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235 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When do lake blooms occur? |
When nutrient enrichment favours excessive growth, especially N and P. |
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What happened to live and healthy mice that were exposed to microcystin? |
Massive haemorrhage of the liver and death within 1-2 hours. |
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What types of diseases could be linked to algae? |
neurodegenerative ones (i.e. Alzheimer's, Lou Gherig's, Parkinson's) |
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Define Phycology. |
The study of algae |
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Define heterotroph. |
Attaining energy from complex organic substances. |
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Define chemotroph |
Using chemical bonds for energy |
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Define autotroph |
Attains energy from simple matter and converts it to something more complex. |
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Oldest known record? |
3.5B YA |
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How is it accepted that we may have evolved from prokaryotes to meso- or eukaryotes? |
endosymbiosis |
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What is the approximate range of number of algal species? Provide 2 reasons why it is a range rather than a number. |
36000-50000. There could be quite a lot we haven't found. |
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What does the group of algae consist of? What is this grouping based on? |
algae, pond scum, seaweed, water moss. based on biochemical and physiological features. |
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What is different between the classification of humans and algae? |
Humans all look different but are classified as one species - algae can look the same, but they could be very different on the inside or in they way the act/interact. |
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What did the Greeks and Romans know about algae? |
Basically nothing - they thought it was a group of plants. |
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Who was the first to really define algae as its own thing? What year? What did he group them with? |
Linnaeus in 1754 with fungi, lichens, and liverworts. BONUS: This guy is what the L stands for in the names of some algae |
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When did looking at algae get "cool"? Why? What was the result of this? |
19th century cuz all of the rich guys got microscopes and got together to look at new sh!t. We were then able to start giving better names based on appearance. |
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What happened after 1950 to change the way we look at alage? Explain why this was beneficial. |
-Invention of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) which enabled us to see things intact and in 3D (more detailed phenetic classification). -Electrophoresis: taxonomy can be based on genetics rather than morpholgy. - Chromatography: better biochemical understanding. - Radioisotopes and stable isotopes: better understanding of how they act/react |
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What is Electrophoresis? |
Separation through a gel, then passing an electric field through so that the DNA/RNA migrate to an anode. |
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What is Chromatography? |
Separation of mixtures based on relative rates of travel in a medium. |
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What are 4 main general features of algae? |
- No differentiation of parts - Vegetative reproduction common - Unicellular reproductive structures - Zygote germination (if sexual) occurs in environment, not in the cell |
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What is the only type of algae with much of a differentiation of parts? |
Kelps |
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What are popular ways for algae to reproduce? |
Meiosis (Sexual), Mitosis (Asexual), Binary Fission (Asexual) |
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Define Phenetic. |
Based on what can be seen.
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Who recognized 4 major Divisions of algae in 1836? What were they based on? |
Harvey; pigmentation |
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Whose phylogeny are we going to follow? |
Lee |
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What is the PRESENT information that allows algae to be divided into 4 distinct groups? What are they? Which divisions do they contain? |
-Prokaryotes (Cyanophyta (includes Prochlorophyta)) - Eukaryotes with 2 chloroplast membranes (glaucophyta, rhodophyta, chlorophyta) - Eukaryotes with chloroplasts surrounded by 1 membrane of chloroplast ER (euglenophyta, dinophyta) - Eukaryotes with chloroplasts surrounded by 2 membranes of chloroplast ER (cryptophyta, heterokontophyta {chromophyta}, prymesiophyta) |
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What are the mesokaryotes? |
Dinophyta, Chromophyta, Euglenophyta |
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Provide 3 properties that make mesokaryotes unique. |
- very large chromosomes - no interphase (constant DNA synthesis) - nuclear membrane persists during mitosis - no microtubules after nuclear division - organelles present - little/no histone in chromosomes |
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What types of nutrition can algae have? |
Autotrophic Facultative or obligate heterotrophy |
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Define facultative heterotrophy. |
Organic nutrition that can change with what is available in the environment around it. |
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What is another word for autotrophic? Define. |
Photolithotrophic. uses solar energy and inorganic nutrition. |
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What are 3 purposes of mucilage? |
Helps everything hold together, which increases flotation and prevents drying out.
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Define uniseriate. |
One row of cells in a chain. |
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Definte multiseriate. |
More than one row of cells in a chain. |
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What is an akinete made to be able to do? |
Split |
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What is the visual difference between a heterocyst and the rest of the cells in an anabaena? What does it do? |
Smoother looking. N fixation is believed to happen here. |
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Is a heterocyst always a heterocyst? |
No, it's born a vegetative cell and changes with the conditions (like a queen bee) |
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What is scleroform congelation? |
Sexual reproduction where a cell attaches to another and the zygote goes in the one, leaving one cell completely empty. |
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Define pseudoparenchymatous. |
A compact mass of tissue, made up of interwoven hyphae or filaments that resembles plant tissue. |
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What is an aplanospore? |
A spore that doesn't move. |
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Define Isokontous flagella. |
Flagella similar in length and type. |
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Define heterokontous flagella. |
Dissimilar flagella (in both length and physical properties... function too) |
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What is a haptonema? |
Resembles a flagellum, but has different internal anatomy. Function unknown but may be for defense or food capture. |
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What is exclusive to the Division Haptophyta? |
Haptonema |
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What are the 4 forms of nonflagellar movement? |
Gliding, Mucilage secretion, Euglenoid movement, Ejectosomes
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Where is mucilage secreted from? |
Frustular pores |
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Describe the gliding mechanism. Where can it be found? |
Found in cyanophyta, no visible organ is responsible, but it could be due to regularly arranged fibrillar extensions of the protoplasm. |
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What are ejectosomes exclusive to? |
Cryptophyta |
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What are the 3 options in terms of mobility? |
Motile (always), Nonmotile, Some motile stages |
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What 4 types of reproduction are found in algae? |
Binary fission, asexual, sexual, cysts. |
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What is the most primitive algal reproduction? |
asexual simple cell division. |
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What are the 3 ways an algae can reproduce asexually? |
Simple cell division Fragmentation Asexual spores |
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Although rare, what 3 types of sexual reproduction could an algae display? |
Isogamous Anisogamous Oogamous |
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What are cysts formed from when they are involved in reproduction? |
A zygote (in sexual reproduction) A vegetative cell (in asexual reproduction) |
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Why would a cell use cysts to reproduce? |
Adverse environmental conditions for other primary means of reproduction. |
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What temperature and pH do algae prefer? |
0 - 40 degrees Celsius pH = 2-10 |
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What is unique about the DNA in cyanophyta? |
Nucleoid region in a ring |
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How many chromosomes do algae have? |
Trick question! Varies between species. |
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Prokaryotes have _____ in cytoplasm. |
Free thylakoid
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What do Glaucophyta have instead of chloroplasts? |
endosymbiotic cyanobacteria |
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What is a basic chloroplast structure? |
2-4 layered membrane-bound vesicle enclosing thylakoids in stroma (matrix) |
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What are grana made up of? |
Thylakoids |
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Where will you find gas vacuoles? |
Cyanophyta (exclusively) |
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Is a gas vacuole an organelle? |
No, similar, but not a true one. |
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Which form of chlorophyll is found in ALL algae we will be studying? |
A |
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What is the largest difference between bacteria and algae? |
Presence of chlorophyll in algae. |
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What do algae use chlorophyll for? |
Producing ATP and NADPH, just like the rest of the plants (note that some don't have chlorophyll but can still produce these! Just not through photosynthesis) |
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Which PS are anoxygenic and oxygenic? |
Anox = I |
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Define anoxygenic. |
Does not produce O (i.e. O is not a result of PSI)
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Where will you find a heterocyst? |
In a chain belonging to Cyanophyta. |
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What makes a heterocyst different from a regular vegetative cell? |
- Larger/thicker cell wall - Refractive polar nodules at connections with veg. cells - Contents are homogenous and yellow - If intercalary, are at regular intervals - If terminal, that's it |
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What are heterocysts thought to funciton in? |
N fixation |
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Which photosystem do heterocysts lack? Why? |
PSII because that is oxygenic and N can't be produced in those conditions
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What types of bacteria do not have chlorophyll? |
Purple or green sulphur bacteria (still photosynthetic) |
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Define chromatic adaptation. |
When algae modify pigment content for the environment. |
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What do accessory pigments maximize? In which PS? |
Energy intake; II |
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Which is the standard chlorophyll in all plants? |
A |
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Where do you find Chlorophyll B? |
Prochlorophyta Chlorophyta Euglenophyta |
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Where do you find Chlorophyll C? |
Chromophyta Cryptophyta Haptophyta Dinophyta |
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Where do you find Chlorophyll D? |
Some Rhodophyta |
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Is there any overlap between phyla in terms of the chlorophylls they contain? |
Only with A |
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What are the differences between the chlorophylls? |
Subtle, but has to do with the way they can absorb and therefore reflect light. |
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What do carotenoids do? |
Increase useful range of absorbed light and protect photocenters from excessive light. |
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What type of carotenoid do most algal group contain? |
beta-carotene |
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What contains Fucoxanthin? |
Chromophyta Haptophyta Dinophyta |
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What colours are phycobilins? |
Red or blue-green |
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Where are phycobilins found? |
Cyanophyta Cryptophyta Rhodophyta |
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Name the red and the blue-green phycobilins. |
Phycoerythrin; phycocyanin |
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How is glucose produced? |
Dark fixation of CO2 and energy products of light reactions |
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What alpha forms can glucose be stored in? |
True starch Cyanophycean starch Floridean starch |
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Where do you find Floridean starch? |
Rhodophyta |
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What type of starch does not react with iodine? |
Cyanophycean |
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What type of starch reacts with iodine to turn almost black? What does this starch contain? Where is it found? |
True. Amylose and amylopectin Inside chloroplasts of chlorophyta |
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What are the beta linked glucans? |
Laminarin Paramylon |
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Where is laminarin found? |
Around pyrenoids of Phaeophyta and Chromophyta |
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Where is Chrysolaminarin found? |
Chromophyta |
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What is the difference between chrysolaminarin and laminarin? |
Chrysolaminarin is higher in glucose content |
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What are the low molecular weight compounds? Where are they found? |
Sugars (Chlorophyta and Euglenophyta) and glycosides (Rhodophyta). |
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Where might you find a Naked plasma membrane? |
Chromophyta, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, and some reproductive stages. |
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What are the 3 types of Modified plasma membrane? Briefly describe them. |
- Periplast: Outside membrane granular fibrils, inside hexagonal/rectangular plates of protein interrupted by ejectosomes (cryptophyta) - Pellicle: corrugated membrane with strips of protein in each depression followed by muciferous bodies in MTs (euglenophyta) - Thecal plates: siliceous plates that lock together around the cell, but under the membrane, of Dinophyta |
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Describe a cingulum. |
Girdle with flagellum around the middle. |
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What are the peri- and postcingular plates? |
thecal plates above/below the cingulum |
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What propels a dinophyta? How does it move through the water? |
Bottom flagella propels it, center makes it spin. corkscrews through the water. |
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What is a plasma membrane bearing scales a defining feature in? |
Chrysophyta |
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Where are scales formed and how do they surface? |
Vesicles at the Golgi apparatus that migrate to the plasma membrane and are "budded" to exterior where they aggregate in patterns. |
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Which group is a frustule exclusive to? |
Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms) |
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Where, in relation to a plasma membrane is the frustule? |
Exterior |
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What comprises the frustule? |
Epitheca and hypotheca connected by one or more cingular bands (girdles) |
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What is the basis for diatom classification? |
Frustular morphology. |
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How many parts are there to a cell wall? What are they? |
2; Fibrillar (skeleton), and amorphous (matrix with embedded fibres) |
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What is the most abundant ingredient in the cell wall? |
cellulose |
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Name 2 gelling agents in algae that can also be found in some foods. |
Carrageenan and Agar |
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What is the general mechanism of how haplodiplontic reproduction works? |
Alternation of generations between gametophye and sporophyte generation. |
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Chl A, B, and C are all oxidized what? |
Forms of bacteriochlorophyll. |
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Chl A is everywhere in addition to other Chls, but Chl B and C are ___________. |
Mutually exclusive. |
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What is thought to be an intermediate form between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? What are 3 characteristics? |
Prochloron. Prokaryotic with no phycobilins, has Chl A & B, thylakoids are stacked in pairs instead of monolayers. |
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What theory of evolution probably explains the occurrence of nucleus, mitotic apparatus and flagellae? |
Autogenous (self forming) theory |
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Describe the Xenogenous theory. Who was the founder? |
Endocytosis with invagination and a closing membrane. Lynn Margulis. |
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What can the number of membranes tell us about endosymbiosis? |
Whether it was a result of primary or secondary |
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Which 2 Divisions have chloroplasts with more than 2 membranes? |
Euglenophyta Dinophyta |
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What was the first algae to evolve on Earth? |
Cyanophyta |
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What was the first photosynthetic organism with 2 photosystems producing O2 as a product? |
Cyanobacteria |
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What does the cell wall of a cyanobacteria contain, making it more similar to a bacteria than a plant? |
muramic acid and lysozyme. |
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What makes a cyanobacteria similar to a plant? |
Presence of chlorophylls A and B as well as phycobilins. |
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What does mucilage do for an alga? |
Protection from desiccation and grazing. Buoyancy |
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What do you get when you group together MULTIPLE trichomes? :o |
GRASS CLIPPING ALGAE AHAHAHAHAHAHA |
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Describe multiseriate |
Cells are all together, but rather than being in a cohesive chain, they are in a sort of mass. Indiscrete. |
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What do you call a sheathed trichome? |
Filament |
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What has a sheathed trichome? |
Lyngbya (cyanophyta) |
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What can affect pigmentation of neighbouring cells of a Cyanophyta? Why? |
Heterocysts. Exposure to N. |
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What is the correlation between the number of heterocysts and atmospheric N? |
Inverse |
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What is an akinete and how do they develop? |
Resting spores in cyanophyta that develop from vegetative cells that were exposed to stressful situations. (They're the gecko's tail of the cyanophyta) They help the cell in less than perfect situations by being packed with CHO and heavier so they sink the alga to overwinter. |
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What is a trichome? |
Rods of cells specific to plantae, essentially. |
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What is an endospore? Exospore? |
Endospore: individuals that develop inside a parent and then break out. |
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Why is it good to have mucilaginous algae in soil? |
Binds it, reducing erosion |
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Define an extremophile. |
Something that loves extreme conditions (i.e. high/low heat, acidity or basicity) |
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What are 2 examples of hot spring algae? |
Purple sulfur bacteria Cyanobacteria Diatoms Green algae |
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In which types of environments would you typically find Nostocaeae? |
High in P and low in N |
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What happens to O when there are lake blooms? |
Lots of O is produced while it is proliferating, but then when it dies it consumes too much and fish can die. |
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Define toxin. |
Something that is negative in its effects and biological in origin. |
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Which cyanobacterial toxins target the liver? Nerves? Skin? |
- Microcystins, Nodularin, and Cylindrospermopsins
- Anatoxin, Saxitons - Aplysiatoxins, Lyngbyatoxin |
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Define heptatotoxin. |
A toxic biochemical substance that damages the liver. |
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Talk about the effects of algal toxins a bit. |
Mostly okay in lower doses, but varies from person to person. Once you're poisoned, there's not a lot you can do other than encourage it's passing, especially once it hits the bloodstream. It has all of the typical sublethal symptoms you would expect. We can't really either treat or prevent it at this point. |
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Talk about BMAA. |
Beta-methylamino-L-alanine might have something to do with neurodegenerative diseases (i.e. ALS, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's) and is linked with biomagnification which is rare in toxins. It can be inserted into proteins, is known to be neurotoxic, exposure is ubiquitous but individuals vary in vulnerability. It occurs in the brain tissue of ALS and Alzheimer's disease patients but not in healthy controls. |
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What structure in an algal cell aids cyanobacteria in lake blooms? |
Gas vacuoles aid flotation keeping them in well-lit surface water, which also means that they are shading everything below. |
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What is carp exclusion and why do we do it? |
When a separation occurs keeping carp out of one area of a water body. Carp tend to stir up vegetation, leading to decreased water quality and therefore the water body becomes more difficult to live in. |
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What is the relationship between algae and atmospheric O? |
The majority of the atmospheric O that we have is a result of the photosynthesis done by, mainly marine, algae. |
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What is the relationship between algae and atmospheric N? |
Some algae can fix N and convert it to something that we can use. Great because N is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. |
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Nostocales with more protein than legumes. |
Spirulina |
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What alga is used to wrap sushi? |
Nori |
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How can we use diatomaceous earth? |
As abrasives, for filtration, an absorbent, insecticide. |
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Why are lake blooms associated with "bad"? |
Because when they are alive, they produce a lot of O, but they shade the water body. When they die, their decomposition consumes all of the O and there is little to none left for the fish and other aquatic life. |
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What are some common genera to bloom? Which divisions are these? |
Microcystis (chroococcales), anabaena, aphanizomenon (nostocales) - all cyanophyta |
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What favours bloom? |
Nnutrient enrichment (especially N and P) |
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What is Microcystin and what does it do? |
A toxin in Microcystis that leads to liver haemorrhage. |
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Which 3 neurodegenerative diseases could be linked to algae? |
Alzheimer's, Lou Gherig's disease, Parkinson's |
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Define phycology. |
The study of algae. |
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Greek "phycos" |
"Seaweed" |
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Define chemotroph. |
Uses chemical bonds for energy. |
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When has the first prokaryotic phototroph been traced back to? |
About 2.7B YA |
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When has the first eukaryotic alga been traced back to? |
About 1.5B YA |
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By which method is it accepted that cells went from prokaryotic to have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles? |
Endosymbiosis.
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What are the most common radioisotopes/stable isotopes in algae? (x4) |
C, N, P, S |
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Define coccoid. |
Sphere-shaped |
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What is a lorica? |
An incomplete wall in a colonial algae. |
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What is a globule? |
Sterile cells wrapped around sperm |
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What is a nucule? |
Sterile cells wrapped around an egg. |
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Which types of algae most commonly have flagella? |
Unicellular eukaryotes freely suspended in the water. |
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What does it mean for a flagellum to be tinsellated? |
It is hairy-looking |
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What is the eyespot (stigmata)? |
Swelling close to the base of a flagella is the paraflagellar body or photoreceptor. This usually aligns with an eyespot and functions in determining direction of movement that results from flagellar motion. Involved in phototactic responses. |
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How does Euglenoid movement occur? |
Via contraction and expansion of pellicular bands. |
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What are pellicular bands? |
Thin strands of film on the outside of the cell. |
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Although the cause of euglenoid movement is unknown, what might it be associated with? |
Cytoplasmic streaming (set forth via actin) |
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Describe the action of ejectosomes. |
Discharged from cell body when irritated, propelling the cell in the opposite direction. |
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Where does reproductive fragmentation occur? In which Division? |
Akinetes in Cyanophyta |
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What is the asexual spore-producing cell called? |
Sporangium |
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What is the most primitive form of sexual reproduction in algae? |
Isogamous (where they are morphologically similar) |
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What is the most advanced form of sexual reproduction in algae? |
Oogamous (where one small motile gamete (sperm) and one larger nonmotile gamete (egg) get together. |
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Where would you find a true vacuole? What is its function? |
In Eukaryotic algae. Functions for storage of waste and nutrients.
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What is the purpose of a plasma membrane bearing scales? |
Protection Increasing surface area (flotation) Aid in buoyancy |
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What would you call an incomplete cell wall? |
A lorica.
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Sheath + trichome = ? |
Filament |
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What is the only algal division that can fix N? |
Cyanobacteria. |
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What do algae with akinetes do in the winter? |
Sink to the sediment and overwinter there in sediments until the cold T rises. |
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What is a hormogonium? |
A portion of filament in many Cyanophyta that becomes detached as a reproductive body.
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What does "heterokont" mean? |
Having 2 dissimilar flagellae. |
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What is another name for Chromophyta? |
Heterokontophyta. |
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Define "planktonic" |
An organism that lives in a large water body and cannot swim against the current. |
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Define benthic. |
Organism occurring at the bottom of a body of water, or attached to a surface. |
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What does phytoplankton mean? |
The things that are floating in the water. |
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What is the single most distinctive feature of a member of the Division Chromophyta? Which Class does this belong to? |
The frustule. Bacillariophyceae. |
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What do we call the larger valve of a diatom? The smaller one? |
Epivalve (epitheca). Hypovalve (hypotheca). |
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What are thecae composed of? |
A Valve (a flattened plate), and a connecting band. |
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What makes up a diatom's girdle? |
The two connecting bands from each theca. |
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What is a main difference between centric diatoms and pennate diatoms? |
Centrics have many chloroplasts which pennates tend to only have a few. |
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What is a pyrenoid? |
A protein body in the chloroplast that aids in C fixation, CHO formation, and CHO storage. |
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How many cells are in Asterionella? |
8 |
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How do Asterionella cells stick together? |
With a thich mucilage at one end of the cell |
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What is a raphe? Describe it's structure. |
A longitudinal fissure in the valve surface of some pennate diatoms that goes right through the silica, and comes to the centre but does not meet because of the central nodule. |
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Define Araphidinate. |
No raphe on either valve.
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Define Monoraphidinate. |
Raphe only on one valve. |
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Define Biraphidinate. |
Raphe on both valves. |
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Define Pseudoraphidinate. Where is a pseudoraphe commonly found? |
A clear area in the centre of the valve, with no fissure. Typically on the opposite valve from a true monoraphe. |
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What are striae? What do they consist of? |
Lines on the surface of a valve. Usually consisting of shallow depressions called areolae that have punctae (smaller pores/slits) within them. |
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What are costae? |
More heavily sicified ribs between rows of striae. |
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Define "process" in terms of a diatomal structure. What is the main function of a diatom's process? |
Solid protrusions on inner or outer valve face. - Hold cells together in chains - Reduce sinking rate - Discourage grazing (because they're pointy) - Mucilage extrusion |
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How many chloroplasts are you likely to find in a pennate diatom? |
1, 2, or 4 |
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Define auxotrophy. |
Requiring one or more organic nutrient. |
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What physical characteristics would an obligate heterotroph likely have? |
No pigment or photosynthetic structures. |
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If a diatom has a stalk, name a pro and a con to this type of structure. |
Makes it easier to gain nutrition, but makes you more susceptible to predation. |
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Describe the asexual reproductive cycle of a diatom. |
Each original valve becomes the epivalve of the daughter cell, and new hypovalves are created. 1 daughter is the same size as the parent cells was (because it came from the actual epivalve) and the other is slightly smaller (because it is using the former hypovalve as the epivalve).
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At which fraction of original parental size will a diatom be unable to undergo asexual reproduction? What does it do to come back to original size? |
1/3. Sexual reproduction or cyst formation. |
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What are the ploidy stages of a diatom? |
Gametes = 1N |
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When reproducing via cyst formation, what is the ploidy throughout the lifecycle of the diatom? |
2N always because there is only one set of genes involved |
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How does a cyst help bring back the original size of the diatom? |
Under the right conditions, it enlarges and develops 2 valves larger than the current parental ones. |
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What is the purpose of a resting diatom cell? How are these cells different from their vegetative counterparts? |
Not true dormancy, but they will sink to the bottom and wait for conditions to improve before becoming active and reproducing. They appear similar, but have fewer mitochondria and more lipids/oils. |
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What are the advantages to motility in vegetative diatoms? |
- Hold their positions in the substrata of moving waters - Avoid burial by sediments - Colonization of vacant areas - Movement to areas with better conditions (i.e. light/nutrition) |
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What does "C. HOPKINS cafe. Mighty good but not always clean. Comin' cousin Moe? Si!" mean? |
Macro and micro nutrients. Micro: B, Na, Cl, Cu, Mn, Co, Zn, Mo, Si |
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What is diurnal migration? |
When a benthic algae moves up and down in a water column.
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Define haptobenthic. |
Organisms linked/fused to solid bottom surface. |
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What is an A/C ratio? What does it indicate? |
Ratio of araphidinate pennates to centrics. Indicates water quality because centrics are common in nutrient-poor waters and araphidinate pennates are common to nutrient-rich waters. We can study the water quality over the ages by taking a sediment core and counting which of each different kind of diatom frustule is at which point in the core. |
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Talk about domoic acid. |
A diatom toxin that accumulates in filter feeding animals, and then if that is ingested by a person, absorption is very potent in minute quantities. There is no way to remove the toxin from tainted food, and no antidote at this point. |
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What are the symptoms of domoic acid poisoning? How long does it take to start seeing them? |
Vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal cramping, headache. 30 minutes to 24 hours. |
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How are diatoms and forensics linked? |
They can help determine where a drowning occurred by entering the lungs at the time of drowning and then being distributed to other parts of the body, and since they do not become digested, the silica frustules will persist. |
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Describe exponential growth phase. |
Cells growing at a rate determined by genetics and environmental conditions. This phase leads to the declining relative phase before it is stationary and then death phase kicks in. |
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What are 3 reasons for declining relative growth phase? |
- Nutrient Limitation - Self-shading/light limitation - Autoinhibition (accumulation of toxic wastes) |
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What is the implication of Stationary Phase? |
Maximum culture density is the final yield. |
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What happens in death phase? |
Dying cell releases nutrients which may promote further growth of the culture. |
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Which Class of algae has radial symmetry with no pattern to its scales? |
Chrysophyceae |
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Describe the flagellae of an algae in the Class Chrysophyceae. |
Biflagellate, perpendicular, one whiplash, one tinsellated. Both have 9+2 microtubular anatomy. Eyespot at the base of the whiplash flagellum. |
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What is the purpose of a Chrysophyte's eyespot? |
Phototaxis. |
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Define phototaxis. |
To move away from/towards light as needed. |
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What does a muciferous body contain? What does this do? |
Granular mucilage bounded by a single membrane. When discharged, contents form a fibrous network around the cell. |
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What is a discobolocyst? Where might you find one? |
Like a mcuiferous body, but shoots projectile into a thin thread with a hollow disc at the tip. More common in a naked than scaled species of either Synurophyceae or Chrysophyceae. |
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What is the characteristic ploidy of a Synurophyceae? |
Haploid, only zygote is diploid. |
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What is the asexual reproduction for Chrysophyceae? |
Mitosis |
