Anatomy And Physiology Of The Respiratory System Part Ii.1

Front 1

The histology of the tracheobronchial tree is composed of three layers:

Back 1

epithelial lining, lamina propria and cartilaginous layer

Front 2

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is located

Back 2

posterior 2/3 of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx

occurs below the vocal cords to the subsegmental airways (transition occurs in the bronchioles)

Front 3

In PSCCE, mucus blanket is composed of __% water

Back 3

95%

Front 4

The mucus blanket of the PSCCE is produced by ______ cells and the __________ ______

Back 4

goblet cells and the submucosal glands

Front 5

Submucosal glands produce the ________ of the mucus and are particularly numerous in the ______ sized airways

Back 5

majority, medium

Front 6

_____ move the mucus layer at a rate of ~_cm per minute

Back 6

cilia, 2cm

Front 7

Cilia moving mucus is referred to as the (2 things)

Back 7

muscociliary escalator or muscociliary transport

Front 8

Factors that slow mucociliary transport (9)

Back 8

cigarette smoke

atmospheric pollutants

dehydration

hypoxia

positive pressure ventilation

endotracheal suctioning

high inspired oxygen concentrations

general anesthetics

parasympatholytics

Front 9

cuboidal epithelium occurs from

Back 9

the bronchioles to the respiratory bronchioles

Front 10

simple squamous epithelium occurs

Back 10

in the gas exchange zone

Front 11

Lamina propria is seperated from the epithelial layer by the

Back 11

basement membrane

Front 12

Lamina propria is the __________ layer of the tracheobronchial tree

Back 12

submucosal

Front 13

Contained within the lamina propria is a loose fibrous tissue that contains

Back 13

tiny blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, branches of the vagus nerve and mast cells

Front 14

Lamina propria also contains _ sets of smooth muscle fibers

Back 14

2

Front 15

The 2 sets of smooth muscle fibers wrap around the _______________ tree in close spirals

Back 15

tracheobronchial tree (one clockwise and one counter clockwise)

Front 16

The outer portion of the lamina propria is surrounded by a thin connective tissue layer called the

Back 16

peribronchial sheath

Front 17

The last three layers of the tracheobronchial tree are

Back 17

cartilaginous

Front 18

The outermost layer of the tracheobronchial tree is

Back 18

cartilaginous

Front 19

The cartilaginous layer of the tracheobronchial tree progressively __________ in size as the airways extend into the lungs (incomplete rings - irregular plates)

Back 19

diminishes

Front 20

The cartilaginous layer is completely ______ in bronchioles <_mm in diameter

Back 20

absent, 1mm

Front 21

Cellular immunity involves the activation of _ cells by an antigen

Back 21

T cells

Front 22

Cellular immunity has a ____ response time of about __ hours

Back 22

slow, 36

Front 23

Cellular immunity (Tcells) are responsible for ______ _________ in transplant patients

Back 23

tissue rejection

Front 24

Humoral immunity involves ___________ __________ (Or immunoglobulins) that are involved in allergic responses

Back 24

circulating antibodies

Front 25

Immunoglobulins are ________ that defend agains invading _____________ ________

Back 25

proteins, environmental antigens

Front 26

____ immunoglobulins have been identified but ___ is basic to the allergic response

Back 26

Five, IgE

Front 27

The ____ cells in the lamina propria play a roll in humoral immunity

Back 27

mast

Front 28

A susceptible individual is exposed to an antigen and lympoid tissue produces ___ antibodies.

Back 28

IgE

Front 29

IgE antibodies attach to surface receptors on the ____ cells (____ cells are now _______ to that specific antigen)

Back 29

mast, mast, specific

Front 30

Re-exposure to that specific antigen creates an ___ antibody-antigen reaction on the surface of the ____ cell.

Back 30

IgE, mast

Front 31

The IgE antibody-antigen reaction response results in the ____________ of the antigen and mast cell _____________

Back 31

inactivation, degranulation

Front 32

Mast cell ____________ results in the release of chemical mediators of ___________

Back 32

degranulation, inflammation

Front 33

What chemical mediators of inflammation are released when a mast cell degranulates?

Back 33

Histamine, heparin, SRS-A (slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis), PAF (platelet activating factor, ECF-A (eosinophilic chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis)

Front 34

The release of the chemical mediators of inflammation from mast degranulation results in (4)

Back 34

increase vascular permeability

smooth muscle contraction

increase in mucus secretion

vasodilation with edema

Front 35

Asthmatics may produce IgE antibodies at __ times the normal rate

Back 35

20 times

Front 36

The release of chemical mediators of inflammation can result in these six things

Back 36

bronchial edema

bronchospasms and wheezing

increased mucus production

mucus plugging

air trapping

lung hyperinflation

Front 37

leukotriene inhibitors inhibit

Back 37

certain chemical mediators of inflammation from exerting their effects

Front 38

mast cell stabilizers prevent

Back 38

the degranulation of the mast cells

Front 39

Intersistium aka

Back 39

Insterstitial space

Front 40

Interstitial space surrounds and supports ________-_________ clusters

Back 40

Alveolar-capillary

Front 41

Interstitial space is a ___ like substance composed of ___________ acid and a _________ fiber network

Back 41

Gel, hyaluronic acid, collagen

Front 42

Hyaluronic acid is a _________ and ___________ agent

Back 42

Binding and protective

Front 43

Collagen is believed to limit _________ _____________

Back 43

alveolar distensibility

Front 44

Alveolar distensibility: expansion beyond can

Back 44

occlude pulmonary capillaries, damage to collagen fibers and alveolar walls

Front 45

Two major compartments of interstitium

Back 45

tight space and loose space

Front 46

The tight space interstitium is the space

Back 46

between alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium

Front 47

The tight space interstitium is the area where the most

Back 47

gas exchange occurs

Front 48

The loose space of the interstitium is the area that surrounds

Back 48

the bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs

Front 49

The loose space of the interstitium contains the

Back 49

lymphatic vessels and neural fibers

Front 50

Water content of the loose space of the interstitium can ________ more than __% before a significant pressure change develops

Back 50

increase, 30%

Front 51

Bronchial arteries arise from the _____

Back 51

aorta

Front 52

Bronchial arteries nourish the tracheobronchial tree to the level of the ________ ____________

Back 52

terminal bronchioles

Front 53

Bronchial arteries lose their identity beyond the terminal bronchioles and merge with the _________ ________ system

Back 53

pulmonary vascular system

Front 54

Bronchial blood supply nourishes the ___________ lymph nodes, __________ nerves, a portion of the __________ and the ____________ ______.

Back 54

mediastinal lymph nodes, pulmonary nerves, a portion of the esophagus and the visceral pleura

Front 55

Normal bronchial arterial blood flow is ~_% of the cardiac output

Back 55

1%

Front 56

visceral pleura defined as

Back 56

protective coating of the organs

Front 57

_/_ of the bronchial venous blood flow returns to the ______ _______ via the azygos, hemiazygos and intercostal veins

Back 57

1/3, right atrium

Front 58

_/_ of the bronchial venous blood flow drains into the _________ __________ via bronchopulmonary anastomoses and then flows into the left atrium

Back 58

2/3 pulmonary circulation

Front 59

anastomoses

Back 59

communication by blood vessels by the means of collateral channels

Front 60

The pulmonary vascular system is an independent vascular network with the sole purpose of

Back 60

delivering blood to and from the lungs for gas exchange

Front 61

The pulmonary vascular system also provides nutrients to the structures distal to the

Back 61

terminal bronchioles

Front 62

The pulmonary vascular system is a ______ dependent, ____ pressure system

Back 62

gravity, low

Front 63

The pulmonary vascular system is composed of

Back 63

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins

Front 64

Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the

Back 64

pulmonary artery

Front 65

The pulmonary artery branches into _____ and ____ branches and enter the lungs via the _____.

Back 65

Right, left, hilum

Front 66

The pulmonary artery follows the

Back 66

tracheobronchial tree

Front 67

Three layers of the artery are

Back 67

tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia

Front 68

The tunica intima is the

Back 68

innermost layer

Front 69

The tunica intima is composed of a

Back 69

thin layer of connective and elastic tissues

Front 70

The tunica media is the

Back 70

middle layer

Front 71

The tunica media in large arteries is primarily

Back 71

primarily elastic connective tissue

Front 72

The tunica media in medium/small arteries is primarily

Back 72

smooth muscle

Front 73

The tunica adventitia is the

Back 73

outermost layer

Front 74

The tunica adventitia is composed of

Back 74

connective tissue that contains small vessels that nourish all 3 layers

Front 75

Arterioles consist of three layers

Back 75

endothelial layer, an elastic layer and a smooth muscle layer

Front 76

In arterioles, elastic and smooth muscle layers gradually _________ before entering the _________-_________ system

Back 76

disappear, alveolar-capillary

Front 77

The arterioles nourish the

Back 77

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

Front 78

Arterioles are __________ vessels

Back 78

resistance

Front 79

Arterioles play an important role in the

Back 79

distribution and regulation of flow

Front 80

Capillaries arise from the _________ __________ and surround the

Back 80

pulmonary arterioles, alveoli

Front 81

Capillaries are composed of an

Back 81

endothelial layer

Front 82

the endothelial layer is compose of a

Back 82

single layer of squamous epithelial cells

Front 83

Where does the gas exchange occur

Back 83

in the capillaries

Front 84

Capillaries have selective permeability to

Back 84

water, electrolytes and sugar

Front 85

Capillaries play an important role in the

Back 85

destruction and production of various biologically active compounds

Front 86

Cappillaries evolve into

Back 86

venules and gradually into veins

Front 87

Veins are essentially the same construction as arteries except

Back 87

poorly developed tunica media = thinner walls

contain less smooth muscle and elastic tissue

contain only 2 layers in smaller veins (no tunica adventitia)

Front 88

Medium large veins contain ___ ___ flap valves that aid blood flow back to the heart

Back 88

one way

Front 89

Veins differ from arteries in that they are

Back 89

capable of collecting a large amount of blood with very little pressure change

Front 90

Veins are referred to as

Back 90

capacitance vessels

Front 91

Veins do not follow the _________ ___ but take a more direct route to the heart

Back 91

tracheobronchial tree

Front 92

Veins merge into ___ large veins and exit the _____

Back 92

two, hilum

Front 93

How many pulmonary veins empty into the left atrium?

Back 93

four