Anatomy

Front 1

endocrine gland

Back 1

any of various glands, as the thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands, that secrete certain substances or hormones directly into the blood or lymph; ductless gland.

Front 2

hormone

Back 2

any of various internally secreted compounds, as insulin or thyroxine, formed in endocrine glands, that affect the functions of specifically receptive organs or tissues when transported to them by the body fluids.

Front 3

turk's saddle

Back 3

sella turcica

The "rider" in the sella turcica is the pituitary gland

Front 4

epinephrine

Back 4

a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla upon stimulation by the central nervous system in response to stress, as anger or fear, and acting to increase heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, and carbohydrate metabolism.

Front 5

pituitary gland

Back 5

A small oval endocrine gland attached to the base of the vertebrate brain and consisting of an anterior and a posterior lobe, the secretions of which control the other endocrine glands and influence growth, metabolism, and maturation. Also called hypophysis, pituitary body.

Front 6

hypothalamus

Back 6

The part of the brain that lies below the thalamus, forming the major portion of the ventral region of the diencephalon and functioning to regulate bodily temperature, certain metabolic processes, and other autonomic activities.

Front 7

Addison's Disease

Back 7

a disease characterized by asthenia, low blood pressure, and a brownish coloration of the skin, due to decreased secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex, resulting in hypoadrenalism.

Front 8

HGH

Back 8

human growth hormone.

Front 9

ACTH

Back 9

A hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates the secretion of cortisone and other hormones by the adrenal cortex. Also called adrenocorticotropin, corticotropin.

Front 10

second messenger

Back 10

best example: cyclic AMP

any of various intracellular chemical substances, as cyclic AMP, that transmit and amplify the messages delivered by a first messenger to specific receptors on the cell surface.

Front 11

coritsol

Back 11

one of several steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and resembling cortisone in its action.

Front 12

Olfactory bulb

Back 12

the enlarged terminal part of each olfactory lobe from which the olfactory nerve originates.

Front 13

limbic system

Back 13

ring of interconnected structures in the midline of the brain around the hypothalamus, involved with emotion and memory and with homeostatic regulatory systems.

Front 14

Olfactory neurons

Back 14

the primary transduction cell in the olfactory system

Front 15

cribriform plate

Back 15

the horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone perforated with numerous foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerve filaments from the nasal cavity called also lamina cribrosa

Front 16

gustatory cells

Back 16

an epithelial cell in a taste bud that activates sensory fibers of the facial nerve or the glossopharyngeal nerve or the vagus nerve [syn: taste cell]

Front 17

fibrous tunic =Sclera

Back 17

a dense, white, fibrous membrane that, with the cornea, forms the external covering of the eyeball.

Front 18

cornea

Back 18

the transparent anterior part of the external coat of the eye covering the iris and the pupil and continuous with the sclera.

Front 19

vascular tunic =choroid

Back 19

a pigmented, highly vascular membrane of the eye that is continuous with the iris and lies between the sclera and the retina, functioning to nourish the retina and absorb scattered light.

Front 20

ciliary body

Back 20

the part of the tunic of the eye, between the choroid coat and the iris, consisting chiefly of the ciliary muscle and the ciliary processes.

Front 21

iris

Back 21

the contractile, circular diaphragm forming the colored portion of the eye and containing a circular opening, the pupil, in its center.

Front 22

retina

Back 22

A delicate, multilayered, light-sensitive membrane lining the inner eyeball and connected by the optic nerve to the brain.

Front 23

rods

Back 23

numerous type of photoreceptor in the eye, they are sensitive to light, but do not interpret color.

Front 24

cones

Back 24

less numerous photoreceptor than the rods, but they are the providers of the color sensitivity in the eye.

Front 25

bipolar cells

Back 25

A neuron having two processes.

Front 26

horizontal cells

Back 26

any of the retinal neurons whose axons pass along a course in the plexiform layer following the contour of the retina and whose dendrites synapse with the rods and cones

Front 27

ganglion cells

Back 27

A neuron having its cell body outside the central nervous system. Also called gangliocyte.

Front 28

geniculate nucleus of thalamus

Back 28

a part of the brain, which is the primary processor of visual information, received from the retina, in the central nervous system.

Front 29

iris constrictor and dilator

Back 29

muscles in the eye that contrict and dilate the eyes, allowing more or less light in.

Front 30

Rhodopsin

Back 30

a bright-red photosensitive pigment found in the rod-shaped cells of the retina of certain fishes and most higher vertebrates: it is broken down by the action of dim light into retinal and opsin.

Front 31

retinene

Back 31

an orange pigment, C20H28O, that is the active component of rhodopsin and is liberated upon the absorption of light in the vision cycle; vitamin A aldehyde.

Front 32

optic chiasma

Back 32

a site at the base of the forebrain where the inner half of the fibers of the left and right optic nerves cross to the opposite side of the brain.

Front 33

Near and far focus

Back 33

Ciliary Muscles relax for near vision, tens for far vision

Front 34

Fovea, blind spot

Back 34

spot in vision where you cannot see peripherally. There is one in each eye

Front 35

photobleaching

Back 35

Light induced change in a chromophore, resulting in the loss of its absorption of light of a particular wavelength. A problem in fluorescence microscopy where prolonged illumination leads to progressive fading of the emitted light because less of the exciting wavelength is being absorbed.

Front 36

HYPERPOLARIZATION of rods and cones

Back 36

A negative shift in a cells resting potential (which is normally negative), thus making it numerically larger i.e. More polarized.

Front 37

Nerves/Muscles of the eye

Back 37

Superior Oblique - Trochlear (IV)

Lateral Rectus - Abducens (VI)

Superior Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Medial Rectus, Inferior Oblique - Oculomotor (III)

Front 38

Tympanum

Back 38

Middle Ear, Eardrum

Front 39

pinna

Back 39

the projecting outer portion of the ear

Front 40

auditory (eustachian)tube

Back 40

a canal extending from the middle ear to the pharynx; auditory canal.

Front 41

Malleus

Back 41

The hammer-shaped bone that is the outermost of the three small bones in the mammalian middle ear. Also called hammer.

Front 42

incus

Back 42

An anvil-shaped bone between the malleus and the stapes in the mammalian middle ear. Also called anvil.

Front 43

stapes

Back 43

The innermost of the three small bones of the middle ear, shaped somewhat like a stirrup. Also called stirrup.

Front 44

stapedius

Back 44

a small muscle of the middle ear that arises from the wall of the tympanum, is inserted into the neck of the stapes by a tendon that sometimes contains a slender spine of bone, and serves to check and dampen vibration of the stapes called also stapedius muscle

Front 45

tensor tympani

Back 45

a small muscle of the middle ear that is located in the bony canal just above the bony part of the eustachian tube, that arises from the canal containing it, from the cartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube, and from the adjacent greater wing of the sphenoid bone, that is inserted by a long tendon into the manubrium of the malleus near its base, and that serves to adjust the tension of the tympanic membrane called also tensor tympani muscle

Front 46

stereo cilia

Back 46

the general hair cells

Front 47

KINO cilium

Back 47

The big hair cell

Front 48

cochlea

Back 48

A spiral-shaped cavity of the inner ear that resembles a snail shell and contains nerve endings essential for hearing.

Front 49

tectorial membrane

Back 49

a membrane having the consistency of jelly that covers the surface of the organ of Corti

Front 50

basilar membrane

Back 50

a supporting membrane, esp. the membrane that supports the organ of Corti in the ear and aids in translating sound vibrations into electrical signals.

Front 51

hair cell Cilia of hair cell

Back 51

an epithelial cell having hairlike processes, as that of the organ of Corti.

Front 52

Accoustic Nerve #

Back 52

8

Front 53

Utricle

Back 53

the larger of two sacs in the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear. Compare saccule

Front 54

saccule

Back 54

the smaller of two sacs in the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear. Compare utricle

Front 55

otoliths

Back 55

One of many minute calcareous particles found in the inner ear of vertebrates and in the statocysts of many invertebrates. Also called statolith.

Front 56

semicircular canals

Back 56

any of the three curved tubular canals in the labyrinth of the ear, associated with the sense of equilibrium.

Front 57

cupulas of gel embedded hair cells

Back 57

the bony apex of the cochlea

Front 58

endolymph

Back 58

the fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth of the ear.