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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Matter
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Anything that has mass and takes up space
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States of matter
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-Solid: definite shape and volume
-Liquid: definite volume, changeable shape -Gas: changeable shape and volume |
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Energy
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The capacity to do work
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Types pf energy
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-Kinetic: energy in action
-Potential: energy of position; stored energy |
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Forms of energy
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-Chemical: stored in the bonds of chemical substances
-Electrical: results from the movement of charged particles -Mechanical: directly involved in moving matter -Radiant or electromagnetic: enregy traveling in waves (visible light, x-rays) |
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Elements
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Unique substances that cannot be broken down by any ordinary chemical means
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Atoms
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More-or-less identical building blocks for each element
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What determines the unique properties of each element?
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The different numbers of protons, neurons and electrons in each element.
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How many elements occur in nature?
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92
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How many elements are known?
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112
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Atomic number?
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The number of protons in its nucleus and is marked as a subscript on the left of its atomic symbol
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Since the numbet of protons is equal to the number of electrons the atomic number also tells us the number of what?
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Electrons
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Mass number?
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The sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons
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How can you find out the number of neutrons?
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Mass number minus atomic number
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Isotopes
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Have the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons
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Radioisotopes
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The atoms of heavier isotopes are unstable and decompose spontaneously into more stable forms. Isotopes w radioactive behavior
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Molecule
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Two or more atoms combined together w chemical bonds
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Compound
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Two or more atoms of different elements combining chemically. All of their molecules are identical
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3 basic types of mixtures
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- solution
- colloid - suspension |
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Solutions
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- are homogenous
- composed from a solute and a solvent |
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Solute
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The substance being dissolved ex. salt
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Solvent
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The substance doing the solving ex. water
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Homogenous
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Exactly the same composition thru out
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Heterogenous
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The composition is dissimilar at different spots
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Colloids
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- emulsions that appear translucent or milky
- Heterogenous - have sol-gel transformation properties |
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Suspensions
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- heterogneous mixtures
- with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out over time |
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Differences between mixtures and compounds
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- no chemical bonding in mixtures
- conponents of mixtures can be separated by chemical means - mixtures can be both; homogenous and heterogenous, but compounds are always homogenous |
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Nonpolar molecules
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The electrons are shared equally between the atoms of the molecule
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Polar molecule
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Unequal sharing of electrons
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Electronegativity
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Atoms w six or seven valence shell electrons --> strongly attracting other electrons
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Electropositivity
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Atoms w only a few electrons on their valence shell --> will usually lose the electrons
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Hydrogen bonds
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These bonds form when hydrogen atom, already covalently linked to a electronegative atom, is attracted by another electron-hungry atom, so that a "bridge" forms between them.
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