressure? |
The pressure when the ventricles are relaxing. |
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What is blood pressure measured in? |
Millimetres of mercury (mmHg).
120/80 is average blood pressure.
140/90 is warning of high blood pressure (hypertension) |
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Is there blood pressure in veins and capillaries? |
Yes. The pressure in veins changes very little during the cardiac cycle and blood pressure capillaries is also quite low due to their fragile state and permeability. |
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How does the nervous system affect blood pressure? |
The autonomic nervous system controls vasoconstriction of vessels which increase blood pressure. The constriction is controlled by the medulla of the brain and the constriction can be caused by many factors. |
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What are some factors that can cause constrictions of blood vessels and an in cress in blood pressure? |
- Standing suddenly after lying down. - Blood volume suddenly drops. - Vigorous exercise/frightened. |
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How does the kidney affect blood pressure? |
It is responsible for regulating blood volume. B/P increases, kidney allows more water to leave the body (urine.) The sours of water is the blood stream, therefore, blood volume decreases causing B/P to drop. When B/P decreases, kidney retains water, increasing blood volume therefore increasing B/P. |
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How does temperature affect blood pressure? |
Cold = Vasoconstriction = B/P increase Warm = Vasodilation = B/P decrese |
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How do chemicals affect blood pressure? |
Wide spread number of drugs can increase/decrease B/P.
Ex: Nicotine - Increases B/P by causing vasoconstriction Alcohol - Decreases B/P by causing vasodilation |
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How does diet affect blood pressure? |
Tp prevent hypertension (high B/P) you need a diet low in salt, saturated fat and cholesterol. |
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How does the strength of heart contractions control blood pressure? |
The stronger the contraction, the more the blood is pumped into the aorta and arteries, the volume of blood that leaves the heart. This is called stroke volume.
Strong Heart Beat = High S/V + increase in B/P Weak Heart Beat = Low S/V + decreased B/P
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How does heart rate affect blood pressure? |
With a fast heart beat, the ventricles don't have time to completely fill, therefore, less blood leaves the heart, resulting in a lower blood pressure. |
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What measurement is considered Hypotension? |
Systolic pressure below 100mmHg |
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What is Orthostatic Pressure (hypotension)? |
A decrease in B/P which causes dizziness when you stand suddenly. Caused by blood pooling in lower limbs, postural changes and not enough blood getting to the brain (possibly dehydration.) |
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What is chronic hypotension caused by? |
Caused by poor nutrition and inadequate levels of blood protein. |
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What is hypertension? |
High blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg over a period of time. The systolic pressure can also read as high as 160/90 (plus) to be considered high. |
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What is considered chronic hypertension? |
A serious disease which can progress symptom free for the first 10-20 years. it can slowly strain the heart and damage arteries. Often called the silent killer. |
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What is a pulse? |
An artery expanding and recoiling. 60-80 beats per minute in an average person. |
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Pulse near the temple: |
Temporal |
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Pulse near the neck: |
Carotid |
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Pulse near the heart/chest: |
Apical |
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Pulse near the elbow: |
Brachial |
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Pulse near the groin: |
Femoral |
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Pulse near the knee: |
Popliteal |
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Pulse on the top of the foot: |
Dorsalis Pedis |
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Pulse behind the ankle: |
Posterior Tibial |
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Pulse on the wrist: |
Radial |
