Anatomy And Physiology Ii - Ihcc Test 1 Set

Front 1

Define "External Respiration"

Back 1

Gas Exchange between air in lungs and the blood (CO2 and O2)

Front 2

Define "internal respiration"

Back 2

Gas exchange between the blood and tissues

Front 3

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Back 3

Gas Exchange
Regulation of Blood PH (by changing CO2 levels)
Voice production
Olfaction
Protection (Mucus + cilia)

Front 4

How the the respiratory system divided?

Back 4

Upper Tract (Everything pharynx and above)
Lower Tract (Larynx and below)

Front 5

Define Nares

Back 5

Nostrils

Front 6

Define Nasal septum

Back 6

Divides nasal cavity into left/right parts

Front 7

Nasal conchae

Back 7

Bony ridges on nasal cavity wall, increase surface area, loaded with BVs

Front 8

Functions of the nasal cavity

Back 8

-Passageway for air
-Cleans the air
-Humidifies and warms the air
-Smell
-Resonating chamber for speech (with paranasal sinuses)

Front 9

Function of pharynx

Back 9

Common opening for digestive/respiratory system

Front 10

Three regions of pharynx and their construction

Back 10

-Nasopharynx: pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells. Mucous and debris is swallowed.
–Oropharynx: shared with digestive system. Lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium.
–Laryngopharynx: epiglottis to esophagus. Lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium

Front 11

Larynx general function

Back 11

passageway for air between pharynx and trachea

Front 12

Larynx construction

Back 12

Made of hyaline cartilage - more specifically includes the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage.

Front 13

Larynx specific functions

Back 13

-Maintain an open passageway for air thyroid and cricoid cartilages
-Epiglottis prevents swallowed material from getting into the trachea
-Vocal folds for sound production
-cilia traps debris

Front 14

Construction of the trachea

Back 14

-dense regular connective tissue supported by 15-20 hyaline cartilage C-shaped rings that open posteriorly
-Smooth muscle called trachealis contracts during coughing
-Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Front 15

DIscuss the trachea at it's division, and what it forms

Back 15

-Divides to form left and right primary bronchi
-Carina: cartilage at bifurcation. Membrane of carina especially
sensitive to irritation and inhaled objects initiate the cough reflex

Front 16

Discuss branching of bronchi

Back 16

– Trachea divides into two primary
bronchi.
– Primary bronchi divide into
secondary bronchi (one/lobe) which then divide into tertiary bronchi.
–Tertiary bronchi further subdivide into smaller and smaller bronchi then into bronchioles , finally into terminal bronchioles.

Front 17

Discuss terminal bronchioles

Back 17

Terminal bronchioles contain no cartilage, only smooth muscle (contracts during asthama attack)

Front 18

What are alveoli?

Back 18

-Small air- filled chambers; made up of small squamous epithelium (respiratory membrane)
-Where the gas exchange occurs
-Contain macrophages
- Lined on the inside with surfactant

Front 19

Three types of cells that make up the respiratory membrane

Back 19

-Type I pneumocytes. Thin squamous epithelial cells, form 90% of surface of alveolus. For gas exchange.
-Type II pneumocytes. Round to cube-shaped secretory cells. Produce surfactant.
– Dust cells (phagocytes)

Front 20

5 reasons that gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is so efficient

Back 20

• The differences in gas pressure across the membrane are substantial
• The distances involved in gas exchange are small.
• The gases are lipid soluble.
• The total surface area is large.
• Blood flow and air flow are coordinated.

Front 21

Discuss the lungs physical descriptors

Back 21

– Base sits on diaphragm, apex at the top,hilus on medial surface where
bronchi and blood vessels enter the lung.

Front 22

How many lobes for each lung?

Back 22

-Right lung: three lobes. Lobes separated by fissures
– Left lung:Two lobes

Front 23

Divisions within the lung

Back 23

– Lobes (supplied by secondary bronchi)
-bronchopulmonary segments
(supplied by tertiary bronchi and separated from one another by connective tissue partitions)
-lobules (supplied by bronchioles and separated by incomplete partitions).

Front 24

Discuss the pleura

Back 24

• Visceral pleura: adherent to lung. Simple squamous epithelium, serous.
• Parietal pleura: adherent to internal thoracic wall.

Front 25

Discuss the Pleural cavity

Back 25

Surrounds each lung filled with pleural fluid.

Front 26

Pleural fluid

Back 26

acts as a lubricant and helps hold the two pleural membranes close together (adhesion).

Front 27

Mediastinum

Back 27

central region, contains contents of thoracic cavity except for lungs.

Front 28

Discuss the lungs blood supply

Back 28

-Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the pulmonary arteries and then pulmonary capillaries into the lungs, where the blood becomes oxygenated. The oxygenated blood leaves the lungs via pulmonary veins and returns to the heart to be pumped to the body.
- Capillary beds surround each alveolus and rapid gas exchange occurs at the respiratory membrane.

Front 29

Define ventilation

Back 29

• Process of moving air into and out of the lungs

Front 30

Discuss boyle's law

Back 30

In a closed container, pressure is inversely proportional to volume. (lungs get smaller, air exits)

Front 31

Muscles used during inhalation

Back 31

– Diaphragm
– External intercoastals
– Pectoralis minor

Front 32

Muscles used during exhalation

Back 32

-Abdominal muscle
-Internal intercoastals

Front 33

Why measure lung function?

Back 33

Can be used to diagnose, track progress, and track recovery of diseases

Front 34

What is compliance with regard to lung function

Back 34

The measure of the ease with which the lungs and thorax expand

Front 35

What is Spirometry

Back 35

measures the volume of air that move into and out of respiratory system. Uses a spirometer

Front 36

What is Tidal volume

Back 36

The amount of air inspired or expired with each breath. At rest: 500 mL

Front 37

What is inspiratory reserve volume

Back 37

amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the tidal volume (3000 mL at rest)

Front 38

What is Expiratory reserve volume

Back 38

amount of air that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the tidal volume (100 mL at rest)

Front 39

What is Residual volume

Back 39

volume still remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration (1200 mL)

Front 40

Components of air

Back 40

Nitrogen: 78.6 %
Oxygen: 20.9%
Carbon dioxide: 0.04 %
Water : 0.5%

Front 41

Normal atmospheric pressure

Back 41

760 mmHg

Front 42

Discuss hemoglobin's ability to bind to O2

Back 42

-98.5 % oxygen (in blood) is bound to Hb: oxyhemoglobin
-Each Hb can bind 4 O2 and each RBC contains about 280 million Hb molecules.
-The percentage of heme units containg bound O2 at any given moment is hemoglobin saturation

Front 43

Discuss hemoglobin saturation

Back 43

-Hemoglobin will be 100% saturated with oxygen if four oxygen molecules were bound to all Hb molecules in the blood

Front 44

What is the Bohr effect?

Back 44

• When blood ph decreases, the amount of oxygen bound to Hb decreases. The H+ ions bind to Hb causing its shape to change and O2 is dumped.

Front 45

How is carbon dioxide primary moved in blood?

Back 45

Carbonic anhydrase (H+ and HCO3)

Front 46

How does increased temperature affect the O2-Hb dissociation curve

Back 46

-• Elevated temperature resulting from increased metabolism, increase the amount of oxygen released into the tissues by hemoglobin.
-The tissue that are less active will use less O2, saving it for the tissues that need it

Front 47

Discuss fetal respiration

Back 47

Essentially, placenta provides respiration

Front 48

Fetal hemoglobin

Back 48

• Concentration of fetal hemoglobin is 50% greater than concentration of maternal hemoglobin

Front 49

How is CO2 transported, specifically with percentages

Back 49

-7% remains in plasma as CO2
-70 % is converted to H2CO3 (carbonic acid) inside RBC
- 23% is bound to hemoglobin inside RBC(Carboaminoglobin)

Front 50

Discuss Carbonic acid in the RBC

Back 50

• Most of H+ will bind to Hb(acting as a pH buffer inside the RBC’s)
-• The HCO3- is moved out of the RBC into the plasma (to act as a plasma buffer), in exchange for Cl- ions = Chloride shift

Front 51

What are the two areas of the brainstem that provide respiration

Back 51

Medullary respiratory center
– Dorsalgroupsstimulatethe diaphragm
– Ventralgroupsstimulatethe intercostal and abdominal muscles
Pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group
– Involvedwithswitching between inspiration and expiration

Front 52

Discuss Hyper and hypocapnia

Back 52

– Hypercapnia: greater-than-normal amount of carbon dioxide
– Hypocapnia: lower-than-normal amount of carbon dioxide

-Triggers a large increase or decrease in respiration

Front 53

Where are the chemical controls for respiration?

Back 53

– Central chemoreceptors: chemosensitive area of the medulla oblongata; connected to respiratory center
– Peripheral chemoreceptors: carotid and aortic bodies. Connected to respiratory center by cranial nerves IX and X

Front 54

How do carotid and aortic body respond to decreased pO2 in the blood?

Back 54

increased stimulation of respiratory center to keep it active despite decreasing oxygen levels

Front 55

Define Hypoxia

Back 55

decrease in oxygen levels below normal values

Front 56

WHat is the Herin-Breuer Reflex?

Back 56

• Limits the degree of inspiration and prevents overinflation of the lungs
– Infants • Reflex plays a role in regulating basic rhythm of
breathing and preventing overinflation of lungs – Adults
• Reflex important only when tidal volume large as in exercise

Front 57

Discuss the effects of exercise on ventilation

Back 57

• Ventilation increases abruptly
– At onset of exercise
– Movement of limbs has strong influence
– Learned component
• Ventilation increases gradually
– After immediate increase, gradual increase occurs (4-6
minutes)
– Anaerobic threshold: highest level of exercise without
causing significant change in blood pH. If exceeded, lactic acid produced by skeletal muscles

Front 58

Discuss the effects of aging on ventilation

Back 58

• Vital capacity and maximum minute ventilation decrease
• Residual volume and dead space increase
• Ability to remove mucus from respiratory passageways decreases
• Gas exchange across respiratory membrane is reduced

Front 59

Discuss the effects of Athletic training and how the respiratory system adapts

Back 59

– Vital capacity increases slightly; residual volume decreases slightly
– At maximal exercise, tidal volume and minute ventilation increases
– Gas exchange between alveoli and blood increases at maximal exercise
– Alveolar ventilation increases
– Increased cardiovascular efficiency leads to greater blood flow through the lungs

Front 60

Define apnea

Back 60

Cessation of breathing. Can be conscious decision, but eventually PCO2 levels increase to point that respiratory center overrides

Front 61

Discuss hyperventilation

Back 61

Causes decrease in blood PCO2 level. Peripheral vasodilation causes decrease in BP. Fainting. Problem before diving.

Front 62

Other modifications of ventilation

Back 62

• Activation of touch, thermal and pain receptors affect respiratory center
• Sneeze reflex, cough reflex
• Increase in body temperature yields increase in ventilation

Front 63

Where do the nervous system and endocrine system interact

Back 63

Hypothalamus and the pituitary gland (Connected by infundibulus)

Front 64

Another name for the posterior pituitary

Back 64

Neurohypophysis (Neurohormones)

Front 65

Another name for the anterior pituitary

Back 65

Adonehypophysis

Front 66

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

Back 66

Connection between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Front 67

What is a fenestrated capillary

Back 67

Capillaries with tiny gaps, more permeable

Front 68

What is a portal vessel?

Back 68

A Blood vessel that beggins in a primary capillary network, and ends in a secondary capillary network

Front 69

What does the Hypothalamus secrete?

Back 69

Either releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones

Front 70

GHRH

Back 70

Growth Hormone releasing hormone - secreted by Hypothalamus, causes anterior pituitary to release growth hormone

Front 71

TRH

Back 71

Thyrotropin releasing hormone - causes anterior pituitary to secrete Thyroid stimulating hormone

Front 72

CRH

Back 72

Corticotropin releasing hormone - causes Anterior pituitary to produce adrenocorticotropic hormone

Front 73

GnRH

Back 73

Gonadotropin releasing hormone - causes anterior pituitary to produce follicle stimulating hormone and Leutinizing hormone

Front 74

PRH

Back 74

Prolactin releasing hormone - Causes anterior pituitary to release prolactin

Front 75

GHIH

Back 75

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone - causes anterior pituitary to decrease release of growth hormone

Front 76

PIH

Back 76

Prolactin inhibiting hormone - causes anterior pituitary to decrease release of prolactin

Front 77

What hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

Back 77

ADH and Oxytocin

Front 78

ADH

Back 78

Antidiuretic Hormone - secreted by Posterior pituitary - retains water in body

Front 79

How is ADH regulated?

Back 79

Osmoreceptors - detect change in osmolality(concentration of electrolytes in water- mainly sodium) in hypothalamus

Baroreceptors - in large arteries and heart, sense BP, if BP decreases, then ADH is secreted

Front 80

Oxytocin

Back 80

Released by posterior pituitary - stimulates mammary glands, uterine contractine, general sense of well being

Front 81

Hormone of the Anterior Pituitary (7)

Back 81

GH (somatotropin)
Thyriod stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropin hormone
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Prolactin

Front 82

Growth hormone

Back 82

-AKA somatotropin
-Stimulates breakdown of fats to be used as energy, stimulates glycogen production
-Glucose sparing
-Promotes bone and cartilage growth

Front 83

When is GH stimulated or inhibited

Back 83

Inhibited in response to high blodd glucose

Front 84

TSH

Back 84

TRH from hypothalamus causes release of TSH from anterior pituitary - causes secretion and storage of T3 and T4 from the thyroid

Front 85

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Back 85

-CRH -> ACTH from anterior pituitary
-Causes cortisol and aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex

Front 86

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

Back 86

From anterior pituitary - causes melanocytes to produce more melanin

Front 87

LH, FSH

Back 87

Luetinizing and follicle stimulating hormones
-Regulate production of gametes

Front 88

Prolactin

Back 88

Plays a roll in milk production - secreted from the anterior pituitary

Front 89

Thyroid Gland construction

Back 89

Made of follicle and parafollicular cells.

Front 90

Calcitonin

Back 90

Secreted by parafollicular cells in thyroid
Reduces Ca in blood by increasing activity of osteoclasts and inhibiting the activity of osteoblasts

Front 91

Hyperthyroidism

Back 91

Lots of T3 and T4 - high BP, high metabolism, hot

Front 92

Hypothyroidism

Back 92

Low BP, Low metabolic rate, gain weight, cold intolerance

Front 93

Parathyroid gland hormone

Back 93

Secretes Parathyroid hormone
-Increases blood calcium, stimulates osteaclasts, inhibits osteablasts, increases calcium retention in kidneys

Front 94

Where is the adrenal cortex?

Back 94

Outer portion of the adrenal gland

Front 95

Where is the adrenal medulla?

Back 95

inner portion of adrenal gland

Front 96

Hormones of the adrenal medulla

Back 96

-Epinephrine and norepinephrine
-Fight or flight - increases HR, BP, pulls blood from viscera to save it for skeletal muscles

Front 97

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex and functions

Back 97

Aldosterone (glomerulosa) - increases rate of sodium reabsorbtion in kidneys

Cortisol (fasciculota) - increases fat & protein breakdown, reduces number of WBCs

Androgens (reticularis) - Converted to testosterone

Front 98

Disorders of the adrenal gland

Back 98

Addison disease - low level of aldosterone - weakness and low BP

Cushing's syndrome - Hypersecretion of cortisol and aldosterone - fat tissue on face accumulation

Front 99

Pancreas is special because

Back 99

It is both an endocrine and exocrine gland

Front 100

Endocrine portion of the Pancreas is made of?

Back 100

Alpha cells - secrete glucagon
Beta cells - secrete insulin
Delta cells - secrete somatostatin

Front 101

Insulin

Back 101

Release by pancreas just after meal,

Increases uptake of glucose by cells

Front 102

Glucagon

Back 102

Released when blood glucose drops (4 hours after meal)

-Causes glycogen and fat breakdown in the liver for energy

Front 103

Hormones of the testes

Back 103

Testosterone - regulates sperm production, secondary sex chars

Front 104

Hormones of the ovaries

Back 104

Estrogen and progesterone - uterine and mammary stuffs, menstrual cycle

Inhibin - inhibits FSH

Relaxin - increases flexbility of the symphysis pubis

Front 105

Pineal body location and hormone

Back 105

Epithalamus - releases melatonin - regulates sleep/wake cycle

Front 106

Thymus gland hormone

Back 106

Produces thymosin - regulates development of immune system. Thymus shrinks as we age

Front 107

GI Tract hormones

Back 107

Several - regulate digestion and enzyme secretion

Front 108

Blood is what class of tissue?

Back 108

Connective

Front 109

Blood composition

Back 109

• Type of connective tissue, consisting of cells and cell fragments surround by liquid matrix (plasma)
• Formed elements make up 45% of total blood volume, plasma makes up 55%

Front 110

Functions of Blood

Back 110

• Transportofgases,nutrientsandwasteproducts;e.g. oxygen
• Transport of processed molecules; e.g., precursor of vitamin D from skin to liver then kidneys
• Transport of regulatory molecules; e.g., hormones
• RegulationofpHandosmosis(normalpHofmost body tissues between 7.35 and 7.45)
• Maintenance of body temperature; e.g., warm blood shunted to the interior of the body
• Protection against foreign substances; e.g., antibodies • Clotformation

Front 111

Discuss plasma proteins

Back 111

• Proteins:
– Albumins: viscosity, osmotic pressure, buffer, transports fatty acids, free bilirubin, thyroid hormones
– Globulins: transports lipids, carbohydrates, hormones, ions, antibodies, and complement
– Fibrinogen: blood clotting

Front 112

3 formed elements of blood

Back 112

Red blood cells (erythrocytes). • White blood cells (leukocytes)
• Platelets (thrombocytes). Cell fragment.

Front 113

Types of WBCs

Back 113

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes

Front 114

Define Hematopoiesis

Back 114

Process of blood cell production

Front 115

Types of stem cells, and what they develop into

Back 115

Proerythroblasts: Develop into red blood cells
– Myeloblasts: Develop into basophils,
neutrophils, eosinophils
– Lymphoblasts: Develop into lymphocytes
– Monoblasts: Develop into monocytes
– Megakaryoblasts: Develop into platelets

Front 116

Life span of red blood cell

Back 116

120 days

Front 117

EPO Hormone

Back 117

Erythropoietin, stimulates RBC formation, secreted by the kidney

Front 118

Discuss Neutrophils

Back 118

• Nucleus has 2-5 lobes.
• Usually remain in circulation for 10-12 hr and then move into tissues for phagocytosis
• They secrete lysozyme which kills certain bacteria
• They survive 1-2 days after leaving the blood

Front 119

Discuss Basophil

Back 119

• Least common 0.5-1.0 % of all WBC’s
• Contain large granules, stain blue or purple
• Leave circulation and migrate through tissues
• Promote inflammation, produce histamine and heparin.
• Increase in number in both allergic and inflammatory reactions

Front 120

Discuss Eosinophils

Back 120

• Make up 2-4 % of all WBC’s
• They contain cytoplasmic granules that stain bright red
• Have 2 big lobes
• They leave the blood to enter tissues during inflammatory reaction to reduce inflammation
• They release toxic chemicals that attack parasitic worms, such as tapeworms, hookworms

Front 121

Discuss Lymphocytes

Back 121

• Account for 20-25% of the WBC
• Produced in red bone marrow but then migrate to lymphatic tissues and proliferate.
• Are responsible for providing immunity

Front 122

Discuss Monocytes

Back 122

• Make up 3-8 % of all WBC’s, largest type of WBC
• Remain in blood for three days then enter into tissues where they become macrophages
• They release chemicals to stimulated chemotaxis
• They have the ability to present foreign antigens to lymphocytes

Front 123

3 kinds of WBC movement

Back 123

– Ameboid: pseudopods
– Diapedesis: cells become thin, elongate and move either between or through endothelial cells of capillaries
– Chemotaxis: attraction to and movement toward foreign materials or damaged cells. Accumulation of dead white cells and bacteria is pus.

Front 124

Discuss platelets

Back 124

• Cellfragmentspinchedofffrom megakaryocytes in red bone marrow
• Surfaceglycoproteinsandproteins allow adhesion to other molecules; i.e., collagen
• Important in preventing blood loss
– Platelet plugs
– Promoting formation and contraction of clots

Front 125

Discuss Hemostasis

Back 125

• The process of stop bleeding; important in maintaining homeostasis
– Vascular spasm: Vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels.
– Platelet plug formation:
– Coagulation or blood clotting

Front 126

What kind of protein is responsible for clot dissolution?

Back 126

plasmin, an enzyme which hydrolyzes fibrin

Front 127

Blood Types (ABO Blood Groups)

Back 127

• Antigens that determine blood type: A,B, and Rh
Type A: RBC’s have A antigen Type B: RBC’s have B antigens Type AB: RBC’s have both A and B antigen
Type O: RBC have neither A nor B antigens

Front 128

Types of antibodies in blood against other blood types

Back 128

• Type A: Plasma has anti-B antibodies
• Type B: Plasma has anti-A antibodies
• Type AB: Plasma has neither anti-A nor Anti-B antibodies
• Type O: Plasma has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

Front 129

Discuss Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

Back 129

– Rh positive fetus,Rh negative mother.
-Second pregnancy mother may attack the fetal RBCs

Front 130

Hemoglobin Measurement:

Back 130

For a male, 14-18, female 12-16 g/100 mL

Front 131

Hematocrit Measurement

Back 131

percent of blood that is RBCs, Males: 40-54% and females: 38-47%

Front 132

Differential White Blood Count

Back 132

determines percentage of each of the five types of WBC