Anatomy And Physiology Paramedic Chapter 8:nervous System

Front 1

Nervous System

Back 1

Specialized tissue that conducts electrical impulses between the brain and the rest of the body, contains nerve cells and neuroglia.

Hint 1

166

Front 2

Nerve cells

Back 2

Know as neurons composed of axon (body) and dendrites (like the connection).

Hint 2

166

Front 3

Neuroglia

Back 3

Supporting cells that have four basic functions. Provide a supporting skeleton for neural tissue, isolate and protect the cell membrane of neurons, regulate the composition of interstitial fluid, defend neural tissue from pathogens, and aid in the repair of injury.

Hint 3

166

Front 4

Axons can be...

Back 4

surrounded by a membrane sheath or unsheathed/unmyelinated axons. Unsheathed axons action potential electrical signals in the nerves propagate along the entire axon membrane.

Hint 4

166

Front 5

Schwann cells

Back 5

Nervous tissue that helps form the myelin sheath around certain neurons.

Hint 5

188

Front 6

Mylinated nerves are covered by what?

Back 6

Myelin sheath manufactured by a form of nervous tissue called Schwann cells.

Hint 6

166

Front 7

Nodes of Ravier

Back 7

Located between individual Schwann cells the intervals. In mylinated nerves, the action potential jumps between these regions, increasing speed of transmission of the impulse.

Hint 7

166

Front 8

White matter

Back 8

Bundles of mylinated nerves.

Hint 8

166

Front 9

Between the nerve cells lies a gap called the __________, which consist of a terminal bouton or other type of axon terminal, the synaptic cleft and the membrane of the postsynaptic cell.

Back 9

synapse

Hint 9

166

Front 10

Presynaptic terminal

Back 10

The end of a nerve where neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.

Hint 10

187

Front 11

synaptic cleft

Back 11

The space between neurons where electrical impulses trigger the release of neurotransmitters, which in turn stimulate an electrical reaction in adjacent neurons.

Hint 11

188

Front 12

postsynaptic terminal

Back 12

The end of the nerve where electrical impulses are received from the synaptic cleft.

Hint 12

187

Front 13

neurotransmitters

Back 13

Chemicals produced by the body that stimulate electrical reactions in adjacent neurons.

Hint 13

187

Front 14

synaptic vesicles

Back 14

Vesicles that contain neurotransmitters.

Hint 14

188

Front 15

Nerve fibers

Back 15

Groups of nerve cells bundled together.

Hint 15

167

Front 16

Nerve

Back 16

Tissue that connects the nervous system with body parts or organs.

Hint 16

168

Front 17

CNS

Back 17

Central Nervous System, brain and spinal cord.

Hint 17

168

Front 18

Brain stem consist of the...

Back 18

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Hint 18

168

Front 19

What is the largest portion of the brain?

Back 19

Cerebral Cortex also known as cerebrum

Hint 19

168

Front 20

Cerebral Cortex/Cerebrum

Back 20

Controls the higher thought processes, consist of Rt and Lt halves by longitudinal fissure.

Hint 20

168

Front 21

Responsibility of frontal lobe

Back 21

Speech, primary voluntary motor action, personality traits, and conscious thought.

Hint 21

168

Front 22

Responsibility of parietal lobe

Back 22

Taste, language, primary sensory area excluing smell hearing and vision, body awarness. Separated by central sulcus.

Hint 22

169

Front 23

Responsibility of occipital lobe

Back 23

Vision

Hint 23

169

Front 24

Responsibility of temporal lobe

Back 24

Hearing, reading, and memory. Separated by lateral fissure.

Hint 24

169

Front 25

Where do most nerves cross from one side to another?

Back 25

The brain stem

Hint 25

170

Front 26

diencephalon

Back 26

The part of the brain between the brain stem and the cerebrum and includes the thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus.

Hint 26

170

Front 27

thalamus

Back 27

Processes most sensory input and influences mood and general body movements, especially those associated with fear or rage.

Hint 27

170

Front 28

subthalamus

Back 28

Controls motor function.

Hint 28

170

Front 29

epithalamus

Back 29

Function of unclear, especially the pineal body a part of the epithalamus.

Hint 29

170

Front 30

hypothalamus

Back 30

Inferior portion of the diencephalon vital in the control many body functions including heart rate, digestion, sexual development, temperature regulation, emotion, hunger, thirst, and sleep cycle.

Hint 30

170

Front 31

basal ganglia

Back 31

Located deep within the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain, functions is to control coordination of motor movements and posture.

Hint 31

170

Front 32

limbic system

Back 32

Portions of the cerebrum and diencephalon, functions include several structures that influence emotion, motivation, mood, and sensations of pain and pleasure.

Hint 32

170

Front 33

pons

Back 33

Located below the midbrain and above the medulla, it contains nerve fibers for sleep, respiration, and medullary respiratory center.

Hint 33

170

Front 34

medulla

Back 34

Inferior portion of midbrain, serves as a conduction pathway for both ascending and descending nerve tracts. Coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.

Hint 34

171

Front 35

Of the brain what is responsible for all respiratory movements?

Back 35

Pons and medullary respiratory center

Hint 35

171

Front 36

cerebellum

Back 36

Located inferior to brain stem it communicates with other regions of the CNS through cerebrellar peduncles, a set of three bands of nerve fiber. Functions in coordinating muscle movements of the body. Normal cerebellar functions is necessary for proper balance and movement.

Hint 36

171

Front 37

meninges

Back 37

a set of three tough membranes that surround the brain, dura, arachnoid, and pia matter (outer to inner). Dura outer and toughest. Arachnoid got its name from the blood vessels it contains appearance of spider webs. Pia innermost layer directly on the brain or spinal cord.

Hint 37

171

Front 38

CSF

Back 38

Cerebrospinal fluid, manufactured by specialized cells within the choroid plexus in the ventricles, specialized hallow areas in the brain. Similar in composition to plasma, the meninges and CSF form a fluid-filled sac that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord.

Hint 38

172

Front 39

CSF flows into the space between the pia matter and arachnoid mater known as the...

Back 39

subarachnoid space.

Hint 39

172

Front 40

Stroke

Back 40

A disruption of the circulation to the brain, causing brain damage and abnormal neurologic findings. Two types embolic (clot) and hemorrhagic (bleed) stoke. S/S are severe sudden weakness, facial droop, HA, Sz, LOC, elevated BP as the body tries to maintain blood flow to the compromised area.

Hint 40

172

Front 41

TIA

Back 41

Transient ischemic attack, neurologic impairment that lasts less than 24 hours, however is a serious sign of an impending stoke, especially within another 2 weeks.

Hint 41

172

Front 42

Meningitis

Back 42

Inflammation of the meninges and CSF, usually caused by an infection.

Hint 42

173

Front 43

ascending reticular activating system

Back 43

Located within the brain stem, responsible for consciousness. Sharp blow to this area results in unconsciousness.

Hint 43

173

Front 44

Spinal cord

Back 44

Part of the CNS that extends through the foramen magnum protected by the spine.

Hint 44

173

Front 45

cauda equina

Back 45

At the level of the second lumbar vertebra, gives rise to numerous individual nerve roots.

Hint 45

173

Front 46

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Back 46

Bleeding between the arachnoid and pia matter usually from trauma.

Hint 46

174

Front 47

How will blood and CSF appear together?

Back 47

Because CSF and blood do not mix well, sometimes CSF appears as a halo of clear fluid around drops of blood when it leaks onto a guaze pad.

Hint 47

174

Front 48

CSF Taste

Back 48

Pts may complain of "salty taste" as it is of the same chemical consistency as seawater.

Hint 48

174

Front 49

Ascending fibers (afferent tracts)

Back 49

Carry sensory info in the form of action potentials, from the periphery back to the brain.

Hint 49

174

Front 50

Descending fibers (efferent tracts)

Back 50

Carry motor impulses also in the form of action potentials, from the brain to the fibers of the peripheral nervous system.

Hint 50

174

Front 51

anterior spinothalmic tracts

Back 51

Carry light touch, pressure, and tickling and itching sensations.

Hint 51

174

Front 52

lateral spinothalmic tracts

Back 52

Carry pain and temperature information.

Hint 52

174

Front 53

spinocerebellar tract

Back 53

Carries information regarding body position to the cerebellum.

Hint 53

174

Front 54

corticospinal tracts

Back 54

Coodinates movement especially of the hands.

Hint 54

174

Front 55

vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tract

Back 55

Transmit information related to involuntary body movement.

Hint 55

174

Front 56

Spinal reflex arc

Back 56

Automatic reactions to stimuli that occur without conscious thought. Like reflux hammer to tendon, and automatic response to withdraw from pain.

Hint 56

175

Front 57

PNS

Back 57

The peripheral nervous system consist of nerves that extend from the CNS to peripheral structures outside the CNS.

Hint 57

175

Front 58

Ganglia

Back 58

Collection of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS.

Hint 58

175

Front 59

spinal nerve

Back 59

Nerves in the PNS that arise from numerous rootlets along the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the spinal cord.

Hint 59

188

Front 60

sensory nerves

Back 60

Also known as afferent nerves, carry impulses from the body to the brain and provide input to the brain about sensations.

Hint 60

175

Front 61

dermatome

Back 61

The area of the skin supplied by a given pair of spinal sensory nerves.

Hint 61

176

Front 62

Motor nerves

Back 62

Also know as efferent nerves, carry commands from the brain to the receptor on the muscle for nerve impulses resulting in muscle contraction and motion.

Hint 62

176

Front 63

plexus

Back 63

Where several nerves come together to form organized intermingling. There are four plexus in the body. Cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexus.

Hint 63

176

Front 64

plexus give rise to...

Back 64

peripheral nerves, supplying motor and sensory.

Hint 64

176

Front 65

phrenic nerve innervates the

Back 65

diaphragm

Hint 65

176-177

Front 66

cranial nerves

Back 66

The 12 pair of nerves that arise from the base of the brain.

Hint 66

185

Front 67

Which cranial nerves do not exit from the brain stem?

Back 67

Only two the I Olfactory and II Optic nerve.

Hint 67

180

Front 68

List function and number:
Olfactory nerve

Back 68

Smell
Number I

Hint 68

181

Front 69

List function and number:
Optic nerve

Back 69

Vision
Number II

Hint 69

181

Front 70

List function and number:
Oculomotor nerve

Back 70

Innervates (nerve supply) the muscle that cuase motion of the eyeballs and upper lid. Also carries parasympathetic nerve fibers that cause constriction of the pupil, and accommodation of the lens.
Number III

Hint 70

181

Front 71

List function and number:
Trochlear nerve

Back 71

Innervates (nerve supply) the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball, which allows for a downward gaze.
Number IV

Hint 71

181

Front 72

List function and number:
Trigeminal nerve

Back 72

Supplies sensation to the scalp, forehead, face and lower jaw, also provides innervation (nerve supply) to muscles of mastication, the throat, and inner ear.
Number V

Hint 72

181

Front 73

List function and number:
Abducent Nerve

Back 73

Supplies the lateral rectus muscle of eyeball allowing for lateral movement.
Number VI

Hint 73

181

Front 74

List function and number:
Facial nerve

Back 74

Supplies motor ativity to all mucles of facial expression, the sense of taste, cutaneious sensation to the external ear, tongue, and palate. Also carries parasympathetic stimulation to the salivary glands, lacrimal glands, and the glands of the nasal cavity and palate.
Number VII

Hint 74

181

Front 75

List function and number:
Vestibulocochlear nerve

Back 75

Hearing and balance
Number VIII

Hint 75

182

Front 76

List function and number:
Glossopharyngeal nerve

Back 76

Supplies motor fibers to the pharyngeal muscle. Provides taste and carries parasympathetic fibers to the salivary glands located on each side of the face.
Number IX

Hint 76

182

Front 77

List function and number:
Vagus nerve

Back 77

Motor functions to the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx (voice). Carries sensory fibers from the inferior pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal organs, taste bud fibers from the posterior tongue, and parasympathetic fibers to thoracic and abdominal organs.
Number X

Hint 77

182

Front 78

List function and number:
Accessory nerve

Back 78

Provides motor innervation (nerve supply) to the muscle of the soft palate and the pharynx and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. The spinal accessory nerve controls swallowing, speech, head, and shoulder movements.
Number XI

Hint 78

182

Front 79

List function and number:
Hypoglossal nerve

Back 79

Provides motor function to the muscles of the tongue and throat.
Number XII

Hint 79

182

Front 80

ANS

Back 80

Automatic nervous system, operates without conscious control and regulates the function of the internal organs, glands, and smooth muscle. Consist of two divisions the parasympathetic and the sympathetic division.

Hint 80

182

Front 81

sympathetic pathway

Back 81

Fight and flight response.
Division of the ANS responsible for the body's response to shock and stress. Sympathetic responses include release of adrenaline from adrenal gland, shunting of blood from the extremities to the vital organs, increasing BP, increasing HR, increasing RESP, dilation of the pupils, and reduction of digestive system activity.

Hint 81

182

Front 82

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 82

Division of the ANS responsible for body's relaxation. Slows HR RESP, Lowers BP, and constrict the pupils, and increasing digestive system activity.

Hint 82

182

Front 83

SLUDGE

Back 83

In reference to parasympathetic

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation
Gatrointestinal cramping
end emesis (vomiting)

Hint 83

182