Anatomy Block 1

Front 1

vertebrae number and characteristics

Back 1

C7: 1 is atlas 2 is axis. high herniations in C due to high movement. split spinous process. transverse foramen for vertebral artery.

T12: heart body, circle foramen. has costal facets for ribs. long spinous process.

L5: large kidney shaped body with triangle foramen. built for support. high rate of herniation at l4/l5 and L5/S1 bc of high weight.

S1

C1

Front 2

spinal curves

Back 2

Thoracic and saccryl are primary from fetal position. exaggeration is kyphosis.

cervical and lumbar are secondary from lifting head and crawling/standing upright. exaggeration in lordosis.

scoliosis is curved spine in coronal/frontal plane.

Front 3

vertebral ligaments and epidural/spinal tap importance

Back 3

anterior longitudinal ligament

posterior longitudinal ligament

ligamentus flavum

intervertebral ligament

supra vertebral ligament.

Epidural: find illiac crest-even with L4. insert needle below L4 and inject into epidural space (above dura mater)

Spinal tap: find illiac crest-insert needle between l4/l5 (to avoid SC which ends at L2/L3), will insert into subarachnoid space to access CSF.

ligaments: thru supravertebral, thru intervertebral, POP thru ligamentous flavum. enter epidural space

Front 4

vertebral joints

Back 4

intervertebral joints: hold weight Symphysis joints

Facet joints: prevent side to side movement

(in C vertebrae these are almost vertical)

Front 5

membranes of SC

Back 5

Dura mater; tough outer membrane

arachnoid mater. is continuous with cerebral dural sac

pia mater: inner membrane

-filum terminale: extends beyond SC into cauda equina and anchors spinal cord

- denticulate ligaments; enlargment of pia where it connects to arachnoid and dura

CSF is in subarachnoid space

Front 6

blood supply to vertebrae and spinal cord

Back 6

-anterior and posterior spinal arteries branch from vertebral artery.

-internal and external venous plexuses provide drainage for SC.

-also provide pathway for metastisis to spread from pelvis to skill.

Front 7

Spinibifida

Back 7

vertebral lamina dont fuse. presents as lack of spinous process in lower lumbar and sacral.

Front 8

spinal cord ischemia

Back 8

blood supply is interrupted and can cause perasis (weakness) and paralysis.

Front 9

spindilytis

Back 9

swelling of vertebrae. activates osteoblasts and causes calcification of anterior longitudinal ligament and sacroiliac joint. presents as ankylosis-joint stiffness

Front 10

spondylothesis

Back 10

decapitated scotty dog; pedicle fracture that has slipped.

Front 11

spondylolysis

Back 11

scotty dog with collar. pedicle fracture.

Front 12

Back 12

semispinalis capitus

enervated by dorsal rami of SN

rotate head to opposite side, extend neck

Front 13

and related

Back 13

splenius capitus and splenius cervicis

N: dorsal rami of SN: laterally bend and extend neck. rotate to same side

Front 14

Back 14

trapezius

N: CN 11 (accessory n)

elevates, retracts and rotates depress scapula

Test nerve for damage by asking or to elevate shoulders against resistance

Front 15

G

Back 15

latissimus dorsi

C6-8 (thoracodorsal n)

extend, adduct, medial rotate at shoulder joint

Front 16

pin plus related

Back 16

rhomboid major-pinned

rhomboid minor-above

levetor scapulae-above minor

C5-dorsal scapular nerve

elevate rotate scapula

Front 17

Back 17

serratus posterior superior

Intercostal 2-5

accessory inspiration muscle

Front 18

Back 18

serratus posterior inferior

T9-12

accessory inspiration muscle

Front 19

Back 19

infraspinatus

Suprascapular n C5-6

laterally rotates arm

Front 20

Back 20

erector spinae:

illiocostalis

longisimis

spinalis

dorsal rami of SNs

postoral muscle; extends back

**most common complaint of back pain due to strain from overextension and rotation

Front 21

lines above H

Back 21

thoracolumbar fascia

Front 22

triangle of auscultation

Back 22

easiest to hear lung sounds.

borders are medial border of scapula, dorsal border of lats, lateral border of traps

Front 23

Peripheral nerves numbers for each vertebral level and other level

Back 23

CN-12

SN-31

C8

T12

L5

S5

C1

Front 24

where do SN exit and how does that affect herniations

Back 24

cervical nerves exit above their vertebrae

all else exit below

herniation between C or L vertebrae will damage lower nerve (C4/C5-damage c5 nerve)

T herniation will damage higher nerve (T4/T5-T4 nerve damaged

Front 25

neuron types for

somatic sensory

somatic motor

visceral sensory

visceral motor

Back 25

sensory are pseudo unipolar

motor are multipolar

Front 26

common dermatomes

Back 26

C6-thumb

c7; middle and pointer

c8 pinky and ring

t4; nipples

t10 umbilicus

L1-4; anterior medial thigh

S2-4 peritoneum

Front 27

pectoral girdle attachments

Back 27

4 joints:

sternoclavicular joint: only bony attachment for girdle. stabilized by sternoclavicular ligament

acromioclavicular joint: stabilized by coracoacromial ligament

scapulothoracic (17 muscles attach to scapula)

glenohumoral: sit bump: posterior support (supraspinatous, infraspinatous, teres minor on greater tubercle). subscapularous anteriorly to lesser tubercle

Front 28

clavicle fracture

Back 28

most fractured long bone. Medial portion goes up, lateral goes down. worry about damage to brachial plexus

Front 29

rotator cuff injuries

Back 29

overuse injuries.

Supraspinatus-must likely to get injured

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Subscapularis

caused by repeated flexion and abduction. tear to ligament from rubbing on accordion and coracoacromial ligament.

Front 30

muscles of pectoral girdle. location and basic innervation

Back 30

most are dorsal but innervated by ventral rami because the muscles belong to pectoral girdle not the back.

C5-T1

Front 31

Back 31

pectorals major

C5-6- 7lateral pectoral n

C8-t1 medial pectoral

flexion, abduction, medial rotation at shoulder joint

Front 32

Back 32

deltoid

C5-6: axillary nerve

anterior: flexion

posterior: extension

middle: abduction

at shoulder

Front 33

Back 33

corocobrachialis

musculocutaneous nerve (C5-8)- pierced by it!

flexion (C5-7)

adduction (C6-8) of shoulder

**PRACTICAL HINT: musculocutaneous nerve pierces corocobrachiallis. also origin is on COROCOid process

Front 34

Back 34

supraspinatus

suprascapular n C5-6

abduction of shoulder

also stabilizes glenohumoral joint in SIT bump.

Front 35

Back 35

teres major

lower subscapular nerve (C5-6)

adduction and medial rotation of shoulder joint

Front 36

Back 36

subscapularis

lower and upper sub scapular nerve (C5-6)

medial rotation at shoulder

also stabalizes glenohumoral joint with SIT bump but on lesser tubercle

Front 37

Back 37

teres minor

axillary n C5-6

lateral rotation and stabilizes glenohumoral at sit bump

Front 38

Back 38

1. intervertebral disk

2 vertebral body

3. dura mater

4 epidural space

5 spinal cord with arachnoid mater

6. epidural space

Front 39

Back 39

name acromioclaviclar ligament

coracoclavicular ligament

coracoid process

acromion

corocoacromion

Front 40

5 things plus bone

Back 40

clavicle:

acromial end

conoid tubercle

impression costoclavicular lig

shaft body

sternal end

Front 41

structure and function of mammary gland

-nipple location

-composition of breast

-what does breast sit on/ whats between it

Back 41

nipple is over 4th intercostal space in undeveloped breast and men

-composed of;

-mammary gland has 15-20 lobes-lobules are modified sweat glands

-suspensory ligaments (coopers) support breast

-lactiferous ducts lead from lobules to nipple (15-20 openings on nipple)

-fat tissue

-breast sits on deep pectoral fascia; allowing some movement over pect. retromammary space between breast and facia

Front 42

Pregnancy changes to breast

Back 42

due to increase in placental estrogen and progesterone

darkening of areola

hyperplasia of lactiferous ducts and mammary gland lobules

secretion of lubricant by areolar sebaceous glands

Front 43

premenstral breast swelling and tenderness

menopause relation

Back 43

caused by estrogen cycles which increase hydration of connective tissue

decreased estrogen cycling in post menopause causes regression of secretary apparatus which is replaced by fatty tissue. collogen decreases

Front 44

breast innervation

Back 44

cutaneous branches of intercostal n 4-6

Front 45

artery supply and venous drainage to breast

Back 45

arterial supply:

thoracoacromial

lateral thoracic

internal thoracic

posterior intercostal artery; comes out at all vertebral levels of breast.

venous drainage;

axillary vein

internal thoracic vein

Front 46

axillary and breast lymph system

Back 46

axillary group: drains into subclavian lymphatic trunk. nodes:

humeral (lateral); primary upper limb

central (near 3rd section of arterial artery)

subscapular (posterior)

pectoral (anterior): 75% of breast lymph

apical: near first section of axillary artery

breast: initial lymph drainage to subareolar lymphatic plexus

-75% pectoral (anterior) -->central-->apical-->main lymphatic trunk-->venous system

-rest to parasternal lymph nodes

-sometimes to abdominal or opposite breast

Front 47

breast cancer

Back 47

typically adenocarcinomas from epithelial cells of lactiferous ducts of mammary gland.

typically spread through lymph system; pectoral (anterior) node brings cancer cell in to be destroyed. more cancer cells, lymph swells

-pectoral node swelling is early indication of metastatic breast cancer

Front 48

peau d orange

Back 48

orange coloration of breast tissue during inflammatory breast cancer. as tissue pushed out from tumor, suspensory (coopers) ligaments still attached so you get dimpling of skin.

Front 49

contents of axilla

Back 49

brachial plexus

axillary artery

axillary vein

axillary lymph nodes

Front 50

clavipectoral fascia

Back 50

deep fascia allows muscles to slide over each other

over pect minor

Front 51

axillary artery

Back 51

subscapular: forms anastomosis in scapula with axillary artery.

-has circumflex scapular artery in triangular space

-thoracodorsal; really long and travels with thoracodorsal nerve

posterior circumplex humoral is in quadrangular space.

-forms anastomosis with anterior circumflex humoral

anastomosis allows for collateral flow

Front 52

compartments of upper arm-whats in them. what separates them and functions

Back 52

separated by inter muscular septum; deep fascia between anterior and posterior portions

anterior: elbow flexors: musculocutaneous n (c5-8). (pierces corocobrachialis, under biceps)

-biceps

-brachiallis

-corocobrachialis

posterior; elbox extensors; radial n

-anconeous

-triceps: medial, long and lateral head

Front 53

blue line

Back 53

anconeous

elbow extensor

innervated by radial n

Front 54

Back 54

quadrangular space:

long head and lateral head of triceps, teres major, teres minor

axillary nerve comes through

posterior circumflex humoral artery

picture of nerve

Front 55

Back 55

triangular space

teres minor, teres major, long head of triceps

circumflex scapular artery

Front 56

Back 56

circumflex scapular artery.

from anterior side; located in triangular space between teres minor teres major and long head of triceps

Front 57

X3, 5,11,

-space between1 and 2

-just behind 10

Back 57

humerus

-intertubercular sulcus

-groove for ulnar nerve

Front 58

*not shown; dip next to B on inside

Back 58

A: acromion

B: coracoid process

C; glenoid cavity

D; subscapular fossa

E;

F: spine

G; supraglenoid tubercle

H; infraglenoid tubercle

I; infraspinous fossa

** suprascapular notch: where superior transverse scapular ligament crosses

Front 59

and related

Back 59

Biceps brachia-long head

-short head is just medial

innervated by musculocutaneous from deep side

flexes elbow and strongest supinator

Front 60

Back 60

bicipital aponeurosis

Front 61

Back 61

brachialis

innervated by musculocutaneous

our strongest elbow flexor

Front 62

Back 62

serratus anterior

innervated by long thoracic n. (runs with lateral thoracic artery)

holds scapula to thoracic wall. attaches to ribs 1-9 and scapula

***winged scapula if damage to long thoracic nerve. can be seen if dorsal pressure applied while flex at shoulder

Front 63

where is subclavius

Back 63

innervated by subclavian nerve (C5-6)

depresses shoulder

Front 64

Back 64

triceps and annconeous

extensors of elbow.

innervated by radial n

Front 65

Back 65