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685 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What controls the homeostasis of the brain?
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Hypothalamus
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What is the most caudal portion of the brainstem?
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Medulla oblongata
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The midbrain sits between the ______ and _____
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Diencephalon
Pons |
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The cerebral aqueduct sits in the _____
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Midbrain
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What structures make up the brain stem?
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Midbrain
Pons Medulla oblongata |
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What ventricles does the cerebral aqueduct connect?
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3rd and 4th
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What structures does the midbrain have?
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Cerebral peduncle
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Are the cerebral peduncles ascending or descending neural tracts?
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Ascending and descending
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The cerebral peduncles convey impulses from _____ to the ______ and reverse
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Cerebral cortex
Spinal |
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Tracts in the CNS are equivalent to _______ in the PNS
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Nerves
(When leave CNS become nerves) |
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Are tracts white or gray matter?
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White
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How many rounded eminences are the copora quadrigemina?
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Four
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Is the corpora quadrigemina in the dorsal or caudal portion of the midbrain?
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Dorsal
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Is the corpora quadrigemina posterior or anterior to the cerebral aqueduct?
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Posterior
(Just behind it) |
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The thalamus is part of what?
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Diencephalon
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The top two corpora quadrigemina are called what?
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Superior colliculi
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The bottom two corpora quadrigemina are called what?
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Inferior Colliculi
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What are the arrows pointing to?
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Cerebral peduncle
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What is A pointing to?
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Pineal Body
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What is B pointing to?
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Thalamus
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What is C pointing to?
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Superior Coliculli
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What is D pointing to?
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Inferior Coliculli
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What is E pointing to?
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Trochlear Nerve
(Very small and delicate) |
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Superior colliculi is the relfex center for movement of what? In response to what?
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Movement of:
Eyeballs Head In response to: Visual and other stimuli |
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Superior colliculi coordinate movemetns for ______ tracking
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Visual
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The inferior colliculi are reflex centers for movements of what?
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Head and trunk
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What does the inferior colliculi move for what stimuli?
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Auditory stimuli
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Why is the superior colliculi so much larger than inferior in big horn ram?
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Visual tracking is very important for the ram to stay upright and run away from danger because it lives on rocky inclines.
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What are the superior cerebellar peduncle?
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Neural tracts
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What do the superior cerebellar peduncle connect?
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Cerebellum to midbrain
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What is the arrow pointing to?
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Superior cerebellar peduncle
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What is the arrow pointing to?
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Superior cerebellar peduncle
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What is the primary function of the pons?
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Relay station for cerebrum to cerebellum (medulla to thalamus)
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What does the pons relay signals to and from?
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Cerebrum to cerebellum
(Medulla to thalamus) |
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What is "pons" latin for?
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"Bridge"
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What are the nuclei of the pons involved with?
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Sleep
Breathing Hearing Equilibrium |
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Are the middle cerebellar peduncles white or gray matter tracts?
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White
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What does the middle cerebellar peduncles connect?
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Pons with the cerebellum
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What is the arrow pointing to?
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Middle cerebellar peduncle
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What structures are the medulla oblongata located between?
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Spinal cord and pons
(Transition into the spinal cord) |
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The medulla oblongata is a continuation of what?
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The spinal cord
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Does the spinal cord form the inferior or anterior part of the brain stem?
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Posterior
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What are the structures found on the medulla oblongata?
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Pyramids
Olives |
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What are the pyramids?
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Ridges on the ventral surface containing tracts from the cerebral cortex?
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What are the olives?
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Nuclei rely information from the spinal cord, cerebral cortex, diencephaon and brain stem to the cerebellum
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What is the red arrow pointing to?
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Olive
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What is the blue arrow pointing to?
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Pyramids
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Where does motor command begin?
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In precentral gyrus
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Where does motor command go after it is started in the precentral gyrus?
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Projected down brain through the internal capsule
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What is A?
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Internal Capsule
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What is B?
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Cerebral Peduncle
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What is C?
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Pyramid
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What is D
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Decussation of pyramid
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The inferior cerebellar peduncles are fibers tracts that connect what two structures?
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Medulla to cerebellum
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Is the inferior cerebellar peduncles ascending or descending tracts?
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Ascending
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What is the center for many cranial nerves?
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Inferior cerebellar peduncles
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Where does the vagus nerve move to?
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From neck and innervates many large vessels
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What is the vagus nerve important for?
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Many basic functions
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What is A?
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Superior cerebellar peduncle
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What is B pointing to?
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Inferior cerebellar peduncle
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What is C pointing to?
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Middle cerebellar peduncle
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What nerve is D pointing to?
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Trigeminal N.
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What nerve is E pointing to?
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Vestibulocochlear nerve
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What nerve is F pointing to?
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Facial nerve
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What is G pointing to?
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Olive
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What nerve is the green arrow pointing to?
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Vagus Nerve
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What systems does the vagus nerve control?
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Heart
Lungs GI tract Larynx/pharynx |
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The medulla oblongata is an ______ reflex center
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Autonomic
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What is the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata?
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*Cardiac center adjusts force and rate of heart contraction
*Vasomotor center adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood pressure regulation |
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What does the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata do?
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*Generate respiratory rhythem
*Control rate and depth of breathing, with pontine centers (along with pons) |
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What do the additional centers of the medulla oblongata regulate?
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*Vomit
*Hiccup *Swallow *Cough *Sneeze |
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Is the cerebellum anterior or posterior to the pons?
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Posterior
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What fissure separates the cerebellum from temporal and occipital lobes?
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Transverse fissure
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What structure lies in the transverse fissure (diving the cerebellum from temporal and occipital lobes)
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Tentorium cerebelli
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What is the relative size (compared to brain mass) of the cerebellum?
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11% of brain mass
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Where is the cerebellum located?
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Dorsal to the pons and medulla
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How many hemispheres are connected by the vermis?
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Two
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How many lobes are in the cerebellum?
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Three lobes
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What are the lobes of the cerebellum?
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Anterior
Posterior Flocculonodular |
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What is the folia of the cerebellum?
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Transversely oriented gyri
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What is the arbor vitae of the cerebellum?
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Distinctive treelike pattern of the cerebellar white matter
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What kind of view allows you to see the arbor vitae of the cerebellum?
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Sagittal
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What lobe is A pointing to?
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Flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum
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What lobe is B pointing to?
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Posterior lobe of the cerebellum
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What lobe is C pointing to?
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Anterior lobe of the cerebellum
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The outer cortex of gray matter present in the cerebellum is composed primarily of ______
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Neuron cell bodies
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The cerebellar cortex is gray or white matter?
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Gray
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is the cerebellar cortex deep or superficial
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Superficial
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Does the cerebellar cortex have few or many dendrites and cell bodies
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Many
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Is the arbor vitae white or gray matter?
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White
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Is the arbor vitae tracts?
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Yes
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What structures does the superior cerebellar peduncles connect with the cerebellum?
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Midbrain
Diecephalon Cerebrum |
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What structures does the middle cerebellar peduncles connect with the cerebellum?
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Pons
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What structures does the middle cerebellar peduncles connect iwth the cerebellum?
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Pons
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What structures does the inferior cerebellar peduncles connect with the cerebellum?
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Medulla oblongata and spinal cord
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Are fibers in the cerebellum ipsilateral or contralateral?
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Ipsilateral
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Do fibers cross in cerebum or in the cerebellum or both?
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Cerebrum
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What are the overall functions of the cerebellum?
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Subconcious
Timing Pattern of muscle action "coordination" |
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What is another word for the vestibulocerebellum?
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Flocculonodular lobe
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What does the vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)
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*Receives input from the equilibrium apparatus and visual pathways (Matches with motor output)
*Control posture to maintain balance |
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What are the medial and intermediate parts of each hemisphere of the cerebellum?
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Vermis and hemispheres
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What do the vermis and hemispehres of the cerebllum do?
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Coordinate movement of limbs
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Does the medial and interemediate parts of each hemisphere of the cerebellum have separate or overlapping sensory and motor maps?
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Overlapping
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How many overlapping sensory and motor maps does the cerebellum have in the anterior lobe? How about in the posterior lobe?
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Anterior: One
Posterior: Two |
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What does the overlapping sensory map of the cerebellum look like?
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If there is damage to the vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular) what happens?
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Equilibrium disturbed
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What is implicated in the damage of the vestibulocerebellum?
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Severe motion sickness
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If there is damage to the lateral cerebellum what happens?
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Lack of orderly progression between movements
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What is an example of what happens where is a damage to the lateral cerebellum?
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Unable to run/walk/talk correctly
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If damage to medial and interemdiate areas of the cerebellum cause what? (IE Vermis)
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Ataxia or lack of coordinated muscle control
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If there is damage to medial and intermediate areas of the cerebellum does it cause slow or fast tentative movements?
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Slow
(Overshoot) |
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What can't one do if there is damage to medial and interemediate areas of the cerebellum (IE vermis)?
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Can't touch nose with eyes closed
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What is the terminal end of the spinal cord called?
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Conus medullaris
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What is the filum terminale?
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Connective tissue that goes down to the sacrum
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What is the cauda equina?
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At the end of the cord --> lots of spinal nerves that fan out
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Is the spinal cord only a highway for information?
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no
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What does the spinal cord do?
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*It is a highway for information
*Integrates and processes information |
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What allows for the protection of the spinal cord?
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*Bone and meninges
*Cushion of fat and a network of veins in the epidural space between the vertebrae and spinal dura mater *CSF in subarachnoid space |
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What are meninges used for?
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Protection
Physical stability Shock absorption |
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What are the three meninges?
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Dura mater (Outer layer)
Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater (Next to spinal cord) |
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What is cerebral spinal fluid used for?
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Shock absorber
Diffusion medium for dissolved gasses Nutrients Chemical messengers Waste products |
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Where do spinal taps occur?
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L4/L5
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What is A pointing to?
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Conus medullaris
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What is B pointing to?
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Cauda equina
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What is C pointing to?
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Sacral hiatus
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What sort of puncture is 1?
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Epidural
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What does an epidural puncture mean?
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It does not penetrate dura
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What is an epidural puncture used for?
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Anesthesia
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What sort of puncture is number 2?
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Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)
Subdural --> Needle penetrate dura, witdraw CSF between L3/L4 [Goes through the dura matter] |
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What sort of puncture is number 3?
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Epidural via sacral hiatus (anesthesia)
put needle through the dura to get a measure of cerebrospinal fluid |
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Why is the spinal tap and anesthesia in the lumbar area?
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*More room/space
*Lumbar allows numbness in the lower extremity instead of in the cervical which would give numbness in the whole body |
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What happens to the spinal cord as a baby is maturing in the womb?
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The spinal cords keeps creeping up (because in the beginning it is completely attached to the sacral region)
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What positon does your lumbar sine need to be in for a spinal tap?
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Flexion (bent forward)
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Where is cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) obtained, where does the needle have to be inserted?
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Obtained by inserting a needle into the lumber cistern between 3rd/4th or 4th/5th lumbar spinous rpocesses
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What is A pointing to?
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Conus medullaris
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What is B pointing to?
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Cauda equina
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Cauda equina is what?
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Collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal
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What is C pointing to?
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Filum Terminale
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What is A pointing to?
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Conus medullaris
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What is B pointing to?
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Cauda Equina
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What is C pointing to?
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Filum terminale
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What is the filum terminale used for?
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Fibrous extension from conus medullaris; anchors the spinal cord the coccyx
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Is the dorsal root a sensory or motor nerve?
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Sensory
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Is the sensory nerve afferent or efferent?
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Afferent
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What pathway does the sensory nerve move from using skin and spinal cord?
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Skin --> spinal cord
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Where are the cell bodies of the dorsal root located?
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Within the dorsal root ganglion
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Dorsal horn has sensory or motor nuclei that recieve and process the received information
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Sensory
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The dorsal rami innervates the muscles and skin of the back?
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Yes
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Is the ventral root a motor or sensory nerve?
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Motor
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Is the motor nerve efferent or afferent?
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Efferent
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What sort of pathway does the motor nerve have based upon spinal cord and skeletal muscle?
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Spinal cord --> Skeletal muscle
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Cell bodies of the ventral root (motor nerve) are found where?
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Ventral horn
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What does the ventral rami do?
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Innervates the lateral and ventral skin of the trunk and muscles of trunk and limbs
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What is the wiring diagram of electrical signals between these structures?
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The lateral horn houses the ______ neurons innervating _____ and _____ organs
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Autonomic
Visceral Pelvic |
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What are spinal nerves
|
dorsal and ventral root together
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Spinal nerves mix together to form what?
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Mixed nerve
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The spinal nerves emerge from what?
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Intervertebral foramen
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What do the spinal nerves divide into after they emerge fro mthe inervertebral foramen?
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Dorsal ramus
Ventral ramus |
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What are the two types of tracts found in the dorsal column-medial lemiscal system
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1) Fasciculus Gracilis
2) Fasciculus Cuneatus |
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What is the pathway of the fasciculus gracilis tract of the dorsal column-medial lemiscal system
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[Lower limb]
1) Goes through the gracile fasciculli of the dorsal column 2) Then moves to the gracile nucleus 3) Decassations at the internal arcuate fibers 4) Then has the medial lemniscus 5) Synapses on the ventral posteriolateral nucleus of the thalamus 6) Goes and synapses with the postcentral gyrus of the cortex |
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What is the pathways for the fasciculus cuneatus tract of the dorsal column-medial lemiscal system
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1) Goes from the upper limb
2) Dorsal root ganglion 3) Then cuneatus fasciculli 4) then goes thorugh the cuneate nucleus 5) Then decassation through the internal arcuate fibers 6) Moves through the medial lemniscus 7) Synapses on the ventral posteriolateral nucleus of the thalamus 8) Then synapses on the postcentral gyrus of cortex (primary sensory area of the brain) |
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What is the dorsal column medial leminiscus pathway used for?
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Fine touch and propioception
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What is the spinothalamic tract pathway used for?
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Pain, temperature and crude touch
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What is the anterior corticospinal tract used for?
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Axial muscle control
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What is the lateral corticospinal tract used for?
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Limb muscle control
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What is the dorsal column --> medial leminiscus pathway used for?
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Fine touch
and Propioception |
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What does the dorsal column-medial lemiscal system look like?
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What does the anterolateral-system look like?
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What does the somatic pathway of the spinal nerve look like?
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What are somatic sensations?
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*Touch
*Pain *Temperature *Pressure *Proprioception (Joints and muscles) |
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What are somatic motor activity?
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Innervates skeletal muscles
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Does somatic pathways have mixed spinal nerves?
|
Yes
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What is the terriroty of the dorsal rami?
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Everything else, but head, innervated by ventral rami
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What are the autonomic sensory and motor nerves?
|
Sympathetic fibers
Parasympathetic fibers |
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What is the cervical level of the spinal cord like?
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Wide flat cord, lots of white matter, ventral horn enlargements
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How much white matter is in the cerevical level of the spinal cord?
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Lots
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What are the ventral horns of the cervial like?
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Enlarged
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What extra cell column is found in the throacic level of the spinal cord?
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Lateral horn (Intermediolateral cell column)
[Pointed tips which stick out between the small dorsal and ventral horns] |
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Where are the lateral horn found?
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Sections T1-L2
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What are the lateral horn?
|
Source of all of the sympathetics in the body
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What kind of cord is found in the lumbar level of the spinal cord?
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Round cord
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What are the ventral horn of the lumbar level of the spinal cord like?
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Enlarged
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What size and shape is the cord of the sacral level?
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Small and round
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What type of signal does the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system transmit?
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*Touch (fine)
*Vibration *Skin movements *Joint proprioception *Pressure (fine) |
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What type of signals does the anterolateral-system transmit?
|
*Pain
*Thermal (warm/cold) *Touch (Crude) *Pressure (Crude) *Tickle and itch *Sexual sensations |
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What types of signals does the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract transmit?
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Voluntary motor function
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What two tracts does the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract have?
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*Anterior corticospinal tract
*Lateral corticospinal tract |
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Where does the anterior corticospinal tract cross?
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At the level of the spinal nerve it innervates
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Where does the lateral corticospinal tract cross?
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At the decussation of the pyramids
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What does the corticospianl (pyramidal) tract look like?
|
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What is A?
|
Pyramid
|
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What is B?
|
Decussatin of the pyramids?
|
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What is the decussatation of the pyramids do
|
Where most bundles cross
|
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What is C
|
Lateral corticospinal tract
|
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What is D?
|
Ventral corticospinal tract
|
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What is A?
|
Posterior horn of grey matter
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What is B?
|
Posterior rootlets
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What is C?
|
Posterior root (with spinal ganglion)
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What is D?
|
Spinal nerve
|
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What is E?
|
Posterior ramus
|
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What is F?
|
Anterior Ramus
|
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What is G?
|
Sympathetic Ganglion
|
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What is H ?
|
Anterior root
|
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What is I?
|
Anterior rootlets
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What is J
|
Anterior horn of grey matter
|
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What is the wiring diagram showing the direction of electrical signal between various spinal cord structures?
|
Blue = Afferent (Sensory)
Red = Efferent (Motor) |
|
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What do signals pass through to get from the BACK to the SPINAL NERVE
|
Dorsal ramus
|
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What does the signal go through to get from the BODY WALL AND LIMBS to the SPINAL NERVE and vice versa?
|
Ventral Ramus
|
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What does the signal go through to get from the THROACIC AND LUMBAR to the SPINAL NERVE?
|
Rami Communicantes
|
|
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What direction do signals travel starting from the spinal nerve?
|
Spinal nerve -> Dorsal root -> Cord (Afferant)
Cord -> Ventral root -> Spinal nerve (Efferent) |
|
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Does the dorsal root contain axons of somatic, visceral or both neurons?
|
Both
|
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Does the dorsal root contain axons of both someatic and visceral sensory or motor neruon?
|
Sensory
|
|
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Where are the cell bodies of the dorsal root found in?
|
The dorsal root ganglion
|
|
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Does the ventral root contain the axons of the somatic, visceral or both neurons?
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Both
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Does the ventral root contain the axons of somatic and visceral motor or sensory neurons?
|
Motor
|
|
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What do the motor neurosn of the ventral root control?
|
Peripheral effectors
|
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What are the somtic neurons used for?
|
Volutnary movement
|
|
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What are visceral neurons used for?
|
Organs
|
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The dorsal ramus supplies sensory information from and motor information to what?
|
Muscles and back
|
|
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The ventral ramus suppleis the wat body surface?
|
Ventrolateral body surface (surfaces in body wall and limbs)
|
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What does the rami communicantes supply?
|
Autonomic ganglion
|
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What does the rami communicantes supplyautonomic ganglion with?
|
Visceral fibers
|
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A ganglion in the peripheral nervous system is equivalent to the ________ in the CNS
|
Nucleus
(Collection of cell bodies) |
|
|
What kind of rami is the brachial plexus?
|
All ventral rami
|
|
|
What is the structure of the spinal nerves of the dorsal and ventral rami?
|
Mixed spinal nerves
|
|
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What does the dorsal rami innervate?
|
Innervates the back (everuthing except the head)
|
|
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What are autonomic sensory and motor nerves/
|
Sympathetic fibers
Parasympathetic fibers |
|
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Is the ramus communicans visceral in nature?
|
Yes
|
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How many total bones in the spinal column?
|
29
|
|
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How many different types of vertebra does the spinal canal have?
|
4
|
|
|
What are the different types of vertebra that the spinal canal has?
|
*Cervical
*Thoracic *Lumbar *Sacral *Coccyx |
|
|
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
|
7
|
|
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How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
|
12
|
|
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How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
|
5
|
|
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How many sacral vertebrae are there?
|
5
|
|
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Are sacral vertebrae fused in the baby or in the adult?
|
Adult
|
|
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How many segments does the spinal cord have?
|
31
|
|
|
eAch segment of the spinal cord has what?
|
Spinal nerves
|
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|
How many cervical nerves are there?
|
8
|
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|
Why are there 8 cervical nerves and not 7
|
Because the very first spinal nerve emerges above the first cervical vertebrae, and everything after emerges under
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Is there a nerve for the coccygeal?
|
Yes
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The dermatome is an area of the ______ innervated by a single pair of __________
|
*Skin
*Spinal nerves (sensory) |
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The myotome is a group of _______ primarily innervated by a single pair of _________
|
*Muscles
*Spinal nerves [Motor output] |
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What are dermatome maps used for?
|
A tool to mapout deficits (map of sensory innervation)
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What are dermatome maps based on?
|
Clinical findings of deficits in cutaneous sensation
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What are dermatome maps used for?
|
Diagnostic aids
(Localization of lesions to cord levels) |
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What are the limits of dermatome maps?
|
Specificity due to the overlap of dermatomes
(There are smudging of the dermatome overlap, so there is no clear pattern) Lots of the fine nerve endings have overlap |
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Is the dermatomes a single or multiple spinal nerve?
|
Single
|
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What are peripheral nerves?
|
Multiple spinal nerves from different cord levels
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What is the plexus formation
|
Mixing of nerves from different cord levels by union and divison of bundles
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What is an example of a named peripheral nerve?
|
Radial nerve
Receives fibers from spinal nerves from five different cord levels (all cord levels of the brachial plexus) |
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For this radial nerve, if there was damage to C7 would all components of the radial nerve be gone>
|
No, some components of the radial nerve would still function
|
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For shingles, what is special about the skin rashes?
|
They develop at very specific levels
|
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For shingles, the chicken pox virus (varicella) infects what
|
Dorsal root ganglia
[resides there dormant] |
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|
Once the chicken pox virus that is infecting the dorsal root ganglia is activated what happens?
|
Travels along afferent axons to skin where it forms very painful rash (out to cutaneous branches and goes along the dermatome)
Very typical dermatomal presentation Shingles |
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Are there more nerves in the cervial vertebrae or the lumbar vertebrae?
|
Cervical (Needs to have more for all upper limbs)
|
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Why are there more gray matter in the cervical and lumbar segments?
|
Because needs to innervate the extremities
Cervical for arms Lumbar for legs |
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Why are there more white matter in the lower segments of the spinal cord?
|
Because the cervial has the most tracts (most white matter); all of the tracts start in the cervical and the lower ones don't need to have all the tracts going through.
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Where are the enlargements of the spinal cord found?
|
Cervical
Lumbar |
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What does a general representation of gray/white matter of all the levels of the spinal cord look like?
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|
The amount of white matter ________ gradually in the caudal direction. Why?
|
Decreases
Because the long ascending and descending fiber tracts contain fewer axons at successively more caudal levels of the spinal cord |
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What are the white matter distribution in a single spinal cord?
|
|
|
Where would this be found?
|
Throacic
Because, Has lots of white matter Has a lateral horn (Which we only see from T1 -> L20 |
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What is gray matter a mixture of?
|
Neuron cell bodies, interneurons and neuroglia
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What do the anterior (ventral) horns of the grey matter contain?
|
Contain cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons, whose axons are carried via the ventral roots
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The anterior (ventral) horns of gray matter are the motor or sensory part of the grey matter?
|
Motor
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What do the anterior (ventral) horns of the grey matter allow for?
|
Volutnary control of skeletal muscle
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What do the posterior (dorsal) horns of the grey matter contain?
|
Interneurons
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Where od the posterior (dorsal) horn of the grey matter's interneurons lie between?
|
Lie between sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways
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Are the posterior (dorsal) horn of the grey matter the sensory or motor portion of the grey matter?
|
Sensory
|
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What do the lateral horns of grey matter contain?
|
Autonomic motor neurons that innvervate the visceral organs, axons are carried within the ventral roots
|
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|
What do the cell bodies of the lateral horns allow for?
|
Visceral control
|
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|
What are the horns of grey matter?
|
*Anterior (lateral) horn
*Posterior (Dorsal) horn *Lateral horn |
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|
The gray matter of the spinal cord can be divided functionally into:
|
*Somatic sensory
*Visceral sensory *Visceral motor *Somatic motor |
|
Is A for somatic or visceral?
|
Somatic
|
|
Is B for somatic or visceral?
|
Visceral
|
|
Is C for somatic or visceral?
|
Visceral
|
|
Is D for somatic or visceral
|
Somatic
|
|
|
What is poliomyelitis?
|
*Destruction of the ventral horn motor neurons by the poliovirus
*Muscles atropy *Death may occur due to paralysis of respiratory msucles Continued degradation of cell bodies (including losing to msucle that helped breathe) There is a loss of gray matter of the ventral horn between the L and R halves. If lost, the cell body of the ventral horn would lose motor function and the arm controlled by that side would be smaller because of the lost motor output. |
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|
What would the disruption of ventral horn cells (efferent) neurons cause?
|
Paralysis and muscle atrophy
|
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|
What muscles are controleld by the levels of C1-C3?
|
*Sternocleidomastoid
*Upper traps *1/3 of diaphragm |
|
|
What are the movements provided by the C1-C3 injury
|
*Neck movement
*Shoulder shrug *Weak breathing |
|
|
What are the muscles that have to do with C4?
|
*2/3 of diaphragm
* Levator scapluae |
|
|
What are the movement provided by the C4?
|
Abdominal breathing
|
|
|
What are the muscles for C5?
|
*Rhomboids
*Serratus Anterior *Deltoid *Rotator Cuff, Pectolaris major, biceps brachil, Brachioradalis |
|
|
What does the C5 provide movement of?
|
Movement of arm (humerus)
|
|
|
What muscles does the C6-C7 have to do with?
|
*Pectoralis major
*Latissimus dorsi extensor carpiradialis *Ulnaris *Triceps |
|
|
What movement does C6-C7 provide?
|
*Bend wrist (extension/flexion)
*Strengthen the elbow (Extension) |
|
|
What muscles have to do with C8?
|
Intrinsic hand muscles
|
|
|
What movements does C8 produce?
|
*Bend fingers (finger extension/flexion)
*Fine motor control of the hand |
|
|
What muscles does the T1 have to do with?
|
Intrinsic hand muscles
|
|
|
What movements can T1 produce?
|
*Spreads fingers apart and brings back together (abduction and adduction)
*Fine motor control of the hand |
|
|
What muscles does T1-T12 have to do with?
|
*Some chest wall
*Ab muscle |
|
|
What movements can T1-T12 produce?
|
*Balance
*Trunk stability and movement |
|
|
What muscles does L1-L5 have to do with?
|
*Hip flexors/abductors
*Some quadriceps (L3) *Tibial Anterior (L4) *Toe musculature (L5) |
|
|
What movements does L1-L5 produce?
|
*Bends hip, lifts knee (Hip flexion)
*Lateral leg raise (Hip abduction/adduction) *Straightens leg (L3, knee extensions) *Pulls foot up (L4, dorsiflexion) *Wiggling toes (L5, wiggling toes) |
|
|
What muscles does S1-S5 have to do with?
|
*Gastroc/soleus (S1)
*Bladder, bowel, sex organs *Anal and pelvic muscles |
|
|
What movement does S1-S5 have to do with?
|
*Point food down (S1, planarflexion)
*Bladder, pelvic floor, external anal sphincter, external urethal sphincter |
|
|
What is the dermatome
|
Portion of the skin innervated by the spinal nerve
|
|
|
What is dermatome overlap also called?
|
Smudging
|
|
|
Where are the origin of the fibers of the sympathetic branch?
|
Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord (lateral horn of T1-L2) -> craniosacral
|
|
|
What are the length of the fibers of the sympathetic branch (pre and post ganglionic)
|
*Short preganglion
*Long postganglionic |
|
|
Where is the locatin of the ganlgia for the sympathetic branch, are the close or away from the spinal cord?
|
Close to the spinal cord
|
|
|
Where is the location of the ganlgia for the parasympathetic branch?
|
In the visceral effector organs
|
|
|
Are the gray ramus communicans unmyelinated or myelinated?
|
Unmyelinated
|
|
|
Is the gray ramus communicats postsynaptic or presynaptic sympathetic fibers
|
Postsynaptic
|
|
|
Is the white ramus communicans myelinated or unmyelinated?
|
Myelinated
|
|
|
Is the white ramus communicans presynaptic or post synaptic sympathetic fibers?
|
Presynaptic
|
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|
Where are the cervical ganglion found?
|
Head and neck regions
|
|
|
What does the cervical ganglion do?
|
It receives sympathetic innervation via the cervial ganglia (superior, middle, inferior) limbs receive sympathetic fibers via ventral rami of spinal nerves
|
|
|
How does the head and neck regions receive sympathetic innervation
|
Superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglion
|
|
|
How do the limbs receive sympathetic fibers?
|
Through the ventral rami of the spinal nerves
|
|
|
What is the internal capsule comprised of? White or gray matter?
|
White
|
|
|
What does the internal capsule do?
|
Carry messages to gray matter of the brain
|
|
|
The cerebral peduncle is ____ cylinders of nerves
|
Two
|
|
|
What does the cerebral peduncle do/
|
Carry information about body movemetn between the higher brain (cortex) and the lower part of the brain (brainstem)
|
|
|
What does decussation mean?
|
Crossing
|
|
|
How does a sympathetic efferent signal travel?
|
*Starts at the lateral horn
*then travels through the etnral root *Goes through the white rami *Then the paravertebral (can go up or down trunk into prevertebral ganglion) |
|
What is 1?
|
Afferent signal
|
|
What is 2?
|
Efferent Signal
|
|
What is 3?
|
Anterior commisure (Horizontal tract i nthe ray matter)
|
|
What is 4?
|
White matter
|
|
What is 5?
|
Gray matter
|
|
What is 6?
|
Ventral root
|
|
What is 7?
|
Dorsal root
|
|
What is 8?
|
Dorsal root ganglion
|
|
What is 9?
|
Spinal Nerve
|
|
What is 10?
|
Dorsal ramus
|
|
What is 11?
|
Ventral ramus
|
|
What is 12?
|
rami communicantes
|
|
What is 13?
|
Gray Ramus communicans
|
|
What is 14?
|
White ramus communicans
|
|
What is 15?
|
Sympathetic chain
(Trunk + ganglion) |
|
What is 16?
|
Sympathetic trunk
|
|
What is 17?
|
Sympathetic ganglion or "paravertebral ganglion" [Up and down either side of the spinal cord]
|
|
What is 18?
|
Prevertebral ganglion
[Is further from the spinal cord, out in the viscera, near organs] |
|
|
What is the difference between prevertebral and paravertebral ganglion?
|
Paravertebral ganglion are up and down either side of the spinal cord
While prevertebral ganglion are further from the spinal cord and out in the viscera, near organs |
|
|
Is the gray matter cell bodies or axons?
|
Cell bodies
|
|
|
What horns are found in the gray matter?
|
*Drosal horn
*Anterior horn *Lateral horn |
|
|
What is found for dorsal horn, somatic, visceral, etc?
|
Somatic Sensory
Visceral sensory |
|
|
What is found in anterior horn, somatic, visceral, sensory, etc?
|
Somatic motor conrol
|
|
|
What is found in white matter? Axons or cell bodies?
|
Axons
|
|
|
What does multiple sclerosis affect?
|
Affects the white matter
|
|
|
What happens to the myelin sheath in multiple sclerosis?
|
Is destroyed with inflammation and scarring.
It is an autoimmune disease where the cells of the immune system attack the cells that make the myelin sheaths which causes scarring of the myelin sheaths and hinder the flower of signals |
|
|
What is the myelin sheath?
|
Protective membrane that wraps around the axon of a nerve cell
|
|
|
Does white matter have myelinated or unmyelinated nerve fibers?
|
Predominately myleinated
It has some unmyelinated, but it is predominately myelinated |
|
|
White matter is functionally divided into how many columns?
|
Three
|
|
|
What are the columns that the white matter is divided into called?
|
Funiculi
|
|
|
What are funiculi?
|
Column or tracts of white matter in the spinal cord
|
|
|
What are the three types of funiculi
|
*Anterior
*Lateral *Posterior |
|
|
What are the ascending tracts of white matter?
|
Sensory inputs that travel to higher levels
|
|
|
What are descending tracts?
|
Tracts that are for motor output
|
|
|
What are horizontal tracts
|
Commissural fibers from one side of the cord to the other
|
|
|
The horizontal tracts of white matter are a small amount of white matter connecting to what?
|
Gray matter
|
|
|
What do the names of the funiculi tracts indicate?
|
*The white column, or funiculi, in which the tract travels
*Where the cell bodies of the tract originate *Where the axons of the tract terminate *The directio nof the impulse conduction within the tract |
|
|
What would you know about anterior spinothalamic tract just by looking at the name?
|
*Anterior - Anterior funiculi
*Spino-originates in the spinal cord *Thalmic-terminates in the thalamus |
|
|
What system is for fine touch and vibration sense?
|
Dorsal column system
|
|
|
What system is for pain and temperature sense?
|
The anterolateral system
|
|
|
Where is the first order neuron in?
|
Dorsal root ganglion
|
|
|
Where is the second-order neuron found in?
|
In dorsal gray column or various sensory nuclei
|
|
|
Where is the third-order neuron found in?
|
In the thalamic nuclei
|
|
|
The dorsal column system sends sensations of what?
|
Fine touch and proprioception
|
|
|
The spinothalamic tract sends what sorts of sensations into the body?
|
Pain and temperature
|
|
|
Where does crossing occur in the dorsal column system?
|
In the medulla oblongata
|
|
|
Where does the crossing occur at the spinothalamic tract?
|
At the level that it enters in
|
|
|
Which is larger, myelinated fibers. The dorsal-medial lemniscal or the anterolateral-spinothalamic?
|
Dorsal-medial lemniscal
|
|
|
Which is the smaller,myelinated fibers. The dorsal-medial lemniscal or the anterolateral-spinothalamic?
|
Anterolateral-spinothalmic
|
|
|
Which has high degree spatial localization. The dorsal-medial lemniscal or the anterolateral-spinothalamic?
|
Dorsal-Medial Lemniscal
|
|
|
Which has poor spatial localization. The dorsal-medial lemniscal or the anterolateral-spinothalamic?
|
Anterolateral-spinothalamic
|
|
|
Which is mechanoreceptive. The dorsal-medial lemniscal or the anterolateral-spinothalamic?
|
Dorsal-medial lemniscal
|
|
|
Which is not mechanoreceptive. The dorsal-medial lemniscal or the anterolateral-spinothalamic?
|
Anterolateral-spinothalamic
|
|
|
Which is faster, the dorsal-medial lemniscal or the anterolateral-spnothalamic
|
Dorsal-medial lemniscal
|
|
|
Which is slower, the dorsal-medial lemniscal or the anterolateral-spinothalamic?
|
Anterolateral-spinothalmic
|
|
Which system is the blue part?
|
Dorsal-medial lemniscal
|
|
What system is the red part?
|
Anterolateral-spinothalamic
|
|
|
Which gives the most critical inforamtion, the dorsal column-medial lemniscal or the anterolateral system?
|
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal
|
|
|
What is the dorsal column-medial lemniscal used to sense?
|
1) touch (fine)
2) Vibration 3) Skin movements 4) Joint proprioception 5) Pressure (fine) |
|
|
Where does the dorsal column-medial lemniscal cross?
|
Crosses at the medulla (follows the contralateral)
|
|
|
What pathway does the dorsal column-medial lemniscal travel?
|
*Travels up dorsal -> Fine touch of the ankle joint
*Come in throug hthe spinal nerve of dorsal root ganglion *Then goes to the dorsal horn *Then moves directly (Dorsal = Directly up) *Cross at the medulla oblongata to ventral area *Goes to the cortex |
|
|
How does the spinocerebellar pathway travel?
|
Sensed by the muscle spindle (proprioceptor) goes straight up and terminates in the ipsilateral cerebellum
|
|
|
What does the anterolateral system sense?
|
1) Pain
2) Thermal (warmth, cold) 3) Touch (crude) 4) Pressure (crude) 5) tickle and itch 6) Sexual sensations |
|
|
What type of pathway does the anterolateral-spinothalmic column travel?
|
*It crosses at the level (ATL = anterolateral-spinothalmic column and also at the level)
*and continues up |
|
|
Do ascending tracts send afferent or efferent commands?
|
Affarent
|
|
|
Do descending tracts send afferent or efferent comands?
|
Deliver efferent commands (motor)
|
|
|
The descending (motor) tracts deliver _______ impulses from the _____ to the _______
|
Efferent
Brain Spinal cord |
|
|
The pyramidal (or corticospinal) tracts are concerned with _______
|
Voluntary movement that is precise and discrete
|
|
|
How do the lateral corticospinal tracts differ from the anterior corticospinal tracts?
|
*Lateral corticospinal tracts: Cross in the decussation of the pyramids
*Anterior corticospinal tracts: Cross over at the spinal cord level in which they terminate |
|
|
Will there be more or less white matter as move in the caudal direction?
|
Less
|
|
|
What are the different divisions of the white and gray matter for innervation of different systems of the body?
|
|
|
|
What is complete spinal cord injury?
|
Clear cut -> complete transection of spinal cord
|
|
|
What is an incomplete spinal cord injury
|
Most are incomplete -> lots of variation
|
|
|
What are the mechanisms of the spinal cord injury
|
Swollen
Bruised SEvered Laceration |
|
|
What is the flexion of spinal cord injury
|
Of the spine -> Bend forward
|
|
|
What is hyperextension of spinal cord injury
|
Go backwards
|
|
|
What is a compression spinal cord injury
|
Of spine, compressed down
|
|
|
What is a spinal cord injury that causes rotation
|
Rotate
|
|
|
What is a spinal cord injury that is distraction
|
Spine -> IE a hanging
|
|
|
What is the primary spinal cord injury
|
*Initial damage
*Complete severing of cord |
|
|
What is the secondary spinal cord injury
|
*Issues happen after injury itself
*Immune system reactions *Oxidative damage *Calcium and excitotoxicity *Necrosis and apoptosis *Axon damage |
|
|
What are the functional losses of the spinal cord injury
|
*Parasthesias
*Paralysis |
|
|
What is parasthesias
|
Sensory loss
|
|
|
What is the paralysis
|
Loss of motor function
|
|
|
What is the transection of the spinal cord injury
|
*Cross sectioning of the spinal cord
*Results in total motor and sensory loss in regions inferior to the cut *Paraplegia - transection between T1 and L1 *Quadriplegia - Transection in the cervical region |
|
|
What is central cord syndrome
|
Produces sacral sensory sparing and greater weakness in the upper limbs than in the lower limbs
|
|
|
What is the anterior cord syndrome
|
Chracterized by a loss of motor function and pain-temperature sensation below the level of the lesion and preseved posterior column function (position sense and vibration sense)
|
|
|
What is the posterior cord syndrome
|
Characterized by proproceptive sensory loss and preservation of pain and temeprature sensory function and preservation of motor function
|
|
|
What are the different disabilities that occur from the various vertebral region servering?
|
|
|
|
What pathways does the autonomic nervous system travel between the internal environment and the central nervous system (CNS)
|
Internal environment goes to the central nervous system through the sensory neurons
The central nervous system goes to the internal environment through motor neurons |
|
|
For the sensory-somatic nervous system what pathway is traveled between the external environment and the central nervous system?
|
External environment goes to the central nervous system through the sensory neurons
The CNS travels to the external environment through the motor neuron |
|
|
What is the motor neuron wiring composed of?
|
Upper motor neurons
Lower motor neurons |
|
|
What does the corical level of control allow for?
|
Concious purposeful movements
|
|
|
What does the corical level of control inhibit?
|
Inhibition of unwanted movements (IE inhibition of spinal reflexes_
|
|
|
What are the levels of organization for motor skills?
|
Cortical level
Brain stem level (Primal control) Spinal level |
|
|
The cortical level allows for conscious _______ movments
|
Purposeful
|
|
|
The cortical level of motor skills inhibits ______ movements
|
Unwanted
|
|
|
What does the brain stem level of organization for motor skills allow for?
|
*Postural control
*Autonomic process *Respiration *Digestion |
|
|
What does the spinal level for motor skills mainly allow for?
|
Reflexes
|
|
|
Why are reflexes a spinal level organization?
|
Processing withe the spina lcord
|
|
|
What does the stretch reflex cause?
|
Causes stretch and stretch mechanoreceptors then moves into the dorsal and integrates into the spinal cord then it innervates to two different nerves
|
|
|
How is the spinal reflex arc stimulated?
|
By having the pateller ligament stretched with the tapping from the hammer and the muscle spindle is stimulated
|
|
|
What does the spinal reflex arc look like?
|
|
|
|
Where does the tester deliver a "tap" during the deep tendon reflex (DTR)?
|
The patellar tendon
|
|
|
What disease causes destruction of the motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord?
|
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALC) --> Lou Gehrig's Disease
|
|
|
What does amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) involve?
|
Progressive destricution of the ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of the pyramidal tract
|
|
|
What are the symptoms of the amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
|
Loss of the ability to speak, swallow and breathe
|
|
|
What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) linked to?
|
Glutamate excitotoxicity attack by the immune system or both
|
|
|
How does amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and polio differ?
|
Polio is caused by a virus
|
|
|
What does paresis mean?
|
Weakenss
|
|
|
Why doesn't the spinal cord regenerate?
|
*The immune cells enter site of damage, release chemicals that increase the release of neurotransmitters which adds to damage
*If the damage is close to the cell body, the neuron dies *Scar tissue makes it so axons can not cross (prevent the neurons from reconnecting) *The CNS glial cells release no-go proteins that inhibit growth |
|
|
What are treatment for people with spinal cord injurites?
|
*Steroid: methylpredinisolone
*Chondroitinase to remove scar *No-go blockers *Tissure graphs impregnated with growth factors *Use schwann to bridge *Use olfactory glial cells specialized to let olfactory neurons regenerate *Embryonic stem cells *Physical rehab: Early loading |
|
|
What kind of fibers are in the autonomic sensory and motor nerves
|
Sympathetic fibers
Parasympathetic fibers |
|
|
The rami communicantes supply the _____ with ______
|
Autonomic ganglion
Visceral fibers |
|
|
The ANS consist of motor neurons that do what?
|
*Innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
*Make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities *Operate via subconscious control *Have viscera as most of their effectors |
|
|
Why does the autonomic nervous system have dual innervation or overlap?
|
To have sympathetic and parasympathetic so like a car with both an accelerator and brakes
|
|
|
What are the divisions of the ANS?
|
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
|
|
|
What does the sympathetic divsion do for the body?
|
It mobilizes the body during extreme solutions
|
|
|
What does the parasympathetic branch do for the body?
|
It performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy
|
|
|
Do the two divisons of the ANS counterbalance each other?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Parasympathetic is for what types of functions?
|
Resting, digestive and housekeeping functions
|
|
|
What is the sympathetic division reactions for?
|
Fight
Flight Alarm |
|
|
Where does the sympathetic division's fibers originate from
|
Thoracolumbar region of spinal cord (between T1 and L2) --> Middle of the cord
|
|
|
What are the length of the sympathetic pathway of the ANS?
|
*Short preganglionic
*Long postganglionic |
|
|
Where is the location of the ganglia of the sympathetic pathway of the ANS?
|
Close to the spinal cord
(On prevertebral ganglia) |
|
|
Where is the origin of the fibers for the parasympatetic division of the ANS
|
Brain
Spinal cord (Part above and part below) |
|
|
What is the length of the fibers for the parasympathetic divison of the ANS
|
*Long preganglionic
*Short preganglionic |
|
|
where is the location of the ganglia for the parasympathetic division of the ANS
|
In the visceral effector organ
|
|
|
Where do the fibers of the autonomic nervous system arise from?
|
The brainstem or sacral region (S2-S4) of the spinal cord
|
|
|
What is the primary neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
|
Acetylcholine
|
|
|
What kind of neurons are part of the parasympathtic division of the ANS?
|
Cholinergic
|
|
|
What are the crainial nerves of the parasympathetic divison?
|
*Occulomotor (III)
*Facial (VII) *Glossopharyngeal (IX) *Vagus (X) |
|
|
90% of all parasympathtic system mechanisms are made by what nerve?
|
Vagus
|
|
|
What is the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic division?
|
Norepinephrine
Noradrenaline |
|
|
What are the neurons of the sympathetic division referred to as?
|
Adrenergic neurons
|
|
|
What can the sympathetic division do the the body after it perceives a threat and produces a mass discharge?
|
Increase HR
Mental Activity Resp rate Glycogen release Decrease GI Decrease renal function |
|
|
What sort of ossification model is used during the development of skull
|
*Calvaria develops via intramembranous ossification
*Most bones of cranial base level up via endochondral ossification |
|
|
What is the relative size of skull (fetus and adult) compared to the body?
|
*Head height of newborn is ~1/4 of the entire body
*Adult head height is ~1/8 of body height (Babies have huge heads relative to the rest of the body) |
|
|
What is the relative proportions of the skull of the fetus and the adult skull?
|
*Frontal and parietal eminances are much more notable in newborn skull
*Mastoid process is absent at birth, develops during year 1 as sternocleidomastoid strengthens with head movmetn (wolff's law) *Newborn facial skeleton is small compared to calvaria (1/8 of cranium compared to adult facial skeleton = 1/3 of the cranium) |
|
|
Frontal suture
|
Present in newborn, typically fused by 8th year (remians ~8% of adults, called metopic suture)
|
|
|
Mandibular symphsysis when does it typically fuse by?
|
By end of 2nd year
|
|
|
What is the anterior fontanelle?
|
The largest, diamond shaped, bordered by frontal and parietal bones at the junction of calvaria, hydration status and intracranial pressure
|
|
|
What is the posterior fontanelle of a fetal skull?
|
Triangle shaped, bordered by the parietal and occipital bones at the junction of lambdoidal and sagittal sutures (lambda)
|
|
|
What is the sphenoidal and mastoid fontanelle?
|
The lateral aspect of the skull, deep to the temporalis muscle, small relative to midline fontanelles and less clinically relevant
|
|
|
What cranial nerves pass through the supraorbital foramen?
|
Supraorbital nerve (form opthalmic branch of trigeminal CNV1)
|
|
|
What nerves pass through the internal acoustic canal
|
Facial nerve (VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) |
|
|
What cranial nerves pass through the foramen magnum
|
Ascending spinal fibers of the accessory nerve (XI) + Spinal cord
|
|
|
What cranial nerves pass through the hypoglossal canal?
|
Hypoglossal nerve
|
|
|
What nerves pass thorugh the superior orbital fissure?
|
*Occulomotor nerve
*Trochlear nerve *Opthalmic tract of the trigeminal *Abducent nerve |
|
|
What nerves pass through the optic formaen?
|
Optic nerve
|
|
|
What nerves pass through the formaen ovale?
|
Mandibular nerve of the trigeminal
|
|
|
What cranial nerves pass through the foramen rotundum
|
Maxillary branch of the trigeminal
|
|
|
Do any cranial nerves pass through the foramen lucerum
|
No
|
|
|
What nerves pass thorugh the foramen spinosum?
|
Meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve
|
|
|
What nerves pass through the stylomastoid foramen?
|
Facial nerve
|
|
|
What cranial nerves pass through the cribriform plates?
|
Olfactory nerves
|
|
|
What cranial nerves pass through them mental foramen
|
Mental nerve from the inferior alveolar nerve, branch from the CNV3
|
|
|
What nerves pass through the mandibular formane?
|
Inferior alveolar nerve (from the mandibular CNV3)
|
|
|
What nerves pass through the jugular foramen
|
*Glossopharngeal nerve
*Vagus nerve *Accessory nerves |
|
|
What nerves pass through the infraorbital foramen?
|
*Infraorbital nerve (from maxillary)
|
|
|
What cranial nerves are found in the cerebrum
|
Olfactory
Optic |
|
|
What cranial nerves are found in the midbrain?
|
Oculomotor
Trochlear Nerve |
|
|
What cranial nerves are found in the pons
|
Vestibulocochlear
Facial Abducent Trigeminal |
|
|
Waht cranial nerves are found in the medulla oblongata
|
Hypoglossal nerve
Vagus nerve Glossopharyngeal Accessory Vestibulocochlear |
|
|
What are speical sensory cranial nerves?
|
Olfactory
Optic Vestibulococlear |
|
|
What are parasympathetic axon cranial nerves
|
Oculomotor
Facial Glossopharyngeal Vagus |
|
|
What are sympathetic axon cranial nerves
|
*Glossopharyngeal
*Affarent *Vagus |
|
|
What are the basic functions of the olfactory nerves
|
Smell
|
|
|
What are the basic function of the optic nerve
|
Vision
|
|
|
What are the basic functions of the oculomotor nerve?
|
Move eyes, pupil response to the light, raising of the eyelid
|
|
|
What is the basic funcition of the trochlear nerve?
|
Moves eyes
|
|
|
What is the basic function of the trigeminal nerve
|
Facial sensation
Chewing (muscles of mastication) |
|
|
What is the basic function of the abducent nerves
|
Moves eyes
|
|
|
What is the basic function of the facial nerve
|
Facial expression, taster, saliva/tear production
|
|
|
What is the basic function of the vestibulocochlear nerve
|
Equilibrium
Hearing |
|
|
What is the basic function of the glosspharyngeal nerve?
|
Swallowing, gag reflex, speech, taste, salvia production
|
|
|
What is the basic function of the vagus nerve
|
Muscles of interal organs/swallowing, gag reflex and speech
|
|
|
What is the basic function of the acessory nerve
|
Turn neck
Strug shoulders |
|
|
What is the basic function of the hypoglossal nerve
|
Move tongue
|
|
|
The sacral outflow of the parasympathetic system's sacral outflow is in the lateral horns of spina lcord segments what?
|
S2-S4
|
|
|
For the sacral outflow of the parasympathetic system would travel through what?
|
Ventral roots --> Spinal nerve --> Ventral rami
|
|
|
The sacral outflow of the parasympathetic serves the _______ half of the large intestine, reproductive organs an bladder
|
Distal
|
|
|
The sacral outflow of the parasympathetic forms the ______ nerves
|
Pelvic splanchnic
|
|
|
What pathway does the sympathetic ganglia travel?
|
They exit the ventral root of the spinal nerve and go through the white rami then that synapses onto the sympathetic ganglia (also known as the paravertebral ganglion) then attaches to sympathetic because of the sympathetic trunk and the cervical ganglia.
|
|
|
What is the pathway of visceral efferent pathway?
|
*Start at the lateral horn
*Exit throug the ventral root and the white rami then the paravertebral ganglion *Can go up the preganglionic synapses *Still preganglion then synapsesin paravertebral ganglion Can go to same level, up trunk, down trunk, can pass through and go to the prevertebral ganglion (in front of verebrae) |
|
|
What is a picture of the visceral efferent synapsing at the same level?
|
|
|
|
What is a picture of the viscera efferent synapsing at a hgher or lower level?
|
|
|
|
What is a picture of the visceral efferent synapsing in a distal collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column (prevertebral ganglion)
|
|
|
|
What is the visceral reflex system?
|
Stimulus
1) Sensory receptor in viscera 2) Visceral sensory neuron 3) Integration center (may be preganglionic neuron dorsal horn interneuron, within walls of gastrointestinal tract) 4) Efferent pathway (preganglion and ganglionic neuron) 5) Visceral effector 6) Response |
|
|
What is the pathway of the preganglionic nerve of the sympathetic pathway?
|
Lateral horn of the spinal cord -> Ventral root -> Spinal nerve -> White rami communicans -> Paravertebral ganglion
|
|
|
What is the pathway of the postganglionic nerve of the sympathetic pathway?
|
Gray rami communicans -> Spinal nerve -> Traget tissue
|
|
|
What are the three locations for synapses of the sympathetic pathway?
|
1) Within same paravertebral ganglia
2) Within a different paravertebral ganglia 3) Pass through to prevertebral ganglia |
|
|
What is the location on the skull where the sagittal and coronal sutures meet?
|
Bregma
|
|
|
Where do the lambdoidal and squamosal sutures meet?
|
Asterion
|
|
What is 1?
|
Nasion
|
|
What is 2?
|
Glabella
|
|
What is 3?
|
Pterion
|
|
What is 4?
|
Bregma
|
|
What is 5?
|
Vertex
|
|
What is 6?
|
lambda
|
|
What is 7?
|
Asterion
|
|
What is 8?
|
Inion
|
|
|
What is the two parts of the skull?
|
*Visceralcranium
*Neurocranium |
|
|
How does the visceralcranium and the neurocranium differ?
|
Visceralcranium is just the cranium
Neurocranium encloses the brain itself (It touches the brain) |
|
|
What are the six unique bones of the neurocranium?
|
*Frontal
*Parietal (2) *Temporal (2) *Occipital *Sphenoid *Ethmoid |
|
|
Which bones are paired in the neurocranium
|
Parietal
Temporal |
|
|
How many total bones are there in the neurocranium?
|
8
|
|
|
How many unique bones are there in the neurocranium
|
6
*Frontal *Parietal *Occipital *Temporal *Sphenoid *Ethmoid |
|
|
What nerve does the supraorbital foramen allow through?
|
Supraorbital nerve of the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve
|
|
|
How does a female's supraorbital margin compare to a man's
|
Female's is sharper
Male is rounded |
|
|
How does a female's superciliary arch compare to a female vs a male's
|
Male is larger and more pronounced
|
|
|
What suture does the fetus skull have
|
Frontal suture
|
|
|
When does the frontal suture of a fetus typically close?
|
Around 7-8 years
|
|
|
What does assessing the fontanelle give you a good measure of?
|
Hydration
(If dehydrated there would be a cavity, an indentation in the fontanelle) |
|
What is A?
|
Frontal Suture
|
|
What is B?
|
Anterior Fontanel
|
|
|
What does bossing in a baby's skull mean?
|
Rounded part of a baby's skull
This is the initial ossifiication from mesenchyme area |
|
|
Bones of the calvaria develp through what kind of ossification?
|
Intramembranous
|
|
|
What sorts of ossificiation do the bons of the viscerocranium develop via?
|
Itramembranous
Endochondral |
|
What is A
|
Neurocranium
|
|
What is B?
|
Viscerocranium
|
|
|
What suture separates the parietal bones?
|
Sagittal suture
|
|
What is A?
|
Coronal Suture
|
|
What is B?
|
Squamosal suture
|
|
What is this?
|
External Auditory Meatus
|
|
|
What is this?
|
Petrous Part of the temporal bone
|
|
|
Where does the external auditory meatuss lead to?
|
Ear
|
|
|
What is the function of the petrous part of the temporal bone?
|
To protect auditory and vestibulor (Equilibrium) systems
|
|
|
Which nerves pass through the internal auditory meatus?
|
Facial and vistibulocochlear
|
|
|
What is the internal auditory meatus a passage for?
|
Vestibulocochlear and facial nerves
|
|
What is A?
|
Internal auditory meatus
|
|
What is B?
|
Petrous part
|
|
What is this?
|
Mastoid Process
|
|
|
What is the mastoid process used for?
|
Muscle attachment
|
|
|
What does wolf's law state?
|
A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it
|
|
|
What attaches to the mandibular angle
|
Masseter
|
|
What is the big hole in the occipital bone?
|
Foramen Magnum
|
|
|
What passes through the foramen magnum?
|
Spinal cord
Vertebral arteries Accessory nerves |
|
|
Does the accessory nerve enter or exit the foramen magnum?
|
Enter
|
|
|
What nerve is the hypoglossal canal a passage for?
|
Hypoglossal nerve
|
|
|
What does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?
|
The tongue
|
|
|
What is the primary motor control of the tongue?
|
Hypoglossal nerve
|
|
What are the arrows pointing to?
|
Hypoglossal canal
|
|
|
What bones does the jugular foramen sit between
|
Temporal
Occipital |
|
|
What are the nerves that pass through the jugular foramen?
|
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus Accessory (exits) |
|
What nerve is this?
|
Vagus
|
|
|
Where is the soma of the vagus nerves?
|
In the medulla
|
|
|
The vagus nerve accounts for how much percent of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?
|
90%
|
|
|
The vagus nerve serves almost every organ in the ______ and _____ cavities
|
Thoracic and abdominal
|
|
|
What sort of ossification does the sphenoid bone posses?
|
Intermembranous
Endochondral |
|
|
How many ossification centers are there in the sphenoid bone?
|
14
|
|
|
What are the holes in the sphenoid
|
*Superior orbital fissure
*Optic foramen *Foramen ovale *Foramen rotundum *Foramen spinosum *Foramen lacerum (Formed between the sphenoid bone) |
|
|
What nerves travel through the foramen lacerum
|
No major nerves
|
|
|
What is different about the foramen lacerum
|
It is covered in membrane uring life
|
|
|
What artery passes over the foramen lacerum
|
The internal carotid artery
|
|
|
What are the nerves that pass through the superior orbital fissure?
|
*Oculomotor
*Trochlear *Abducent *Opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve |
|
|
What cranial nerves are found in the midbrain?
|
Oculomotor
Trochlear |
|
|
What is the common functin of the oculomotor and trochlear nerves?
|
Move eyes
|
|
|
What does the trochlear nerve do?
|
It moves the eyes down and inward
|
|
|
What does the oculomotor move the eyes?
|
Up
Down & inward Pupil response Raises eyelids |
|
|
The oculomotor nerve is the ______ in midbrain
|
Soma
|
|
|
The oculomotor nerves allow for _______ constriction and accommodation for near vision
|
Pupillary
|
|
|
What nerve passes through the optic canal
|
Optic nerve
|
|
|
What nerve travels through the foramen ovale?
|
Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
|
|
|
What nerve is going through the foramen rotundum
|
Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve
|
|
|
What nerve goes through the foramen spinosum
|
Meningeal branch of mandibular branch of trigeminal
|
|
|
What artery goes though the foramen spinosum
|
middle meningeal artery
|
|
|
How do you access the sphenoid bone for the pituitary gland?
|
*Through the anterior opening of skull (piriform aperature)
*Through the sphenoid sinus |
|
|
What bone is the crista galli a part of?
|
Ethmoid bone
|
|
|
What is the crista galli an attachment site for?
|
Dura
|
|
|
What nerves does the tiny holes of the cribriform plate permit to pass?
|
Olfactory nerves
|
|
|
What nasal concha are part of the ethmoid bone?
|
Superior and middle nasal conchae
|
|
|
What does the superior and middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid do?
|
*Serve to increase surface area
*Warms, filters and moistens air |
|
|
What are the unique facial bornes?
|
Mandible
Maxillae (2) Palatine (2) Zygomatic (2) Lacrimal (2) Nasal (2) Vomer Inferior Nasal Conchae |
|
|
How many total facial bones are there?
|
14
|
|
|
What is unique about the mandible?
|
Only bone of skull permitting gross movement
|
|
|
What does the mandibular condyle articulate with?
|
The mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, forming the temoromandibular joint (TMJ)
|
|
|
How does the chin differ in females than in males?
|
Rounded with a point in females and more boxy in males
|
|
|
How does the mental protuberance differ between the male and female?>
|
Woman is rounded
Male's is squared |
|
|
What muscle does the coronoid process attach?
|
Temporalis
|
|
|
What nerve runs through the mental foramen
|
Mental nerve
|
|
|
The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve goes thorugh which foramen? And which bone is that of?
|
Foramen ovale [Sphenoid bone]
Mandibular foramen where is become inf alveolar Exits the mental foramen as the mental nerve |
|
|
What does the maxiallary bone make up?
|
Makes up the hard palate (Anterior portion)
|
|
|
What is the largest sinus?
|
Maxillary sinus
|
|
|
Where is the maxillary sinus located?
|
Superior to the teeth
|
|
|
What nerve travels through the infraorbital foramen?
|
Infraorbital nerve
Continuation of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve |
|
What is A?
|
Opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve
|
|
What is B?
|
Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
|
|
What is C?
|
Inferior alveolar nerve of the mandibular branch
|
|
|
What is D?
|
Mental nerve of the inferior alveolar nerve of the mandibular branch
|
|
What nerve is E?
|
Infraorbital nerve
|
|
What branch is F?
|
Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve
|
|
|
What is the most common term of the zygomatic bone?
|
Cheek bone
|
|
|
Is the zygomatic bone more pronounced in the male or female skull?
|
Male
|
|
|
What are the smallest bones in the face?
|
Nasal and lacrimal
|
|
|
Where is the vomer located in?
|
The nasal cavity
|
|
|
What does the palatine bone form the wall of?
|
Wall and part of floor of the nasal cavity + small portion of the floor of the orbit
|
|
|
Does the palatine form the posterior or anterior portion of the hard palate?
|
Posterior
|
|
|
What are the six bones of the orbit
|
|
|
|
What does the palatine bone look like?
|
|
|
|
What are the paranasal sinuses?
|
Cavity lined with mucosa
|
|
|
What do the paranasal sinus do?
|
Warm and humidify the inspired air
|
|
|
What do the paransal sinuses do for the weight of the skull?
|
Reduce the weight
|
|
|
What does the paransal sinuses do for voice?
|
Enhance voice resonance
|
|
|
Chidren are born with what sinus?
|
Ethmoid sinus only
|
|
|
What is unique about the hyoid bone?
|
Only bone that does not articulate with any other bone
|
|
|
What stage of development does a cleft palate occur?
|
AT 9 to 10 weeks in - utero the skin fuses between the nasal septum and the palatine arches. Lack of fusion of this overlying tissue results in clefting-either cleft lip, unilateral cleft palate and/or lip, or bilateral cleft palate and/or lip
|
|
|
What forms the basic structure fo the face?
|
*Facial bones
*Muscles *Buccal fat pads |
|
|
Where are the buccal fat pads found?
|
In hcildren
Help for producing the rigidity needed for sucking |
|
|
Do the muscles of the face all attach from bone to bone?
|
No, there can be:
Bone to skin Skin to skin Some attach to other muscles |
|
|
Where is the orbicularis oris
|
|
|
|
What is the direction and location of the orbicularis oris?
|
Circular fibers around the mouth and within the lips
|
|
|
What action occurs when the orbicularis oris muscles contract
|
The mouth is able ot purse lips / pucker
|
|
|
What action can the orbicularis oris allow you to perform?
|
Purse lips and pucker lips
|
|
|
What is the location and direction of the mentalis?
|
Skin of chin with vertical fibers
|
|
|
What is the actin of the mentalis?
|
Able to raise the skin of the chin; show an expression of doubt (pouty lips)
|
|
|
What is the location and direction fo the buccinator muscle?
|
Horizontal fibers; rectangular muscle from the alveolar process on the maxilla and mandible laterally to the orbicular oris muscle medially
|
|
|
What are the actions that the buccinator allows for?
|
Smiling, chewing (presing cheeks against teeth)
If contract can "force smile" bring the corner of the mouth straight across They are important for chewing ,to keep the food in, but it is not a part of mastication |
|
|
What is the location and direction of the depressor anguli oris muscle?
|
Vertical fibers from angle of mouth to inferior border of the mandible
|
|
|
What is the action that the depressor anguli oris muscle can cause?
|
Depresses the angle of the mouth (pulling down on the angle of the mouth and allows you to frown)
|
|
|
What is the location and direction of the zygomaticus major muscle
|
Zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth
Muscle goes up and out |
|
|
What action does the zygomaticus major allow you to do?
|
Draws angle of the mouth superolaterally during smiling and laughing
(Draw angle up and out) |
|
|
What is the direction and location of the platysma?
|
Broad and thin muscle in the neck area, form the fascia of the pectoralis and deltoid muscles to the muscles on the inferior border of mandible (coming into the fascia of the neck)
|
|
|
What action does the platysma allow for?
|
Tenses the skin of the neck and draws the corners of the mouth down to grimace
|
|
|
What is the location and direction of the orbicularis oculi muscle?
|
Circular muscle surrounding the orbit. Orbital and palpebral (eye lid) component
|
|
|
What are the two parts of the orbicularis oculi?
|
Palpebral part
Orbital part |
|
|
What does the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi allow for?
|
To close the eye ids gently (blinking
|
|
|
What does the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi allwo for?
|
Strongly closes the lids (squinting)
Also contracts the palpebral part |
|
|
What muscles do you use to show concern?
|
Corrugator supercilii
|
|
|
What is the location and direction of the corrugator supercilii muslce?
|
Medial part of the orbital orbicularis oculi to the skin of the eyebrows. Fibers are superolateral
|
|
|
What is the action of the corrugator supercilii
|
Draws the medial portion of the eyebrow downward, demonstrating concern
|
|
|
What is the location and direction of the nasalis muscle?
|
Fibers travel form the maxilla and nasal cartialge to the aponeurosis of the nose
Across the bridge of the nose |
|
|
What action does the nasalis cause?
|
Part of the muscle widens nostrils and another part compresses the top of the nose
|
|
|
What is another word for the frontalis muscle
|
Frontal poriton of the occipitofrontalis or epicranius
|
|
|
What is the location and direction of the frontalis muscle?
|
Vertically aligned fibers from the skin of the eyebrows to the epicranial aponeurosis
|
|
|
What action does the frontalis allow for
|
Elevates the eyebrows, demonstrating surprise
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What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
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Modified hinge-synovial type joint
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What type of movements does the temporomandibular joint allow for?
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*Flexion.Extension -> Elevation / depression
*Protrusion/Retrusion *Lateral translation *Pivot. rotation |
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What does protrusion of the mandible mean?
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To put the chin out
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What does lateral translation of the jaw mean
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Moving jaw side to side
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Is the temporomandibular joint mobile or stable?
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Very mobile
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Is there a posterior or anterior thickening of the joint capsule?
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Posterior
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Is anterior or posterior dislocation more common for temporomandibular joint?
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Anterior
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How do you recognize a TMJ dislocation?
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Move completely open, can't close
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What are the muscles of mastication?
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Temporalis
Masseter Lateral Pterygoid Medial pterygoid |
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Waht is the location and direction of the masseter muscle?
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Superiomedial fibers from the lateral surface of ramus of the mandible to zygomatic arch (mostly verticle going down to the mandibular angle)
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What action does the masseter allow for?
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Elevates (closes jaw) and protrudes the mandible
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During an anterior TMJ dislocation the mandible is fully ______ and has a strong ________ conraction
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*Depressed
*Lateral pterygoid |
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What is the location and direction of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
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Horizontal fibers from the condylar process of the mandible to the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
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What action does the lateral pterygoid produce?
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Protrudes the madible and produces side to side movements
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What lcoation and direction does the medial pterygoid go in?
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Vertically aligned fibers from the medial surface of mandible to medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
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What action does the medial pterygoid produce?
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Elevates and protrudes the mandible and produces side to side movements
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What is A?
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Sphenoid sinus
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What is B?
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Superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone
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What is C?
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Lateral pterygoid
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What is D?
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Medial pterygoid
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Which of the following muscles is most superficial?
a) Masseter b) Medial pterygoid c) Buccinator |
Masseter
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Which of the following muscles contract to close the jaw?
A) Buccinator B) Temporalis C) Masseter D) All of the above E) B and C |
E
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How is your mouth opened passively?
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Gravity and relaxation
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Platysma
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Lateral pterygoid
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What is A?
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Stylohyoid
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What is B?
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Posterior belly of digastric
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What is C?
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Mylohyoid (?)
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What is D?
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Omohyoid
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What is E?
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Sternohyoid
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