Agriculture

Front 1

Commerical agriculture

Back 1

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm

Front 2

Subsistence agriculture

Back 2

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

Front 3

Dairy farming

Back 3

A type of commercial agriculture for long-term production of milk, which is processed for eventual sale of a dairy product

Front 4

Desertification

Back 4

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting

Front 5

Intensive agriculture

Back 5

A form of agriculture characterized by a low fallow ratio and higher use of inputs such as capital and labor per unit land area

Front 6

Extensive agriculture

Back 6

A form of agriculture that uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed

Front 7

Genetically modified organisms

Back 7

Organisms in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination

Front 8

Neolithic revolution

Back 8

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

Front 9

Second agricultural revolution

Back 9

Caused by technology provided by the Industrial Revolution to increase production and distribution of products

Front 10

Green revolution

Back 10

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers

Front 11

Intensive subsistence agriculture

Back 11

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to product the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land

Front 12

Livestock ranching

Back 12

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area

Front 13

Mediterranean agriculture

Back 13

An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, and olives are produced

Front 14

Pastoral nomadism

Back 14

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals

Front 15

Shifting cultivation

Back 15

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period

Front 16

Slash-and-burn agriculture

Back 16

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris

Front 17

Sustainability

Back 17

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizers and pesticides

Front 18

Swidden

Back 18

A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning

Front 19

Transhumance

Back 19

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

Front 20

Von Thunen Model

Back 20

Model of land use that showed how market processes could determine how land in different locations would be used