Anatomy Lecture Exam #4

Front 1

Neuron

Back 1

a nerve cell consisting of a cell body , dendrites, and an axon

Example- interneuron

Front 2

efferent (motor)

Back 2

Convey information away from CNS to effectors like muscles and glands

Front 3

Afferent

Back 3

Convey information periphery to CNS and use cranial or spinal nerves

Front 4

interneuron

Back 4

neurons whose axons extend for only a short distance and contact nearby neurons in the brain, spinal cord, or a ganglion; they comprise of the vast majority of neurons is the body.

Front 5

Neuroglia

Back 5

cells of the nervous system that perform various supportive functions.

Front 6

Types of neuroglia in the CNS (4)

Back 6

-astrocytes-produce blood-brain barrier

-oligodendrocytes-produce myelin sheats in CNS and provide framework

-microglia-protect against avasion by phagocytosis

-ependymal-where cerebral spinal fluid is made

Front 7

Types of Neuroglia in the PNS (3)

Back 7

-Schwann Cell- produces myelin sheaths around axons in PNS

-Satellite cells- play a role in ganglia, surround cell bodies in gangllia

-Ganglia- mass of grey matter in PNS outside of CNS

Front 8

tract

Back 8

a bundle of nerve axons in the central nervous system

Front 9

nerve

Back 9

a cord like bundle or neuronal axons and or dendrites and associated CT coursing together outside the CNS

Example-cranial nerve

Front 10

effector

Back 10

An organ of the body, either a muscle or a gland, that is innervated by somatic or autonomic motor neurons

Example- muscle or glands

Front 11

Resting Potential

Back 11

- created by using ion gradients and ion channels near outside and near the inside of the membrane

- difference in concentration inside and outside the membrane

Example - Ion channels

Front 12

Presynaptic Neuron

Back 12

A neuron that propagates nerve impulses toward a synapsep

Front 13

Postsynaptic Neuron

Back 13

The nerve cell that is activated by the release of a neurotransmitter from another neuron and carries nerve impulses away from the synapse

Front 14

Neurotransmitter

Back 14

One of a variety of molecules within axon terminals that are released into the synaptic cleft in response to a nerve impulse and that change the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron

Front 15

Neurotransmitter examples

Back 15

Acetylcholine

GABA

Glycine

Norepinephrine

Dopamine

Serotonin

Nitric oxide

Front 16

Gray Matter

Back 16

Areas in the CNS and ganglia containing neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia; Nissal bodies impart a gray color and there is little or no myelin in gray matter.

Front 17

White Matter

Back 17

Aggregations or bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons located in the brain and spinal cord

Front 18

Ion Channels

Back 18

- create a transgradient membrane of ions

- ion channels result to voltage change

Front 19

Ligand- gated channels

Back 19

open channels by having a neurotransmitter attached to a receptor on the neurons membrane

Front 20

Voltage Gated channel

Back 20

Open in result to voltage change

Front 21

Mechanically gated channels

Back 21

open to some kind of disturbance such as pressure or touch , vibrations

Front 22

Threshold (liminal) Stimulus

Back 22

means its a strong enough stimulus to initiate an action potential.

Front 23

All or Nothing Principle

Back 23

you either have an action potential or you dont

Front 24

Absolute Refactory Period

Back 24

During which the cell cannot generate another action potential no matter how strong the stimulus

Front 25

Relative Refactory Period

Back 25

A second action potential can be initiated but only by a larger than normal stimulus

Front 26

Conus Medullaris

Back 26

The tapered portion of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement

Example-L1 and L2

Front 27

Epidural

Back 27

A space between the spinal dural matter and the vertebral canal, containing areolar CT and a plexus of veins

example- epidural anesthesia

Front 28

Subdural

Back 28

A space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater of the brain and spinal cord that contains a small amount of fluid.

Front 29

Filum terminale

Back 29

Non-nervous fibrous tissue of the spinal cord that extends inferiorly from the conus medullaris to the coccyx.

Front 30

Cauda Equina

Back 30

Nerves that extend beyond the Conus to go into the lungs

-a tail like array of roots of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord

Front 31

Gyrus

Back 31

One of the folds of the cerebral cortex of the brain. Plural is gyri and also called a convolution

example- the "speed bump" of the brain

Front 32

Sulcus

Back 32

A groove or depression between parts, especially between the convolutions of the brain

Front 33

Fissure

Back 33

A groove, fold, or slit that may be normal or abnormal

Front 34

CSF

Back 34

A fluid produced by the ependymal cells that cover choroid plexuses in the ventricles of the brain; the fluid circulates in the ventricles, the central canal, and the subarachnoid space around the brain and the spinal cord.

Front 35

Choroid plexus

Back 35

A network of capillaries located in the roof of each of the four ventricles of the brain; ependymal cells around choroid plexuses produce CSF.

Front 36

Foramina of Luschka and Magendie

Back 36

either of two openings each of which is situated on one side of the fourth ventricle of the brain and communicates with the subarachnoid space

a passage through the midline of the roof of the fourth ventricle of the brain that gives passage to the cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles to the subarachnoid space

Front 37

Arbor vitae

Back 37

The white matter tracts of the cerebellum, which have a tree like appearance when seen in mid-saggital section

Example- white matter

Front 38

Vermis

Back 38

The central constricted area of the cerebellum that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres

Front 39

Substantia Nigra

Back 39

large and darkly pigmented

Front 40

Red Nucleus

Back 40

A cluster of cell bodies in the brain, occupying a large part of the tectum from which axons extend into the rubroreticular and robrospinal tracts

helps control voluntary movements of the limbs.

Front 41

Pyramids

Back 41

A pointed or cone shaped structure. one of the two roughly triangular shaped structures on the anterior aspect of the medulla oblongata composed of the largest motor tracts that run from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. A triangular structure in the renal medulla.

Front 42

Corpora quadregemina

Back 42

two pairs of colliculi on the dorsal surface of the midbrain composed of white matter externally and gray matter within, the superior pair containing correlation centers for optic reflexes and the inferior pair containing correlation centers for auditory reflexes

Front 43

Sup and inf colliculi

Back 43

Inferior- are part of the auditory pathway, relaying impulses from the receptors for hearing in the inner ear of the brain.

-part of the subtle reflex

Superior- serve as reflex centers for certain visual activities. responsible for reflexes that govern movements of the head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli.

Front 44

Cerebral peduncles

Back 44

One of a pair of axon bundles located on the anterior surface of the midbrain, conducting nerve impulses between the bon sand the cerebral hemispheres

Front 45

Reticular formation

Back 45

A network of small groups of neuronal cell bodies scattered among bundles of axons beginning in the medulla oblongata and extending superiorly through the central part of the brain stem.

Front 46

Decussation of pyramids

Back 46

Crossing of 90% of the axons in the large motor tracts to opposite sides in the medullary pyramids

Front 47

RAS

Back 47

A portion of the reticular formation that has many ascending connections with the cerebral cortex;when this area of the brain stem is active, nerve impulses pass to the thalamus and widespread areas of the cerebral cortex, resulting in generalized alertness or arousal from sleep.

Front 48

Epithalamus

Back 48

Part of the diencephalon superior and posterior to the thalamus, comprising the pineal gland and associated structures

Front 49

Pineal Gland

Back 49

A cone shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle that secretes melatonin.

Front 50

Habenular nuclei

Back 50

involved in olfaction, especially emotional responses to odors such a a loved one's cologne or Mom's chocolate chip cookies baking in the oven.

Front 51

Sensory homunculus

Back 51

-distorted somatic sensory map of the body

-"little man"

Front 52

Motor homunculus

Back 52

-the distorted muscle map of the body

Front 53

Association tracts

Back 53

contain axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere

Front 54

Commissural tracts

Back 54

contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere.

-corpus callosum, anterior commisure, and posterior commisure

Front 55

Projection tracts

Back 55

contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS or from the lower parts of the CNS to the cerebrum.

-internal capsule

Front 56

Limbic system

Back 56

A part of the forebrain,sometimes termed the visceral brain, concerned with various aspects of emotion and behavior; includes the limbic lobe, dentate gyrus, amygdala, septal nuclei, mammillary bodies, anterior thalamic nucleus, olfactory bulbs, and bundles of myelinated axons.

Front 57

Hemispheric lateralization

Back 57

two hemispheres share performance of many functions, each hemisphere also specializes in performing certain unique functions

Front 58

Alpha wave

Back 58

awaken state

Front 59

Beta Wave

Back 59

sensory input and thinking

Front 60

Delta Wave

Back 60

sleep stage

Front 61

Theta Wave

Back 61

emotional stress

Front 62

Neurons

-structure

-function

Back 62

Structure- cell body, dendrites, and an axon, and axon terminals (telodendria)

Function-respond to a stimulus and turn it into an action potential

Front 63

Multi-polar neuron

Structure

function

Back 63

Structure- has a cell body, several short dendrites, and a single long axon.

Function-(most common) ???

Front 64

Unipolar Neuron

-structure

-function

Back 64

Structure- have dendrites and one axon fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body.

Function-often sensory neurons that send info for touch and stretch from limbs

Front 65

Bipolar neuron

Structure

function

Back 65

Structure-have one main dendrite and one axon.

found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and olfactory area (smell).

Function-special sensed for sight, smell, and hearing, and balanced

Front 66

CNS

Structure

Function

Back 66

Structure- Brain and spinal Cord

Function-Processes many different kinds of incoming sensory information. Signals that stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secrete.

Front 67

PNS

Structure

Function

Back 67

Structure-bundles of nerve fibers throughout body

Function-

Front 68

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Back 68

Consists of Sensory Neurons that convey information to the CNS from autonomic sensory receptors, located primarily in visceral organs such as stomach and lungs. Consists of Motor Neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.

-Involuntary

Front 69

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Back 69

Consists of sensory neurons that convey information to the CNS from somatic receptors in the head, body wall and limbs and from receptors for the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell. Consists of motor neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to Skeletal muscles only.

-voluntary

Front 70

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

Back 70

Sensory neurons monitor chemical changes within the GI tract as well as stretching of the walls. Motor neurons govern contractions of the GI tract, secretions of GI tract organs,and activities of GI tract endocrine cells.

-Involuntary

Front 71

Ganglion

Structure

Function

Back 71

Structure-mass of grey matter in PNS outside the CNS

Function-??/?

Front 72

Synapse

Back 72

The site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector

Front 73

Myelinated Axon in PNS

Back 73

Schwann cells produce myelin sheaths around axon

Front 74

Myelinated axon in the CNS

Back 74

oligodendrocytes mylenate axons

Front 75

Meninges in CNS And PNS

Back 75

Three membranes covering the brain spinal cord called the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Front 76

Falx cerebri

Back 76

A fold of the dura mater extending deep into the longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 77

Falx cerebelli

Back 77

A small triangular process of the dura mater attached to the occipital bone in the posterior cranial fossa and projecting inward between the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 78

Tentorium cerebelli

Back 78

A transverse shelf of dura mater that forms a partition between the occipital lobe of the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum and that covers the cerebellum

Front 79

Spinal cord

Back 79

-Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccyx

-Dura, arachnoid, and pia mater

-31 pairs of spinal nerves

Front 80

Reflex Arc

Back 80

The most basic conduction pathway through the nervous system , connecting receptor and an effector an consisting of a receptor, a sensory neuron, an integrating center in the CNS, a motor neuron, and an effector.

Front 81

Forebrain

Back 81

Telencephalon-Cerebrum

Diencephalon-thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

Front 82

Midbrain

Back 82

Mesencephalon

-midbrain

-aqueduct of midbrain

Front 83

Hind Brain (Rhombencephalon)

Back 83

Metencephalon

-pons and cerebrum

-upper part of fourth ventricle

Myelencephalon

-medulla oblongata

-lower part of fourth ventricle

Front 84

Blood brain barrier (BBB)

Back 84

A barrier consisting of specialized brain capillaries and astrocytes that prevents the passage of materials from the blood to the cerebrospinal fluid and brain

Front 85

Brainstem

Back 85

The portion of the brain immediately superior to the spinal cord, made up of the medulla, oblongata, pons, and midbrain

Front 86

Medulla

Back 86

The inferior part of the brain stem

-cardiovascular center --respiratory rhythmicity center

-vomiting, coughing, and sneezing centers

Front 87

Pons

Back 87

The part of the brain stem that forms a "bridge" between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, anterior to the cerebellum

help control breathing .

Front 88

Midbrain

Back 88

The part of the brain between the pons and the diencephalon.

AKA - mesencephalon

reflex centers for certain visual and auditory reflexes,and also the startle reflex.

Front 89

Cerebellum

Back 89

Structure- the part of the brain lying posterior to the medulla oblongata and pons

Function- governs balance and coordinates skilled movements

Front 90

Cerebellum - Lobes

Back 90

anterior and posterior lobe

Front 91

Cerebellum - Vermis

Back 91

the median part of the cerebellum, between the two lateral hemispheres.

Front 92

Cerebellum - Arbor vitae

Back 92

the white matter that looks like tree branches

Front 93

Cerebrum

Back 93

The two hemispheres of the forebrain, making up the largest part of the brain

Front 94

Cerebrum - lobes

Back 94

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe

Front 95

cerebrum - Brodmanns area

Back 95

the 47 different areas of the cerebral cortex that are associated with specific neurological functions and distinguished bydifferent cellular components. They control movements of the lips and vocal cords as well as motor speech. Compare motor area. See also cerebral cortex.

Front 96

Thalamus

Back 96

a large oval structure, locate bilaterally on either side of the third ventricle, consisting of two masses of grey matter organized into nuclei

- relay center for sensory impulses ascending to cerebral cortex

Front 97

Hypothalamus

Back 97

A portion of the diencephalon, lying beneath the thalamus and forming the floor and part of the wall of the third ventricle

Front 98

Multiple Sclerosis

Back 98

damage to myelin on axons

Front 99

babinski reflex

Back 99

flexion of toes

Front 100

hydrocephalus

Back 100

water on the brain- over production of CSF

Front 101

Parkinson's

Back 101

loss of dopamine neurons which help control subconscious muscle