Anatomy Lecture Notes 2

Front 1

4 cell types of epidermis

Back 1

keratinocytes
melanocytes
merkel cells
langerhans' cells

Front 2

keratinocyte function

Back 2

produce keratin
produce antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals

Front 3

melanocyte function

Back 3

produce melanin, dark skin pigment

Front 4

light-skinned people vs. dark-skinned people

Back 4

light-skinned people: melanin digested by lysosyme a light distance above basal layer
dark-skinned people: no digestion occurs and melanin occupies distance above basal layer

Front 5

merkel cells function

Back 5

serve as receptor for touch

Front 6

langerhans' cell function and location

Back 6

police outer body surface, using receptor-mediated endocytosis to take up foreign proteins that invaded epidermis
found in stratum spinosum

Front 7

layers of epidermis (deep--> superficial)

Back 7

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

Front 8

Functions of Skin

Back 8

protect body from bumps, scrapes, cuts, microorganisms
screens out UV rays
synthesize vitamin D
insulates/cushions underlying body tissue
protects body from water loss
helps regulate body temperature
excretes wastes
contains sense organs

Front 9

location of tonofilaments

Back 9

stratum spinosum

Front 10

layers where mitosis occurs

Back 10

mostly stratum basale, but also in stratum spinosum

Front 11

function of stratum granulosum

Back 11

contain keratohyaline and lamellated granules

Front 12

function of lamellated granules

Back 12

slows water loss

Front 13

function of stratum corneum

Back 13

protection against penetration and abrasion

Front 14

cells of dermis

Back 14

fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells

Front 15

function of dermis

Back 15

binds body together

Front 16

fibers of dermis

Back 16

collagen, reticular, elastic

Front 17

plexus

Back 17

network of converging and diverging vessels

Front 18

cutaneous plexus function and location

Back 18

between hypodermis and dermis
nourishes hypodermis and structures in deeper portions of dermis

Front 19

subpapillary plexus function and location

Back 19

below dermal papillae
supplies more superficial dermal structures

Front 20

function of vascular plexuses

Back 20

thermal regulation

Front 21

layers of dermis and connective tissue found in it

Back 21

superficial papillary layer composed of areolar connective tissue
deeper reticular layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue

Front 22

function of dermal papillae

Back 22

tighten connection between epidermis and dermis
increase surface area for diffusion of nutrients and oxygen

Front 23

function of epidermal ridges

Back 23

gripping
contain sweat pores along crest--> fingerprints

Front 24

striae

Back 24

silvery-white scars from tearing of collagen due to "extreme stretching" of skin

Front 25

hypodermis consists of which tissues?

Back 25

areolar and adipose connective tissue

Front 26

function of hypodermis

Back 26

anchors skin to underlying structures
helps insulate body

Front 27

what happens to hypodermis with weight gain?

Back 27

thickens
females- breast and thighs
males- anterior abdomen

Front 28

contributions to skin color

Back 28

3 pigments: carotene, melanin, hemoglobin
and Vitamin D

Front 29

what amino acid is melanin made of?

Back 29

tyrosine

Front 30

what varieties of melanin are there?

Back 30

yellow, red, brown, black

Front 31

freckles

Back 31

localized accumulation of melanin in basal layer of epidermis due to exposure to sun

Front 32

moles

Back 32

localized accumulation of melanin in basal layer of epidermis and top layers of dermis that transform into melanin-containing cells

Front 33

where does carotene accumulate?

Back 33

stratum corneum of epidermis
fat of hypodermis

Front 34

function of Vitamin D

Back 34

required for uptake of calcium from diet
production stimulated by UV rays

Front 35

where are sebaceous glands NOT found?

Back 35

palms and soles

Front 36

function of sebum

Back 36

lubricant to keep skin soft and moist
keep hair from becoming brittle

Front 37

blackheads

Back 37

accumulations of dried sebum and bacteria in oil duct

Front 38

acne

Back 38

active infection of sebaceous glands

Front 39

holocrine secretion

Back 39

whole cells break up to form product
-how sebum made

Front 40

sweat

Back 40

blood filtrate released via exocytosis

Front 41

function of sweat

Back 41

acidic--> retards growth of bacteria on skin
thermoregulation (in mammals)

Front 42

true sweat composition

Back 42

99% water
1% salt and metabolic wastes

Front 43

Eccrine glands and its location

Back 43

produce true sweat
on palms, soles, forehead

Front 44

apocrine glands and its location

Back 44

produce yellow, milky colored sweat
on axillary, anal, genital areas

Front 45

correlation between apocrine glands and puberty?

Back 45

apocrine glands function at puberty under influence of androgens
- enlarge and recede with phases of women's menstural cycle
- activity increases with sexual foreplay
- analogous to sexual scent glands of other animals

Front 46

3 concentric layers of hair

Back 46

composed of keratinocytes
medulla
cortex
cuticle

Front 47

medulla

Back 47

central core, consist of large cell and air spaces
only found in thick hair cells

Front 48

cortex

Back 48

surrounds medula

Front 49

cuticle

Back 49

outermost layer--> overlap like shingles to prevent matting of hair

Front 50

composition of wall of hair follicle

Back 50

outer connective tissue root sheath
inner epithelial root sheath

Front 51

parts of every nail

Back 51

distal free edge
body
proximal root

Front 52

distal free edge

Back 52

grows past skin layer

Front 53

proximal root

Back 53

tucked into cuticle
actively growing part of nail

Front 54

nail bed

Back 54

bed of epidermis the nail rests on

Front 55

eponychium

Back 55

aka cuticle
proximal nail fold

Front 56

chief parts of hair

Back 56

root
shaft

Front 57

hair follicles

Back 57

tubular invaginations of epidermis that extend from epidermis to skin

Front 58

hair bulb

Back 58

deep expanded end of hair follicle

Front 59

root plexus

Back 59

knot of sensory nerves around hair bulb