Anatomy And Physiology Ii Test 2

Front 1

Functions of Blood

Back 1

1. Delivers Oxygen 2. Transport metabolic wastes 3. Transport hormones 4. Maintains body temperature 5. Maintains body pH 6. Maintains fluid volume 7. Prevents Blood Loss 8. Prevents Infection

Front 2

Composition of Whole Blood

Back 2

1. Only Fluid tissue in the body (thick, homogeneous liquid) 2. Specialized type of connective type 3. Sticky, Opaque fluid (metallic taste) 4. More dense than water and five times more viscous 5. Slightly alkaline, pH between 7.35-7.45 6. Temperature of 100.4 degrees, slightly higher than body temp 7. Accounts for app. 8% of body weight, average volume in males is 5-6L and in females 4-5L .

Front 3

Erythrocytes- Structures

Back 3

Small, biconcave (flattened discs with depressed centers- appears lighter in color at their thin centers than at their edges), A nucleate (no nucleus and no organelles)

Front 4

Erythrocytes- Function

Back 4

Red blood cells that carry respiratory gases, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, make up of 45% of the blood volume

Front 5

Erythrocytes- Production

Back 5

Contain Hemoglobin (protein)-functions as gas transport, Contains Antioxidant Enzymes- antioxidant is something that is left over from the incomplete breakdown of glucose, rid the body from harmful radicals and function is to maintain the plasma membrane and promote the changes in RBC shape. Vitamin C enhances the antioxidant enzymes and accumulation of antioxidant enzymes can be linked to cancer

Front 6

Chemical Makeup of Hemoglobin

Back 6

Globin protein bound to heme pigment: function for a carrier molecule, protein that makes red blood cells the color red and binds easily and reversibly with oxygen, most oxygen carried in blood is bound to hemoglobin, Globin: 4 polypeptide chains, 2 alphas and 2 betas, each globin protein is attached to each heme unit. Heme: makes blood the color red and contains oxygen binding IRON, Hemoglobin: interlinked attached to a heme unit. 4 heme units in every hemoglobin, roughly 250 million hemoglobin molecules per RBC. RBC is evolved to accumulate hemoglobin. Hemoglobin passes to the places that are low in oxygen and moves from rich oxygen areas to poor oxygen areas, Oxi: bond to oxygen hemoglobin, bright scarlet ruby red. Deoxyhemoglobin: when hemoglobin does not have oxygen its combined to it, darker purplish red.

Front 7

Diapedesis

Back 7

Dia: to go through (leap), leave the blood vessels, RBC cannot leave but WBC can leave the blood vessels. the WBC are able to slip out of the capillary blood vessels and the circulatory system is simply their means of transport to areas of the body where they are needed to mount inflammatory or immune response

Front 8

Leukocytes

Back 8

complete cells with nuclei and organelles, they are 4800 to 10,800 WBC/ul in blood, display positive chemotaxis, which attracted to foreign cells in the body, Crucial to our defense against disease, mobile army that helps protect the body from damage by bacteria viruses, parasites, toxins, and tumor cells

Front 9

Leukocyte Classes- Granulocytes

Back 9

Granulocytes: contain granules; larger and much short lived than erythrocytes.

Front 10

Neutrophils

Back 10

50-70% of WBC, low nuclei, take up both basic and acidic dyes, contain hydrolic enzymes and are regarded as lysosomes. Consist of 6 lobes and destroy bacteria

Front 11

Eosinophils

Back 11

2-4% of WBC, to lobed nucleus, adaptive and function in attacking parasitic worms

Front 12

Basophils

Back 12

1/2 to 1% of WBC, contain granules full of large, coarse histamine, which causes blood vessels to dilate, causes other WBC to be attracted to an area when needed (inflammed site)

Front 13

Leukocyte Classes- Aganulocytes

Back 13

Without granules, functionally distinct and unrelated cell types

Front 14

Lymphocytes

Back 14

25% of WBC, composited of mostly nucleus and lymph tissues. Functions in immunity. T-lymphocytes: attack viruses and tumors, attacks cell not the virus directly, B-lymphocytes: produce antibodies that attack bacteria infection, allow for the direct attack of the pathogen

Front 15

Monocytes

Back 15

3-8% of WBC, largest and U shaped nucleus. They leave the blood vessesl and become magnified into macrophages

Front 16

Leukopoiesis

Back 16

Production of WBC and stimulated by chemical messengers, hemocytoblasts give rise to myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells (both become WBC)

Front 17

Granulocyte Leukopoiesis

Back 17

Live on average 1/2 to 90 days, 1. Myeloid stem cells become myeloblasts 2. Myeloblasts accumulate lysosomes to become promyelocytes 3. Promyleocytes differentiate into myelocytes 4. Cell division stops and nuclei arch forms band cells 5. Nuclei constricts a segment to become mature granulocytes

Front 18

Agranulocyte Leukopoiesis

Back 18

live up to months. 1. Myeloid stem cells become monoblasts 2. monoblasts become promocytes 3. promoncytes leave bone marrow and become moncytes in lymph tissue 4. Lymphoid stem cells become lymphoblasts 5. Lymphoblasts become prolymphocytes 6. Prolymphocytes leave bone marrow and become lymphocytes in lymph tissue. 7. T-Lymphocytes mature in thymus, B-lymphocytes mature in bone marrow. Lives weeks to decades

Front 19

Regulation of Leukopoisis

Back 19

Interleukins and colony stimulating factors- chemical messengers, stimulate cell division within the bone marrow

Front 20

Leukopoiesis Disorders

Back 20

1. Leukemia: cancerous WBC, to many WBC that are non-functional. 2. Leukopenia: low WBC count, one thing that causes it unnaturally is chemotherapy

Front 21

Platelets

Back 21

Not cells, anucleated cytoplasmic fragments, essential for the clotting process that occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured or their lining is injured. Forms a temporary plug that helps seal the break

Front 22

Thrombopoiesis

Back 22

Production of Platelets: 1. Hemocytoblasts give rise to myeloid stem cells. 2. Myeloid stem cells become megakaryoblasts 3. Megakaryoblasts undergo repeated mitosis but no cytokinesis to form megakaryocytes 4. Cytoplasmic extensions of megakaryocytes break off to be platelets. Regulation: thrombopoietin- platelet formation is regulated by this hormone

Front 23

Erythrocyte Disorders: Anemia

Back 23

The blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity. Causes: insufficient number of RBC, Hemorrhagic anemia: blood loss, hemolytic anemias: erythrocytes rupture prematurely, Aplastic anemia: destruction or inhibition of the red marrow by certain drugs or chemicals

Front 24

Erythrocyte Disorders: Low hemoglobin content

Back 24

Iron-deficiency anemia: secondary results of hemorrhagic anemia, but it also results from inadequate intake of iron-containing foods and impaired iron absorption, Pernicious anemia: due to a deficiency of vitamin B12

Front 25

Erythrocyte disorders: Abnormal hemoglobin

Back 25

Thalassesmias: one of the globin chains is absent or faulty and the erythrocytes are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin, Sickle-cell anemia: abnormal hemoglobin, results from change in just one of the 146 amino acids in the beta chain of the globin molecule

Front 26

Erythrocyte disorders: Polycythemia

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Abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increase blood viscosity causing it to sludge or flow sluggishly. (Blood doping- artificial induced polycythemia) , Secondary Polycythemia: results when less oxygen is available or EPO production increases.

Front 27

Leukocyte Disorders

Back 27

Leukopenia: abnormally low WBC count commonly induced by drugs, Leukemias: group of cancerous conditions involving WBC, Infectious Mononucleosis: "kissing disease" highly contagious viral disease most often seen in young adults.