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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the purposes of an IVC?
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- To administer drugs, fluids, blood products, and to provide total parental nutrition
- Obtain blood samples - Measure central venous pressure |
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What is an IVC?
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Intravenous catheter
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What are the different types of IVC?
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- Peripheral
- Central - Through-the-needle - Over-the-needle - Multilumen catheter - Antibiotic impregnated central venous catheters |
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What are the most common vascular access points?
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- R/L Cephalic
- R/L Lateral saphenous - R/L Medical saphenous - R/L Jugular veins |
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How often should you assess an IVC site?
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Every 2 hours when receiving IVF (fluids)
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How often should you change the bandage on an IVC?
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Every 24 hours or when soiled
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How often should you flush the IVC with hep saline?
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Every 6-8 hours
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When should you replace an IVC?
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Every 72 hours (always leave old IVC in until new one is placed)
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What are some signs of catheter-related infection?
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- Purulence
- Elevated body temperature - Tenderness at insertion site - Positive blood culture |
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What are crystalloids?
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Water-based solutions containing electrolyte and non electrolyte solutes permeable to capillary membrane
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What are the three different categories of crystalloids?
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- Hypotonic
- Isotonic - Hypertonic |
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What are hypotonic crystalloids?
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- Lower osmotic pressure
- DO NOT use for shock treatment - DO NOT use in patients with acute renal failure or cerebral injuries |
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What are some examples of hypotonic crystalloids?
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- Sodium Chloride 0.45%
- Dextrose 2.5% - Dextrose 5% |
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What are isotonic crystalloids?
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-Similar osmotic pressure to the fluid it is being compared to
- Distributes evenly into extravascular space (IV) - Only 25% of crystalloid fluid administered in thee intravascular space of ECF after 1 hour - May cause peripheral edema |
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What are some examples of isotonic crystalloids?
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- LRS
- Sodium chloride 0.9% - Dextrose 2.5% mixed with 0.45% sodium chloride |
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What is LRS?
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- Lactated Ringer's Solution
- AVOID in patients with alkalosis, hypercalcemia, and hyperkalemia |
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What are synthetic colloids?
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- High-weight molecular substances that don't readily pass across capillary membrane
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Are synthetic colloids positive or negative?
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Negative
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What is an example of a synthetic colloid?
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Albumin (produced in liver)
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What are dextrans?
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- Polysaccharides
- Have high and low molecular weight forms - Metabolized mainly by the kidneys and the remainder by the liver |
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What are some pros of synthetic colloids?
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- Safe as small boluses to correct hypovolemia
- Fewer instances of peripheral edema - Less need for positive inotrophs (force of contractions) for BP support - Significantly decreased volume of crystalloids needed when used concurrently |
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What are some cons of synthetic colloids?
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- Anaphylaxsis (small percentage)
- May falsely elevate coagulation profiles |
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What are hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers?
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- Alternative to blood
- Oxyglobin (bovine origin) |
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What is the dose for oxyglobin?
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30mL/kg BW at rate of 10mL/kg/hr
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Do you have to cross-match with oxyglobin?
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No
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What can oxyglobin cause?
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- Transient yellowing of MM, sclera, skin and urine (not due to liver failure)
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What is the dose for human albumin?
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0.3mL/kg/hr over 4-24 hours
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What dose do you not want to exceed with human albumin?
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2g/kg/day
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Does third-space losses change a patients body weight?
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No, because the third-space is still in the body
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What is the healthy PCV values for a dog and cat?
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Dog: 39-55%
Cat: 24-45% |
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What is the normal TP (total protein) for dogs/cats?
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>3.5g/dL
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What is the best source of TP replacement?
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Plasma
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What is the normal USG (urine specific gravity) in dogs and cats?
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Dogs: 1.015-1.040
Cats: 1.015-1.050 |
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Gaining 1 lb of body weight is equivalent to how many mLs of body H2O?
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500 mLs
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What is diuresis?
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Increase urine production, assist the body to eliminate substances excreted by kidneys
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What is hypoproteinemia classified as?
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TP < 3.5g/dL OR Albumin < 2.0g/dL
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What is the isotonic crystalloid shock does for dogs?
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90 mL/kg
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What is the isotonic crystalloid shock does for cats?
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60 mL/kg
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What is the colloid shock dose for dogs?
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10-20 mL/kg/day
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What is the colloid shock dose for cats?
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10-15 mL/kg/day
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What are sensible losses?
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- Readily measurable fluids
- 22-44 mL/kg/day |
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What are insensible losses?
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- Not readily measurable fluids
- Ex: respiration, evaporation, feces, sweat, and vomitus - 22 mL/kg/day |
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What is the crystalloid maintenance dose for dogs?
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60 mL/kg/day
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What is the crystalloid maintenance dose for cats?
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45-50 mL/kg/day
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What is the colloid maintenance dose for dogs?
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10-20 mL/kg/day
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What is the colloid maintenance dose for cats?
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5-10 mL/kg/day
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How much urine does a normal animal produce in a day?
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22-44 mL/kg/day
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What is a normal CVP?
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0-10 cm H2O
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What does stage one of anesthesia consist of?
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- period of voluntary movement
- fear, excitement, and disorientation - stage ends with loss of ability to stand |
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What does stage two of anesthesia consist of?
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- known as the "excitement" stage
- period of involuntary movement - reflexes present - stage ends with muscle relaxation, decreased RR, and decreased reflexes |
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What does stage three, plane I of anesthesia consist of?
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- ready to intubate
- NOT adequate for surgical procedures - eyes rotate ventro-medial - decreased PLR - other reflexes still present, but decreased |
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What does stage three, plane II of anesthesia consist of?
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- suitable depth for most surgical procedures
- relaxed muscle tone - pedal and swallowing reflexes absent - ventro-medial eye rotation |
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What does stage three, plane III of anesthesia consist of?
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- deep anesthesia: excessive for most procedures
- decreased pulse strength - increased CRT - centrally located eyes, moderately dilated pupils - reflexes totally absent |
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What does stage three, plane IV of anesthesia consist of?
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- early anesthetic overdose
- fully central and dilated pupils - prolonged CRT |
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What does stage four of anesthesia consist of?
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- period of anesthetic overdose
- agonal respirations - circulatory collapse - respond immediately in order to save patient |
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What should the minimum femoral pulse be?
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60 mmHg (systolic)
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What should the minimum pedal pulse be?
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90 mmHg (systolic)
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What is the HR for bradycardia in large dogs under anesthesia?
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< 50 bpm
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What is the HR for bradycardia in small dogs under anesthesia?
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< 70 bpm
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What is the HR for bradycardia in cats under anesthesia?
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< 100 bpm
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What is the HR for tachycardia in large dogs under anesthesia?
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> 180 bpm
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What is the HR for tachycardia in small dogs under anesthesia?
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> 200 bpm
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What is the HR for tachycardia in cats under anesthesia?
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> 220 bpm
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Asystole |
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Bigeminy |
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Normal Sinus Rhythm |
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Sinus Arrhythmia |
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Ventricular Fibrillation |
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Ventricular Tachycardia |
