Age Related Changes In Comm.

Front 1

AGING

Back 1

The chronological change in our age from year to year

Front 2

GROUPING

Back 2

Characteristics are shared

Front 3

Young-old

Back 3

55-64

Front 4

middle-old

Back 4

65-74

Front 5

old-old

Back 5

74+

Front 6

frisky

Back 6

64-74

Front 7

frail

Back 7

75-85

Front 8

fragile

Back 8

85+

Front 9

elderly

Back 9

referred to as anyone over the age of 65

Front 10

1900's

Back 10

1 in 10 were 55+ years old.
1 in 25 were over 65

Front 11

2000

Back 11

1 in 5 were 55+
1 in 8 were 65

Front 12

by 2040 its estimated that 1 in 5 will be

Back 12

over 65

Front 13

baby boomers

Back 13

1946-64

Front 14

baby boomers occured because of

Back 14

increased wealth and time saving devices like the washing machine

Front 15

population change is occurring because of

Back 15

increase life expectancy

Front 16

why is the elderly population growing so much?

Back 16

improved disease prevention/health promotion.
activities and health care technology

Front 17

average life expectancy has increased in relationship to

Back 17

decline in mortality rate

Front 18

life expectancy varies with

Back 18

age, gender, race

Front 19

life expectancy for caucasians at birth is

Back 19

6-8 yrs longer than african americans

Front 20

increase in life expectancy leads to:

Back 20

changes in illness patterns
decrease in mobility
increase in dependency
increase in use of health services

Front 21

ethnicity

Back 21

membership in a group defined as set apart by race, religion, national orientation or a combination of these.

Front 22

elderly are mostly whtie, with

Back 22

8% african american
and 5% hispanic

Front 23

between 1990 and 2030
elder minority growth estimates
(ethnicity)

Back 23

whites: 92%
blacks:257%
hispanics: 395%

Front 24

variations in education

Back 24

non-whites tend to have less education and lower incomes than whites

Front 25

professionals must make sure all ethnic groups have access to:

Back 25

health care

Front 26

cross sectional design

Back 26

people @ diff. age groups are examined at the same point in time.

Front 27

developmental effect

Back 27

some fundamental change that can occur as we age

Front 28

cohort effect

Back 28

-an effect that is a result of being born at a particular point in time.
- a group born roughly at the same time.

Front 29

cognitive representation of a group

Back 29

specific characteristics we expect certain members of a group to have

Front 30

attitude

Back 30

overall emotional response to a person or group of people.

Front 31

ageism

Back 31

tell the diff. in ages, and think badly about older individuals.

Front 32

younger people look at older people as

Back 32

part of another group

Front 33

men have more _______ stereotypes associated with aging.

Back 33

positive

Front 34

men are better reproductive partners with age because of:

Back 34

wealth and status

Front 35

myth: you can't teach an old dog new tricks.

Back 35

you can learn and grow, in diff. ways and it takes more time and commitment.

Front 36

myth: the secret to positive aging is choosing your parents well.

Back 36

we control how we age with our lifestyle choices of our mental and physical health.

Front 37

myth: the lights may be on but the voltage is low

Back 37

we ignore the positive aspects of aging and just look at the negative too often.

Front 38

myth: the elderly do not pull their own weight

Back 38

they may not be able to work as hard, but they can volunteer or help

Front 39

negative stereotype: severly impaired

Back 39

slow thinking, incompetent, feeble, incoherent, inarticulate, senile.

Front 40

negative stereotype: despondent

Back 40

depressed, sad, lonely, hopeless, afraid, neglected.

Front 41

negative stereotype: shrew/curmudgen

Back 41

complaining, bitter, prejudiced, demanding, selfish, stubborn, nosy.

Front 42

negative stereotype: recluse

Back 42

timid, quiet, naive.

Front 43

positive stereotype: golden ager

Back 43

lively, adventorous, witty, sociable, independent, skilled, productive, volunteer.

Front 44

positive stereotype: perfect grandparent

Back 44

kind, loving, famliy oriented, generous, grateful, supportive, understanding, trustworthy.

Front 45

positive stereotype: John Wayne conservative

Back 45

patriotic, religious, nostalgic, reminiscent, retired, conservative, emotional, mellow, determined, proud.

Front 46

young adulthood:

Back 46

mid-teens to 30

Front 47

middle age

Back 47

30's to 50's

Front 48

old age

Back 48

50's and older

Front 49

people with negative views of aging live for __ years less than people with a positive view.

Back 49

7.5

Front 50

theories of aging:

Back 50

-stochastic
-nonstochastic
-psychosocial
-sociological

Front 51

stochastic theories

Back 51

view aging as a set of adverse changes in the cells that lead to replicative errors.
ex) wear and tear theory
error theory
cross link theory
free radical theory

Front 52

Wear and Tear Theory

Back 52

idea that continuous use leads to worn out or defective body parts.
ignores repair mechanisms available to body.

Front 53

error theory

Back 53

concerned with cumulative DNA and RNA mistakes.
mistakes that are copied and transmitted impairing cellular function.

Front 54

Cross-link theory

Back 54

elastin and collagen are primary.
-go from molecules taht are loosely associated to those who are tightly associated
-making them more rigid.

Front 55

making elastin and collagen more rigid leads to:

Back 55

-affects white cells to fight infection
-decreased access to nutrition
-inhibits cell growth
-reduces the cells ability to eliminate waste
-age related changes to skin

Front 56

free radical theory

Back 56

chemical by-products in normal cell metabolism involving O2.
-unstable, only last few min.

Front 57

free-radical theory: chemical changes:

Back 57

-highly reactive with other molecules.
-normally protective enzyme systems deal with this
-with age, bodies ability to produce enzymes decreases.
-can be supplemented with vitamins.

Front 58

nonstochastic theories:

Back 58

aging is caused by replication errors in cells that are intrinsic or pre-programmed.

Front 59

programmed aging theory

Back 59

genetic or biological clock may determine aging process

Front 60

immunological theory

Back 60

with age the body becomes less able to fight off antigens.
loses its ability to distinguish between antigents and the body's own tissues.

Front 61

psychosocial theories of aging:

Back 61

-idea that earlier life events effect later life decisions.
-maslow
-erikson
-peck

Front 62

maslow's hierarchy of basic needs:

Back 62

-needs that motivate human behavior
-as the needs are met at one level, they move to the next.
1. physiological needs:food, water, O2
2. safety or security
3. belonging
4. esteem/self-worth
5. self-actualization: develop one's ability to fullest.

Front 63

erikson's stage theory of development: (ERIK ERIKSON)

Back 63

-series of developmental crises that the individuals must resolve in either a postive or neg. fashion
- the attributes the person chooses directs a person's life.

Front 64

middle age: generativity vs. ego stagnation

Back 64

-realize finite period of time
-start to want to leave a legacy
- interests broaden to a more social perspective
-if you do not resolve probs you become fixated on yourself.

Front 65

late adulthood: integrity vs. despair

Back 65

reviewing one's life
-reconciles failures and success
- self-worth knowing you did the best you could
- If life is seen as series of failures, person will feel despair.

Front 66

peck's taks of middle and old age:
robert peck (1968)

Back 66

subdivided eriksons last 2 stages into 7 specific tasks taht must be accomplished.

Front 67

peck's middle age tasks:

Back 67

-valuing wisdom vs. physical powers.
-socializing vs. sexuality
-emotional flexibility vs. emotional rigidity.
-mental flexibility vs. mental rigidity

Front 68

socializing vs. sexuality

Back 68

urges broaden requirements for a meaningful relationship away from sexuality

Front 69

emotional flexibility vs. emotional rigidity

Back 69

flexibilty involves to reinvest emotional energies in new relationships and new roles as older, well-established emotional attachments undergo changes with age.
-those who don't do this, find themselves isolated

Front 70

mental flexibility vs. mental rigidity

Back 70

helps you cope and adapt effectively

Front 71

pecks' older age tasks: ego differentiaion vs. work role preoccupation

Back 71

give yourself a sense of self-woth other than by work.

contribute to community with other ways than work.

Front 72

peck's older age tasks: body transcendence vs. body preoccupation

Back 72

have to rise above preoccupation with health related issues in order to derive more personal satisfaction from life

Front 73

peck's older age tasks: ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation

Back 73

must see beyond themselves to maintain an active interest in society and people in order to see lives in a positive perspective.

Front 74

sociological theories:

Back 74

care about demographics of aging (baby boomers).
-geographic mobility of elderly in regards to services and how well they can handle influx of people or deflation.
-concerned about friendship network and how it changes
-sex ratio, 48& men, 52% women, 65 years and older.
-over age of 80: women 70%, men 30%.

Front 75

network approaches for sociological theories:

Back 75

links social network, structure of network and content of relationships to health.

Front 76

theories of successful aging:

Back 76

-disengagement theory
-activity theory
-continuity theory
-socioemotional selectivity theory
-selective optimization with compensation model
-social-environmental theory

Front 77

disengagement theory:

Back 77

-mutual withdrawl of older adults from society as society withdraws from them.

Front 78

mutuality:

Back 78

carry out a normatively defined mutual disengagement

Front 79

insuitability:

Back 79

the system's needs are dealt with rather than personal needs or interest

Front 80

universality:

Back 80

disengagement from elderly is prerequisite for social stability.

Front 81

with disengagement theory, elderly who willingly withdraw from society will adapt to aging

Back 81

those who do not will not fulfill needs and have a hard time adjusting.

Front 82

communication implications of disengagement theory.

Back 82

-withdrawal is associated with reduction in amount and quality of communication interaction.

Front 83

if disengagement theory is correct:

Back 83

- elder should enter fewer relationships
-closeness of relationships lessen
-lessening of qualitative and quantitative aspects of the relational network should be apparant.

Front 84

ACTIVITY THEORY:

Back 84

collection of research findings rather than one specific theory.
-successful aging is linked to an active social life.
*high social interaction and high satisfaction w/ life.

Front 85

communication implications of activity theory

Back 85

suggests communciation should be maintained at high levels throughout the aging process.

Front 86

if the activity theory is correct:

Back 86

- an elder should enter into frequent comm. interactions.
-relationships should be close
-conversation should reflect interest in community events and other topics that are oriented toward others.

Front 87

continuity theory: neugarten et al. 1968

Back 87

successful aging is dependent on individual personality
-people maintain personality characteristics over time
-individuals consistency determines how they adapt to aging.

Front 88

communication implications of continuity theory :

Back 88

-describe each individual's comm. personality
-to successfully age, person must maintain communication personality.

Front 89

socioemotional selectivity theory:carstensen 1992

Back 89

-aging individuals reduce their number of overall communication partners, but maintain close relationships that provide most satisfaction.
(few, closer relationships)

Front 90

socioemotional selectivey theory involves:

Back 90

-social interaction involves cost, and rewards.
older: new relationships are more costly.
-life span approach is acquiring rewarding relationships and discarding unsatisfying ones.

Front 91

communication implications of socioemotional selectivity theory:

Back 91

closeness in relationships is acheived via communication
-as we age, we learn to reap more rewards from relationships while lessening costs.

Front 92

if the socioemotional selectivity theory is correct:

Back 92

elder should communicate frequently with close relationships and less with distant ones.
-relationships should have a high level of closeness.

Front 93

selective optimization with compensation model (baltes and baltes 1990)

Back 93

"dont work harder, work smarter".

Front 94

selective optimization with compensation model details:

Back 94

theory based on propositions of aging from a psychological p.o.v.
-aging is heterogenous
-great deal of reserve tapped when needed during aging
-with age, we lose some reserve capacties
-knowledge-based pragmatics and technology offset age-related decline in cognitive mechanics
- with aging, balance b/w gains and losses is less positive.
- AGING IS AN ADAPTIVE INTERPLAY OF GAINS AND LOSSES
* memory aids, hearing aids.

Front 95

communication implications for selective optimization with compensation model

Back 95

whena person loses some ability, ppl involved with that person can help foster independence of reinforce dependence.

Front 96

if the selective optimization with compensation model is correct:

Back 96

communication for elderly should help person maintain as many options as possible in selecting and optimizing conditions of life
* compensations used to maximize ability of controlling own life
* interactions focus on maintaining a postivie self-worth

Front 97

social-environmental thoery:

Back 97

-concerned with pragmatic, functional impact of environment on communication
-proximity is related to determination of with whom we enter a relationship
-age segregation can determine social contacts
-external and internal factors are related successful aging.

Front 98

epidermis

Back 98

-top layer of skin
-made of keratinocytes
-purpose is to protect
-produces vitamin D3

Front 99

epidermis

Back 99

-top layer of skin
-made of keratinocytes
-purpose is to protect
-produces vitamin D3

Front 100

melanocytes

Back 100

pigment

Front 101

langerhan's cells

Back 101

activate immune system

Front 102

merkel cells

Back 102

sensory receptors

Front 103

dermis

Back 103

-connective tissue
-contains blood vessels
-pressure, pain and temp receptors
-hair follicles
-sebaceous glands
-eccrine glands
-apocrine glands

Front 104

hypodermis

Back 104

secures dermis to muscle tissue
-contains:
connective tissue
blood vessels
nerves
fat cells

Front 105

functions of hypodermis

Back 105

-protection
-temp regulation
-excretion
-prevention of drying out
-physical, chemical and biological barrier
-helps make vitamin D
-provides important info about environment

Front 106

aging changes: epidermis

Back 106

-thins
-rate of cell turn over declines
-greater sensitivity to physical trauma and chemicals
-slower heating rate
-melanocytes decrease
-langerhan's cells decrease

Front 107

when melanocytes decrease:

Back 107

regeneration rates vary causing lentigo senilis(age spots)

Front 108

when langerhan's cells decrease:

Back 108

-reduced immune responses
-increased rash, skin tumors, allergic reactions

Front 109

aging changes for dermis:

Back 109

-loses 20% thickness
-collagen decreases
-fragility of blood vessels
-loss of subcutaneous fat
-decreased oil production
-sweat glands decrease
-decreased # of blood vessels to cool/heat body.

Front 110

aging changes for hypodermis:

Back 110

fat cells become thinner

Front 111

xerosis:

Back 111

dry rough appearance.
itchy.
due to reduced sweat glands or changes in fluid release from body.
from cold, dry climates; harsh soap; frequent bathing or bed rests.
treated with cream

Front 112

senile purpura

Back 112

blood vessels rupture easily and blood pools into tissue around it

Front 113

solar elastosis

Back 113

rough, leathery wrinkles skin w/ irregular pigmentation due to repeated sun exposure.

Front 114

actinic keratosis

Back 114

pre-malignant lesion cause by sun exposure
-seen on areas most exposed to sun

Front 115

seborrheic keratosis

Back 115

appears raised, tan, reddish-brown to black-purple, wort-like.
may develop into cancer.

Front 116

herpes zoster
(shingles)

Back 116

-viral infection
-stays dormant in dorsal nerve endings and is re-activated by stress or decreased immune response
-causes extreme pain during outbreaks

Front 117

pressure ulcers
(bed sores)

Back 117

4 stages where varying degrees of skin is involved.

Front 118

gradual loss of calcium

Back 118

dec. in bone mass and bone density

Front 119

cartilage surfaces become rougher in joints

Back 119

dec. water density. less cushioning

Front 120

age related changes in muscuskeleton system:

Back 120

cartilage of the intervertebral discs loss fluid and become stiffer.
tendons and ligaments lose strength.

Front 121

osteoporosis:

Back 121

-metabolic bone disease
-rate of bone resorption becomes greater than rate of formation
-results in dec. bone mass
-brittle, fragile, porous bones
-effects women more than men
-fractures aren't most commonly associated with it.

Front 122

kyphosis

Back 122

"hump back"
-posture changes as result of osteoporosis.

Front 123

risk factors of osteoporosis:

Back 123

age, female, white or asian, petite, estrogen deficiency, heredity, inadequate calcium intake, alcholic, excessive caffeine, high fat.

Front 124

3 types of athritis:

Back 124

osteoarthritis
rheumatoid
gout

Front 125

osteoarthritis

Back 125

degnerative joint disease
leading cause of disability over 65

Front 126

osteoarthritis caused by:

Back 126

age, injury, obesity, diabetes, genetic disposition, other joint disorders.

Front 127

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 127

autoimmune disorder- bodies antibodies attack tissue
-involves connective tissue
-40-60 yrs.
-synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickened.
-may have malaise, fatigue, low fever, weight loss.
-rapid period of remission

Front 128

gout

Back 128

-build up of uric acid in joints and blood
-causes crystals to be formed in the joints
-sudden, very painful
-last only few days
-repaeated attacks to permanent damage

Front 129

muscles:

Back 129

strength declines with age
muscle atrophy
replacing muscle fiber w/ fatty tissue

Front 130

age related changes in structural cardiovascular system

Back 130

-increased fatty tissue layer on heart
- heart/artieries thicken
-thickening of valves result in less efficient heart
-pacemaker cells dec. in #
-veins dilate and stretch
-arteries become dilated, twisted and calcified

Front 131

age related changes in fucntional cardiovascular system:

Back 131

-longer recovery
-slight arrhythmias
-decline in cardiac output
-increase in atrial fibrilation
-due to dec. flexibility the heart must pump harder

Front 132

age rel. disorders of cardiovascular system

Back 132

-angina pectoris
-myocardial infarction
-congestive heart failure
-transient ischemic attack
-cerebrovascular accident

Front 133

angina pectoris

Back 133

chest pain
heart muscle not receiving enough blood flow

Front 134

myocardial infarction

Back 134

reduced or no blood flow to heart from coronary arteries

Front 135

congestive heart failure (CHF)

Back 135

the heart isn't able to pump adequate blood to body tissures during exercise or rest.

Front 136

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Back 136

a sudden interruption of blood flow to brain usually lasting less than 24 hrs.

Front 137

cerebrovascular accident (CVA, stroke)

Back 137

blood supply to brain is reduced or shut off completely.
-narrowing of arteries or clot b/c of something in bloodstream
-result of a rupture

Front 138

respiratory system: functions

Back 138

-transports oxygen to blood
-abnormal fucntion affects every body system
-lung structure and function reaches max development and efficiency in early 20s, declining slowly after that.
-carbon dioxide is a waste product of tissue metabolism and moves opp. direction.

Front 139

respiratory system: structures:

Back 139

diaphragm: main muscle of respiration

Front 140

age-related changes in respiratory system

Back 140

decreased muscle mass and strength leading to dec. tolerance for exercise.
-intercostals and abdominal muscles weaken leading to dec. lung recoil and more shallow respirations
-dec. lung function and reserve, esp. during stress
-alterations in respiratory defense mechanisms.
-elderly inhale more to supply oxygen to organ systems, but smaller air is expelled from lungs.

Front 141

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Back 141

-group of dieseased that cause:
reduce airflow in an dout,
excessive secretion of mucus, chronic infection,
increaces in airspaces, dec. in elasticity of lungs, narrowing of bronchi due to allergies.

Front 142

COPD

Back 142

17 mill people in us affected by this.
4th cause of death in US
-50% diagnosed w/ this die w/in 10 yrs
-risk factors are smoking
-starts with cough, difficult breathing, then wheezing and chronic mucus production

Front 143

emphysema

Back 143

-enlargement or destruction of alveolar wall of lungs
-lungs lose their ability to stretch and obtain oxygen

Front 144

pulmonary TB

Back 144

-disease transmitted by inhalation of droplets
-not a new disease, normally reoccurrence triggered by dec. immune system, stress or other illnesses.

Front 145

signs of pulmonary TB

Back 145

weight loss
fever
green/yellow sputum w/ blood

Front 146

lung cancer

Back 146

-primary cause of death by cancer in men and women
-85-90% can be correlated w/ smoking
-early signs are coughing, difficulty breathing and blood

Front 147

gastriointestinal system: fucntion

Back 147

enzymes break down complex nutrients
-digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream thru the walls of the small intestine
-elimination of solid waste that can't be absorbed by the blood stream

Front 148

age related changes in gastriointestinal system

Back 148

decreased sensation of taste due to progressive loss of taste buds predominantly on the anterior portion of the tonge.
-TMJ structures degenerate

Front 149

gastreophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Back 149

most common upper GI prob in adults
-mild/severe heartburn
-severe chest pain
-regurgitation
-dysphagia

Front 150

gastric ulcer

Back 150

-erosion of lining of stomach
-starts mild and gets progressivley worse
-symptoms diffuse in older adults
-caused by meds
-can cause death as result of bleeding

Front 151

gastric ulcer causes:

Back 151

-pain in abdomen
-weight loss
-nausea
-vomiting
-thirst

Front 152

cirrhosis

Back 152

-inflammation and degeneration of liver
- liver cells beome filled with fat

Front 153

cirrhosis: 4 types:

Back 153

-alcholic
-postnecrotic
-bilary
-cardiac

Front 154

functions of urinary system

Back 154

-excrete toxic substances and waste products of metabolism
-regulate water balance in body
-help maintain pH balance in body
-aid in maintaining correct concentrations of salt in body

Front 155

age related changes in urinary system

Back 155

-dec in kidney size
-hardening of liver
-blood vessels become smaller and thicker
-muscle tone is lost
-decline in bladder capacity
-dec. in ability to filter toxins in the blood
-difficulty regulating sodium/potassium levels in body

Front 156

urinary tract infections (UTI)

Back 156

-80% occurs in women
-highest rate in institutions
-change in bladder cuntions b/c of stroke/diabetes lead to increased occurence
-can occur in upper UT or lower UT

Front 157

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Back 157

-prostate gland enlarges and produces symptoms of urethral obstruction
-90% men in 70's and 80's
-lead to UTI, bladder stones
-feels like you have to urinate frequently and urgently

Front 158

kidney stone disease

Back 158

-crystalline deposits in kindeys
-small stones pass easily w/o pain
-effect more men

Front 159

renal failure

Back 159

kidneys cannot remove metabolic waste from body
-build of toxins disrupt pH levels, metabolic functions and endocrine fuction of body

Front 160

cause of renal failure

Back 160

-sudden dec. in blood flow to kidneys
-damage from medications
-sudden blockage that doesn't allow urine to leave the kidneys

Front 161

signs of renal failure

Back 161

-lethargy, restlessness, nausea, vomit, diarrhea, dry skin, headache, pain in back, low urinary output

Front 162

endocrine systems: fucntion

Back 162

secretes hormones directly into the blood or lymphatic system.
reactions take as little as a few seconds to a few hrs or days

Front 163

endocrine system regulates

Back 163

-growth
-metabolism
-body heat
-calcium balance in the blood
production of corticosteriods
-level of sodium/ potassium and electrolytes in blood
-our body's reaction to stress
-production of insulin/glucose
-production of melatonin

Front 164

age related changes in endocrine system

Back 164

-atrophy of glands and decrease in secretions.
-overall difficulty regulating the homeostasis of the system
-may be misidentified as depression or fatigue

Front 165

thyroid gland: hyperthyroidism

Back 165

-over production of the thyroid hormone
-causes a toxic condition
-treated with medication, removing thyroid gland or irradiation

Front 166

hyperthyroidism: symptoms:

Back 166

-cardiac conditions/CHF
-weight loss
-fatigue
-heat intolerance
-heart palpitations
-nervousness
-depression
-tremors

Front 167

hypothyroidism

Back 167

-often caused by iodine insufficiency
-very common b/w 30-60 yrs
-treated w/ drug replacement of the thyroid hormone

Front 168

hypothyroidism: symptoms

Back 168

-fatigue
-weight loss
-cold intolerance
-muscle cramps
-constipation
-dry skin
-mental confusion
-depression

Front 169

addison's disease

Back 169

-difficiency of the hormone producded by the adrenal gland
-thought to be autoimmune disorder
-people with this have difficulty dealing with physical or emotional stress
-treated with replacement hormones

Front 170

addison's disease: symptoms:

Back 170

-muscle weakness
-lack of appetite
-weight loss
-hypotension
-fatigue
-dark pigmentation of the skin
-GI probs
-low blood glucose levels
-low corticosteroids

Front 171

cushing's syndrome

Back 171

-too many corticosteroids in the system
-commonly caused by glucocorticoid medications which are often given as anti-inflamitory
-treated with meds or surgery

Front 172

cushing's syndrome: symptoms

Back 172

-fatty deposits around face
-thin arms and legs
-weakness
-sleep disturbance
-weight gain
-retention of sodium and water

Front 173

pancreas

Back 173

-secretions decrease and the body becomes more sensitive to insulin leading to diabetes

Front 174

diabetes

Back 174

-hyperglycemia: increased blood sugar b/c of decreased insulin production
-insulin resistance
-combination
-type 1 or 2

Front 175

symptoms for diabetes

Back 175

random glucose level of 200 or greater
-fasting glucose level nof 126 or greater
-2 hr glucose level of 200 during an oral glucose tolerance test

Front 176

TYPE 1 DIABETES

Back 176

-autoimmune disorder
-cells that produce insulin are completely destroyed

Front 177

type 1 diabetes: symptoms

Back 177

-sudden weight loss
-excessivce thirst
-frequent urination
-excessive hunger

Front 178

TYPE 2 DIABETES

Back 178

hyperglycemia caused by insulin resistance and decreased insullin secretion
-seen typically over the age 30
-caused usually by lifestyle, genetic predisposition, and age changes in metabolism
-usually non-insulin dependent

Front 179

type 1 and 2 diabetes leads to:

Back 179

-coronary disease
-peripheral vascular disease
-cerebrovascular disease
-diabetic retinopathy
-neuropathy of the kidneys
-sensory and autonomic neuropathy
*hyperglycemia
* hypoglycemia

Front 180

immune system: function

Back 180

-recognize what is foreign and not foreign
-remove/destroy what is foreign
-autoimmune response occurs when the immune system incorrectly identifies its own tissue as foreign

Front 181

ways immune system works:

Back 181

-skin
-inflammatory response
-actual immune response that targets foreign invaders

Front 182

age related changes in immune system system

Back 182

-skin thins
-thymus gland reduces in size and activity
-reduced responsiveness in immune system
-increase in autoimmune responses

Front 183

age related disorders in immune system

Back 183

increased occurence of:
TB
herpes zoster
pneumonia
influenza
UTI
HIV/AIDS