Endocrine System

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Hormones are organic molecules derived from

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Lipids or proteins

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Are secreted by endocrine tissues

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Hormones

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Affected cells which hormones take its effect

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Target cells

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Specific to organ and hormones

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Receptors

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Slows or stop secretion when the metabolic changes triggered in the target cells become evident

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Negative feedback mechanisms

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Tends to decrease blood glucose concentration

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Insulin

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Less commonly observed, results in an increased hormone secretion when the metabolic changes becomes evident or blood hormone levels increase.

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Positive feedback

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Trigger uterine contraction, whick pushes the baby and stretch the birth canal.

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Oxytocin

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Cyclic rises and falls in the secretion of several hormones related to reproduction

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Biological clock

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Secreted from embryonic tissue in a structure called

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Chorion

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Secreted during the early stages of development in the womb

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Human chorionic gonadotropin

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Release of a mature ovum

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Ovulation

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Hormones that promote the conditons necessary for successful development of the offspring

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Estrogen and progesterone

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Thickens and becomes more vascular

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Endometrium

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Stimulates ovary's secretion of progesterone and estrogen preventing the decrease of hormones

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hCG

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It develops and it begins to secrete its own progesterone and estrogen

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Placenta

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Very high hCG levels during pregnancy

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First trimester

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Common form of pregnancy testing

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hCG urinalysis

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More convenient hCG test uses

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Monoclonal antibodies

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Help ensure that the results are valid and not due to a side reaction or an experimental error

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Control tests

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Produced by the corpus luteum

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Progesterone

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Produced only in the ovaries

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Estrogen

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Certain drugs that contain hcg

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Profasi, pregnyl, novarel

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Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the secretion of sex hormones by the gonads

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Luteinizing hormones

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Conserves water; constricts blood vessels

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Antidiuretic hormones - posterior pituitary in kidney

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Increases uterine contraction, increase milk from mammary gland

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Oxytocin - posterior pituitary in uterus, mammary gland

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Increases gene expression, breakdown lipids, increase blood glucose levels

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Growth hormone - Anterior pituitary in most tissues

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Increase thyroid hormone secretions in T3 and T4

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone - anterior pituitary in thyroid gland

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Increase secretion of glucocorticoid hormones such as cortisol

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Adenocorticotropic hormone

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Increase melanin production in melanocytes

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Melanocyte-stimulating hormones

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Promotes ovulation and pregosterone production

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Luteinizing hormone

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Promotes follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in ovary, sperm cell production.

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Follicle stimulating hormone

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Stimulates milk production prolongs progesterone secretions following ovulation

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Prolactin

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Increase Metabolic rates essential for growth

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Thyroid hormones

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Decrease rate of bone breakdown

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Calcitonin

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Increase rate of the bone breakdown by osteoclasts

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Parathyroid hormones

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Increases cardiac output, increase blood flow

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Epinephrine

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Increase rate of sodium transport

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Aldosterone

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Increase lipids and protein breakdown

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Cortisol

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Inhibits secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone

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Melatonin

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Promotes immune system, development and functions

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Thymosin

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Increase uptake and use of glucose and amino acids

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Insulin

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Increase breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose

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Glucagon

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Aids in sperm cell production, maintenance of functional reproduction

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Testosterone

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Mediate inflammatory responses, increase uterine contraction and ovulations

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Prostaglandins

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Inhibits secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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Melatonin