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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some characteristics of successful aging?
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-Good attitude about life
-Active -Humor -Embracing age -Motivating career -Takes care of oneself -Large social circle -Resources -Stress free -Embracing technology & learning -Not afraid to enter into intimate relationships -Diet -Good health care -Marriage (especially with men) -Religion |
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What are some characteristics of unsuccessful aging?
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-Poor diet
-Smoking -Identify by one aspect -Poor emotional coping strategies -Close minded -Poor health care -Poor self-esteem -No support group -Living in isolation -Negative perception on aging -Bad genes -No role models of successful aging -Not taking advantage of assistive devices -No access to resources -Overly dependent -Not active -Negative outlook on chronic diseases -No hobbies/ social activities |
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What are the functions of communication during youth?
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-Socialize
-Learn -Develop -Communicate wants and needs |
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What are the functions of communication during middle age?
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-Work/ vocation
-Spouse (love and affection) -Inform -Teach the youth -Parents |
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What are the functions of communication during older adulthood?
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-Needs
-Teach -Oral history (passing things on to other generations) -Social -Beliefs |
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What is the importance of communication during youth?
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-Get needs met
-Learn to move through different stages successfully |
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What is the importance of communication during middle age?
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-Keep job
-Be successful -Keep relationship -Keep family together -Hobbies and activities |
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What is the importance of communication during older adulthood?
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-Communicating for safety and well being
-Comfort (being consoled) -To be important (feel like you have a purpose) |
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Why does communication change with age?
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-Different intentions
-Physical ability changes -People around you change (family structure & companion group) |
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What are the 6 barriers to communication?
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1. Distance
2. Sensory 3. Cognition 4. Emotional 5. Ageism 6. Touch |
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Describe the "distance" barrier.
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-The distance your trying to communicate physically and emotionally
-Technology (telephone, texting, emailing, Skype) -Family may be too far to drive too -Social group shrinks -“Use it or lose it” skill -If you don’t practice communication, you’ll have a difficult time |
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Describe the "sensory" barrier.
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-Vision
-Hearing -Taste -Balance -Touch -We interact with environment differently Ex: Older adult may not be able to hear well so they might think someone is talking bad about them (paranoid) |
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Describe the "cognition" barrier.
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-Memory
-Hard to have a conversation -Being able to understand difficult or complex information |
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Describe the "emotional" barrier.
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-Sometimes people get very teary and/or angry for no reason at all
-It’s hard to retain information when you’re emotional |
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Describe the "ageism" barrier.
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-People talking slowly, even though it’s unnecessary
-Judgmental -Sometimes we dumb things down because we assume they won’t understand or they aren’t interested in -More interactions you have with older adults the more likely you are to be with them in the future |
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Describe the "touch" barrier.
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-Compared to babies, it’s comforting to be touched
-Older adults still need that comfort -Who are they having interactions with as they get older? There’s no real sense of connection, or human touch |
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What can we do to help encourage communication?
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-Encourage them to use technology
-Instead of dumbing down words, explain what words mean -Shouldn’t assume things because of their age -Use larger font for the older adult to see easier -Dementia and alcohol affects communication -Cuing and helping them come up with better memory tricks -Involve them in conversations -If a person sees benefit with what you’re doing, they’ll work better with you |
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What is reminiscence?
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-Recalling events that happened long ago
-Historically associated with old age -Has roots in Oral History before printed words |
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How is reminiscence currently viewed?
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-Now seen as a self indulgence instead of people sharing beneficial lessons
-Focus seems to change with situation -Hallmark of aging |
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How is reminiscence used as a coping method?
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Helps deal with:
-Unresolved conflict -Fear of death -Grief, depression -Loss of self-identity or self-esteem |
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Older people reminiscence more about _______ past than younger people, who focus on more ______ past.
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distant
recent |
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What are negative consequences of reminiscence?
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-Depression
-Guilt -Inner panic |
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What does intimacy involve?
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-Mutual trust
-Support -Understanding -Sharing of confidence |
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Studies have shown intimacy is essential to ___________ and _________ well being.
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self-esteem
emotional |
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What do the aspects of sexuality include?
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-Intimacy
-Identity -Reproduction -Sexualization |
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Dailey (1981) emphasized that people need to have _______, ________ of ___, and ______ for ______ _______.
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fantasy
memories of sex desire for physical contact |
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What are the age related changes with sexual interest?
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-Overall declines with age however those who were very interested when younger are more likely to continue to be interested as they age for longer
-Women seem to lose interest first |
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What are some affects of menopause?
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-May effect hormones
-Some women also feel sex is not enjoyable or important if they can’t become pregnant -Others feel a sense of relief and show more interest |
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What are the age related changes with sex and health?
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-Men fear heart attacks
-Some studies have shown that good health is reflective of a good sexual relationship |
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Do older adults lose privacy as they age?
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Yes
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What are the consequences of sexual activity?
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-Higher life satisfaction
-Severity of sexual problems correlates with severity of marital problems -Lower rate of depression -Should not place to much emphasis on it |
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What are characteristics of elder homosexuality?
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-Older generation is usually less open about it, does not mean it occurs less often
-Many have been in heterosexual relationships until they had fulfilled societies expectations of them -Report same levels of satisfaction in relationships -Struggle with issues of societal acceptance and legal issues of inheritance |
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What are age related changes in communicative competence (ability)?
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-Take longer to react in conversation
-Environmental limitations require elders to wait for others to engage them in social activities -Expectations of elder's communication ability may be lower |
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What is confirmation?
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-Statements that validate and acknowledge the other person and their experience of reality
-Letting them talk |
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What is disconfirmation?
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-Do not provide this
-May completely ignore a statement |
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What is imperviousness?
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-When someone says they know what you are feeling more than you do
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What is disqualification?
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-Give a tangential comment in response
Ex: "I'm worried about my health," or "I'm in the best shape of my life!" |
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How is helping and loneliness related?
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-Social support is key to life satisfaction
-Elderly people receive most of their help from family living near by -People in neighborhood help often |
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What are the 3 types of neighborhood helpers? Define each.
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1. High helpers - people who provide a great deal of very professional assistance and receive very little in return of it (helps just to help)
2. Mutual Helpers - provide some assistance and accept some help in return 3. Neighborhood Isolates - receive their help from people living outside the neighborhood |
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True or False
Social isolation from family impacts loneliness more than friends. |
False
Social isolation from friends impacts loneliness more than family. |
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How are marriage and quality of life related for elders?
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-Primary predictor of global well-being and satisfaction with life
-Men are more satisfied than women in marriages -Women are more affected by the quality of their marriage |
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What are age related changes in marriage?
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-Quality of conjugal relationship decreases, however number of intimate interactions increases
-More complaints and less idealization of partner -Reasons they decided to marry have deteriorated |
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What is Empty Nest syndrome? Explain.
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-Post-parental life
-Described as time of freedom -Better relationship with spouse -Sense of accomplishment and contentment -Can be described as the "second honeymoon" |
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How does retirement affect marriage?
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-Stressful for both parties in a couple
-Unstable marriages feel more strain -"Good" marriages continue to improve -Both sexes experience increased conflict with the spouse retires |
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What is mutual satisfaction like in a marriage? How does it differ for women and men?
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-Both are not always happy in the relationship of the same aspects of the relationship
-Women tend to feel they don't get enough communication -Men tend to feel they do not gen enough respect |
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What is convergence? What are the age related changes?
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-Initially people have "wife" tasks and "husband" tasks
-As we age these are more likely to become mutual tasks or become assigned based on familiarity with the task |
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What is congruence? What are the age related changes?
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-Over time, you start to look/ act like your spouse
-Increases over time -In happy marriages people seem to become more similar over time |
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What is instrumentality?
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-Communicating for a purpose
-Typically men communicate this way in earlier stages |
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What is expressiveness?
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-Refers to communicating because you want to talk but the listener does not need to hear the info
-Occurs frequently in intimate relationships -Reminiscing is an example of this |
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What in conflict resolution like in younger couples?
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-Highly engaged
-Openly and directly deal with issues |
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What is conflict resolution like in middle age couples?
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-Analytical
-Problem solving, solution oriented comments |
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What is conflict resolution like in older couples?
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-Avoidance strategies
-Changing topic, making abstract remarks -Change in strategies may be result of decreased importance placed on conflict/ problems |
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What are some characteristics of a successful marriage?
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-High marital adjustment associated with even sharing of power
-More interdependence of equality -Less traditional division of labor -More support of both sides -Women younger than men |
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What are 4 things that couples say helped the marriage?
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1. They liked each other
2. Strong sense of commitment to the relationship 3. Looked for humor in situations 4. High level of agreement on important matters |
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What are sibling relationships like for older adults?
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Relationship is even more important for unmarried or widowed women
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Who makes up the "nuclear" family?
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Mom, Dad, and Children
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What types of family styles are more prevalent now?
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-Single-parent
-Grandparents raising grandchildren -Divorced or step families -Extended families -Homosexual couples with biological or adopted children |
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How has the image of grandparents changed?
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Previously - old person in rocking chair
Currently - active, vital older adults |
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Is there a changing role of older women? Why?
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Yes.
More likely to maintain active lifestyle and friendships following death of spouse |
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How have the image of grandparent relationships changed?
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Previously - grandparents saw relationship with grandchildren as "pleasure without responsibility"
Currently - grandparents take a more active role, especially when divorce, surrogate child care, and lower SES |
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What is the difference between older vs. younger grand parenting styles?
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Younger grandparents tend to take more active role
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Grand_______ report closer relationship with grandchildren than grand_______.
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Grandmothers
Grandfathers |
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What are 4 functions that characterize grand parenting style?
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1. Biological renewal - handing down family tradition
2. Financial & advisory resource 3. Grandparents report a sense of satisfaction with being able to contribute to grandchild's lives 4. After divorce, parental grandparents tend to have less involvement and maternal grandparents have more |
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In 1999, ___ million grandchildren lived with grandparents.
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3.9
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Recent Census info says more than __ million children living in households maintained by grandparents or other relatives.
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6
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What are 3 fundamental concerns for grandparents looking after a grandchild?
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Physical, financial, and emotional condition of grandparents
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What are some challenges for grandparents assuming surrogate parenting roles?
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-Stress-related illness
-Social isolation -Financial difficulties |
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According to the Burton study (1992), factors contributing to grandparent care giving are...
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-Teen pregnancy
-Single parenting -Drug addiction -Incarceration |
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According to the Burton study (1992), grandparents reported high levels of...
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-Anxiety
-Depression -Stress -Frequent illness |
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How does a grandparent and grandchild relationship change over time?
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-Varies developmentally and characteristically as grandparent and grandchild ages
-Research disagrees about amount/ quality of interactions based on grandchild age -Younger children with frequent interaction with grandparents tend to have less prejudice toward older adults |
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According to Allen (1979), what are 3 ways to distinguish friends from family?
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1. Friendship is a personal relationship that is seen as involving individuals as individuals not as members of a group or collective
2. Voluntary nature of relationships 3. Non-exploitive nature of the relationship |
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What are characteristics of later in life friendships?
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-Closest confidants
-Understand each other well -History that helps support each other |
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What are the factors of later in life friendships?
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-Report more closeness than younger friends
-Do not have to have constant / frequent contact to remain friends |
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According to Matthews (1986), what are 3 factors that make friendship later in life unique?
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1. The physical reality of illness and death
2. The long shared histories of individuals 3. The importance of having friends one's own age |
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What are the functions of friendship in older adulthood?
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-Psychosocial well being
-Homophily -Voluntarily nature of friendship -Relationships involve more people from their community than family relationships -Self disclosure -Informal social support |
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What are the gender differences in friendships?
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-Women tend to be better off in friendship later in life
-Men report fewer intimate friendships that are less supportive in nature |
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What are the barriers to older male friendships?
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-Men are socialized to be competitive
-Lack skills to maintain intimate friendships -Men don't show affection easily -Men have a need to be in control of a relationship |
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What are characteristics of nursing home friendships?
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-Physical and mental barriers exist
-Environmental barriers -Can be rich with communicative interactions -Determinate of friendship: lucidity, ability to speak, ability to see |
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What are the 4 patterns of retirement? Explain each.
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1. Partial Retirement - part time job, not such a big shock, financial stability
2. Bridge Jobs - not like a part time job, "I'm done with this career so I'm going to start another job." 3. "Unretirement" - most unpleasant, was in retirement but now has to go back because of unpreparation 4. Retirement |
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___% of older adults live below poverty level.
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7.9
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What is the "absolute poverty line"?
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-The threshold below which families or individuals are considered to be lacking the resources to meet the basic needs for healthy living
-Having insufficient income to provide the food, shelter and clothing needed to preserve health |
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What is the "Orshansky poverty thresholds"?
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Gave a range of income cutoffs, or thresholds, adjusted for factors such as family size, sex of the family head, number of children under 18 years old, and farm or non farm residence
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What is the "new supplemental poverty formula"?
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-Much more realistic
-Takes into consideration: child care, housing, medical treatment, utilities |
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_________ problems may result in _________ problems.
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Financial
Emotional |
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What consists of the tripod structure of retirement income?
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1. Social Security
2. Private pensions 3. Individual savings or other assets |
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What are some effects of Social Security?
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-Has helped institutionalize and promote retirement
-Makes retirement a social legitimate transition and life cycle -Has provided a reliable source on income of older Americans -Created financial disincentives to continued employment, earnings test |
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Overall, retirement income has significantly _________; however, the elderly have not shared equally in the _______.
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Increased
Increase |
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How does retirement income effect widowed elderly women?
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-Vulnerable financial status
-May change dramatically when husband dies -Widows can collect SSI at age 60 -Spousal benefits from private pensions are generally less generous -2/3 of older widows live in poverty |
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Describe Social Security income for older adults.
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-Biggest source of income for those over 65
-16% of US population of retired elderly, disabled, and family dependents receive SS payments -Current eligibility requirements: 65 years old if born before 1937, wage earning history in a job covered by SS, be married to a spouse with that history |
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Describe Pensions for older adults.
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-Contractual play by employer to provide regular income payments to employees after they have left employment (typically retirement)
-Not universal for elderly |
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What are 3 types of pension plans? Describe.
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1.Defined Benefit - promises a specific or defined amount of pension for the remainder of life; company has to set aside funds to cover this
2. Defined Contribution - employers, employees, or both contribute money; amount of pension is dependent upon how much is contributed over the years and how successfully it's invested 3. Cash balance |
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What is the Employment Retirement Income Security Act?
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-Protection for workers and retirees
-Regulates private pension plans and provides protection against loss of benefits to retire workers -Protection is not absolute |
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What is the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation?
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-Federal agency established to protect pensions when companies cannot meet their obligations
-Has a deficit of $22 billion and will be put to $33 billion based on number for March 2009 in underfunded obligations in the future for bankrupt or financially ailing companied |
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What are vesting rights?
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The period in which the employee must meet the employer's eligibility requirements to collect pension
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What are early retirement benefits?
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-Typically eligible at 55 or 60
-May be used to encourage older workers to retire to save jobs for younger workers in a system of "downsizing" -Employees who opt to retire may face a reduction in employer sponsored health benefits at a later date |
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What is annuity?
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Investment vehicle sold by life insurance company permitting deferment of taxes on accumulated earnings
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What are tax incentives?
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-IRA: can accumulate money until retirement on a tax-deductible and tax-deferred basis
-KEOGH and 401K: KEOGH for self employed individuals, same basic purpose, no income limitations |
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What are assets?
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-Accumulated over a lifetime
-Reflect life circumstances (tangible - home, financial - stocks) -Second to SS as a source of elder income |
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What is net worth?
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-Total values of assets
Ex: real estate, savings, personal property minus debt |
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What is reverse mortgage?
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Conversion of accumulated value of home into regular monthly income guaranteed by a bank for the remainder of life
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When home ownership is removed from equation, net work of elder is ________.
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~$23,000
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Distribution of assets differs dramatically according to ______ _____, ______, and _________.
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Social class
Gender Ethnicity |
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What does Medicare Part A cover?
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Hospital stay
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What does Medicare Part B cover?
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-Covers 80% of costs associated with office visits and related services when prescribed or referred by a physician
-Premium has increased to $115.40 per month in 2011 for the lowest income levels -Has a deductible |
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What does Medicare Part C cover?
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-Supplemental insurance that helps pay for the % not paid for in Part B
-Additional monthly premium required |
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What does Medicare Part D cover?
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-Prescription
-Additional premium required -Newest part of Medicare |
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What are 5 options of where to live?
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1. Home
2. Relatives 3. Retirment Complex/ Community 4. Assisted Living 5. Nursing Home |
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_ out of _ in the US is currently an informal cargiver to another adult.
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1
5 |
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What do informal caregivers do?
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-Many tasks depending on the level of the patient they are helping
-Starts usually as a distance relationship…just phone support or infrequent visits -Evolves into maintaining home environment…cleaning, laundry, grocery shopping, family budget, yard work, transportation -Role expands based on how much difficulty the person is having -Some also become more directly involved with medical treatments…giving medications, injections, changing dressing |
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Who becomes the caregiver?
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-Personality factors, family dynamics, quality of the relationship prior
-Some people are comfortable with certain aspects of care giving but not all -Incontinence is often a main reason a person is admitted into a nursing home -Those who seek alternative care often feel guilty |
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What are some physical impacts of care giving?
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-Decreased immune system function
-Greater risk of infection and poorer wound healing -Adverse changes to blood pressure -Greater risk for developing cardiovascular disease |
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What are some psychological impacts of care giving?
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-Clinical depression
-Reported increased feelings of stress -Lower levels of subjective well being -Lower levels of self efficacy |
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What are some social impacts of care giving?
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-Decrease in the caregivers own personal time and social interactions
-As the patient’s need increases the caregiver may feel they have to be “on call” all the time -Leads to a sense of social isolation and less outside help when they could use it the most -May feel unworthy or guilty if they do something for themselves |
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What are some financial impacts of care giving?
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-May have to quit or reduce the amount of time working
-May have to become financially responsible for the care recipient -May cause the person to not be able to save their future |
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What are some benefits of care giving?
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-May be personally rewarding, boosting their own self esteem
-Give a more positive attitude toward life -Allows for quality time to strengthen the bond of the relationship |
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What are the benefits of the care receiver?
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They get to stay in their own home or with family
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How can health care professionals support caregivers?
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-Encourage collaboration with the family and fair distribution of duties
-Encourage frank and open discussions on regular basis -Let the caregiver know that it is better to ask for help than to exhaust themselves to the point of illness -Encourage spending time with the person besides just the care giving routine -Use adult daycare facilitates to give a break and allow the patient to socialize as well -Caregivers need to be encouraged to take mini-breaks or vacations -HCP need to recognize the contribution the caregivers make -Caregivers need to be reassured that the feelings they are experiencing are normal for the situation -Should be encouraged to seek out support groups |
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Describe elder abuse.
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-Authorities often do not see it as a crime or cannot differentiate it from age-related illness or disability
-8 reports of elder abuse for every 1000 elders -Majority occurs at the hands of adult children or spouse -Usually occurs as a result of elder dependency and caregiver stress -If the caregiver has a negative view towards the elderly this contributes significantly -They are not going to get better or be any better if you help them or not -Abusers usually have little or poor knowledge of the aging process or illness -Late 1970s: First recognized as a social problem |
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What is physical elder abuse?
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The use of physical force that may result in:
-bodily injury -physical pain -impairment -includes physical punishment of any kind |
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What is sexual elder abuse?
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Non-consensual sexual contact of any kind with an elderly person
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What is emotional elder abuse?
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Infliction of:
-anguish -pain -neglect |
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What is financial elder abuse or material exploitation?
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The illegal or improper use of an elder's:
-funds -property -assets |
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What is elder abandonmnet?
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The desertion of an elderly person by a person who had physical custody or otherwise had assumed responsibility for providing care for an elder
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What is elder neglect?
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Refusal or failure to fulfill any part of a person’s obligation or duties to an elder
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What is elder self-neglect?
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-The behaviors of an elderly person than threaten his/ her own health and safety
-Definition excludes a situation in which a mentally competent older person (understands the consequences of his/ her decisions) makes a conscious and voluntary decision to engage in acts that threaten his/ her health of safety |
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Why is elder abuse difficult to study?
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-Difficulty obtaining reliable information from both the victims and the perpetrators
-Victim’s fear of social stigma or reprisal -Societal ageism -Lack of knowledge of the victims as far as where to turn for help -Lack of information and intervention protocols for treatment professionals |
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Who are the perpetrators?
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-90% family members
-Nursing home staff -Nurses aids |
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What are some less overt forms of abuse?
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-Subtle indignities
-Insensitivity -Overuse of medications |
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Describe telemarketing fraud.
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-Significant and growing problem (estimated over $40 billion annually)
-Elderly may be a target of schemes because they are: • Easily accessible • More likely to be socially isolated • Lacking someone with whom to discuss things • More likely to suffer from cognitive impairment • More trusting • Less likely to recognize and report fraud |
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What are some risk factors for abuse?
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-Female
-80+ -Dementing illness of care receiver |
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What is the Situational Stress Model?
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-Abuse results when over-burdened caregivers suffering from overwhelming stress related to caregiving take out frustrations on care receiver
-Empirical evidence has not supported this |
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What is the Transgenerational Violence Concept?
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-Violent behavior is learned within the family is transmitted from one generation to the next
-Little evidence to support this |
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What is the Double-Directional Violence Concept?
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-Caregiver and care receiver are both abusive
-Especially occurs with demented patients |
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What is the Psychopathology or Perpetrator Concept?
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Problem behaviors related to abuse
-Mental disorders -Substance abuse -Dependency on care receiver -~ 2/3 of perpetrators of physical abuse were dependent on their victims |
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What is the Social Exchange Theory?
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-Idea of reciprocity or a fair distribution of rewards within relationships
-Elder may feel devalued due to ageism and have lower social status implying less attractive partner in relationship or even a burden -Must provide higher levels of compensation as part of exchange bargain |
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What does Empirical Evidence show about abusive Caregiver characteristics?
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-Substance abuse
-Hypercritical attitude -Cognitive impairment -Lack understanding -Lack of care giving experience -Unrealistic expectation -Economic difficulties -Financial dependency -Abused as a child -Other family or marital conflicts -Stress -Reluctant to give care -Social isolation -Lacking empathy |
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What does Empirical Evidence show about abuse victims characteristics?
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-Older
-Female -Dependent -Alcohol abuser -Socially isolated -History of past abuse -Marital or family conflicts -Difficult behavior -Difficult behaviors -Unrealistic expectations |
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Is there an elder abuse policy?
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-No National Policy
-Each states legislates its own policies on what constitutes abuse and how and by whom it is to be addressed -42 states have mandatory reporting whenever there is evidence of abuse |
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How can we give guidence to caregiving/ caregivers?
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-Educating professionals about potentially abusive situations
-Educating the public about normal aging processes -Helping families develop and nurture informal support systems -Linking families with support groups -Teaching families stress-management techniques -Arranging comprehensive care resources -Providing counseling for troubled families -Encouraging the use of respite care and day care -Informing families about resources for meals, transportation, in-home care -Utilizing the long-term-care ombudsman program to address quality of life issues in long-term care -Encouraging caregivers to pursue individual interest for self-care |
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What is protective placement?
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-Similar to child abuse cases but it punishes the victim and counters the victims right to self-determination
-Often results is nursing home placement while leaving perpetrator free |
