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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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list the organs and divisions of the nervous system and describe the generalized functions of the system as a whole |
Central nervous system- brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system- all nerves autonomic nervous system- structures that regulate the body's autonomic or involuntary functions (heart rate, stomach contractions) |
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identify the major types of cells in the nervous system and discuss the function of each |
Neurons: sensory neurons- conduct impulses to the sinal cord and brain; also called afferent neurons motor neurons- conduct impulses away from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands; also called efferent neurons interneurons- conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons or among a network of interneurons; also called central or connecting neurons Gilia(neuroglia): supports cells, bring the cells of nervous tissue together structurally and functionally three main types of connective tissue are: astrocytes- star-shaped cells that anchor small blood vessels to neurons microglis- small cells that move in inflamed brain tissue carrying on phagocytosis Oligodendrocytes- from myelin sheaths on axons in the CNS |
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summarize the anatomical and functional components of a three-neruon reflex arc. describe the propagation of a nerve impulse along a nerve finer and across a synaptic cleft |
-nerve impulses are conducted from receptors to effectors over neuron pathways or reflex arcs; conduction by a reflex arc results in a reflex (that is, contraction by a muscle or recreation by a gland) -the simplest reflex arcs are two-nlruon arcs-consisting of sensory neurones by synapsing in the spinal cord with motor neurones; three-neruon arcs consists of sensory neurones synapsing in the spinal cord with interneurons hat synapse with motor neurons |
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identify the major anatomical components of the brain and briefly comment on the function of each |
Brain: -brainstem (medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain): two-way conduction paths- sensory tracts in the brainstem conduct impulses to the higher parts of the brain- motor tracts conduct from the higher parts of the brain to the spinal card- grey matter areas in the brainstem function as important reflex centres -cerebellum: helps control muscle contractions to proceed coordinated movements so that we can maintain balance, move smoothly, and sustain normal postures- variety of additional coordination effects, assisting the cerebrum and other regions of the brain -diencephalon (hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland): 1. major centre for controlling the Ans; therefore helps control the functioning of most internal organs, control hormone secretion by most other endocrine glands, contains enters for controlling appetite, wakefulness, pleasure, etc. 2. relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex sensory areas, in some way produces the emotions of pleasantness or unpleasantness associated with sensations.3. adjusts output of "timekeeping hormone" melatonin in response to changing levels of external light (sunlight and moonlight) -cerebrum: mental processes of all types, including sensations, consciousness, memory, and voluntary control of movements |
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identify the major anatomical components of the spinal cord and briefly comment on the function of each |
Spinal cord:-columns of white matter, composed of bundles of myelinated nerve fibres, form the outer portion of the H-shaped core of the spinal cord; bundles of axons called tracts.-interior composed of grey matter made up mainly of neuron dendrites and cell bodies. -spinal cord tracts provide 2-way conduction paths- ascending and design. -spinal cord functions as the primary centre for all spinal cord reflexes; sensory tracts conduct impulses to the brain, and motor tracts conduct impulses from the brain |
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describe the coverings and fluid spaces of the brain and spinal cord |
coverings -cranial bones and vertebrae -cerebral and spinal meninges 1. dura mater- tough outer membrane 2. arachnoid mater-cobweblike middle layer 3. pia mater-delicate inner layer; adheres to CNS tissue Fluid spaces - subarachnoid spaces of meninges -central canal inside cord -ventricles in brain |
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explain the functions of spinal and cranial nerves |
cranial: 12 pairs-attached to undersurface of the brain, connect brain with the neck and structures in the thorax and abdomen spinal: 31 pairs- contains dendrites of sensory neurones and axons of motor neurons, conduct impulses necessary for sensations and voluntary movements, dermatome-skin surface area supplied by a single cranial or spinal nerve |
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discuss the structure and function of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system |
Sympathetic nervous system: S: dendrites and cell bodies of sympathy preganglionic neurons are located in the grey matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Axons leave the spinal cord in the anterior roots of spinal nerves,extend to sympathetic , or collateral, ganglia and synapse with several postganglionic neurons whose axons extend to spinal or autonomic nerves to terminate in visceral effectors, ac hair of sympathetic ganglia is in front of and at each side of the spinal column F: serves as the emergency or stress system, controlling visceral effectors during strenuous excursus and when strong emotions are triggered. group of changes induced by sympathetic control is called the "fight-or-fight response" parasympathetic nervous system S: parasympathetic preganglionic neurons have dendrites and cell bodies in the grey matter of the brainstem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord. parasympathetic preganglionic neurons terminate in parasympathetic ganglia located in the head and thoracic and abdominal cavities close to visceral effectors. each parasympathetic neuron synapses with postganglionic neurons to only one effector F: dominates control of many visceral effectors under normal , everyday conditions; counterbalances sympathetic function |
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identify the sense organs as special or general and explain the basic differences b/w the two groups |
Special: (eye, ear, nose, tastebuds) characterized by large and complex organs or by localizing groupings of sensory receptors in areas such as the nasal mucosa or tongue. General: (free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings)for detecting stimuli such as pain and touch are microscopic receptors widely distributed throughout the body receptors are found scattered within almost every part of the body, most concentrated in the skin |
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list the major senses |
eye ear taste smell |
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describe the structure of the eye and the functions of its components |
LAYERS Sclera- tough outer coat "white of eye"; cornea is transparent part of sclera over iris Choroid- pigmented vasular layer prevents scattering of light: -front part of they layer made of ciliary muscle and iris, the colored part of the eye -the pupil is the hole in the centre of the iris -contraction of iris muscle dilutes of constricts pupil retina- innermost layer of the eye - rods- monochrome receptors for night vision - cones-color receptors for day vision - ganglion cells- monochrome receptors that are not for forming images but instead help synchronize the body's internal clock mechanisms to daily, monthly, and seasonal changes in environmental light CONJUNCTIVA mucous membrane covering the front surface of the clear and lining the eyelid LENS transparent body behind the pupil; focuses light rays on the retina CAVITIES filled with fluid helps maintain shape and focus images anterior: in front of lens, connecting anterior chamber (in front of the iris) and posterior chamber (behind the iris), filled with water posterior: behind lens; filled with jelly like vitreous body PATHWAYS - innermost layer of retina contains rods and cones -impulse travels from the rods and cones through the bipolar and ganglionic layers of retina -nerve impulse leaves the eye through the optic nerve; the pt of exit is free of receptors and is therefore called a blind spot - visual interpretation occurs in the visual cortex of the cerebrum |
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discuss the anatomy of the ear and its sensory function in hearing and equilibrium |
-sense organ of hearing and also of equilibrium and balance - receptors for hearing and equilibrium are mechanoreceptors - physical forces that create sound vibrations and fluid movement initiate nervous impulses in the ear - divisions: a. external: auricle (pinna)- appendage on side of hear, external acoustic canal, curving tube 2.5 cm (1 inch) in length, contains ceruminous glands, ends at the tympanic membrane b. middle ear: epithelium-lined cavity that houses the ear ossicles- males', incus, and stapes, ends in the oval window, the auditory (eustachian) tube connects the middle ear to the throat, inflammation called otitis media c. inner ear: bony labyrinth filled with perilymph, subdivided into the vestibule, semicircular canals and cochlea. membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph, the receptors for balance in the semicircular canals are called crust ampullaris, sensory hair cells on the organ court (spinal organ) respond when bent by the movement of surrounding endolymph set in motion by sound waves |
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discuss the endocrine and exocrine glands and define the terms hormone and prostaglandin ** |
Exocrine glands: (do not belong in the endocrine system) secrete their products info ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity, Ex: sweat glands produce watery recreation that empties onto the surface of the skin, salivary glands secret saliva that flows into the mouth Endocrine glands: ductless glands, they secrete chemicals known as hormones into intercellular spaces, they defuse into the blood and are carried throughout the body Hormone: (chemicals) secreted into and circulated by the blood Prostaglandin: (tissue hormones) are powerful substances found in a wide variety of body tissues |
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explain how negative and positive feedback mechanisms regulate the recreation of endocrine hormones |
hormone secretions is controlled by homeostatic feedback negative feedback- mechanisms that reverse the direction of a change in a physiological system positive feedback- (uncommon) mechanisms that amplify physiological changes |
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identify the principle functions of each major endocrine hormone |
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates growth of the thyroid gland; also stimulates it to secrete thyroid hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): stimulates growth of the adrenal cortex and stimulates it to secrete glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): initiates growth of ovarian follicles each month in the ovary and stimulates one or more follicles to develop to the stage of maturity and ovulation; FSH also stimulus estrogen secretion by developing follicles; stimulates sperm production in the male Luteinizing hormone (LH): acts with FSH to stimulate estrogen recreation and follicle growth to maturity; causes ovulation; causes luteninzation o the ruptured follicle and stimulates progesterone recreation by corpus luteum; causes interstitial cells in the testes to secrete testosterone in the male Growth hormone (GH):stimulates growth by accelerating protein anabolism; also accelerates fat catabolism and slows glucose catabolism; this tends to increase blood glucose to higher than normal levels (hyperglycaemia) Prolactin (lactogenic hormone): stimulates breast development during pregnancy and recreation of milk after delivery of the baby |
