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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Physical aggression bullying percent |
21% of youth--boys do more |
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Relational aggression bullying percent |
51% of youth-girls do more |
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Cyber bullying percent |
14% of youth, 4% bullies, 11% victims, 7% both Boys usually bully, girls usually victim |
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Friends and bullying |
More friends=more likely to bully and less likely to be bullied |
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Outcomes of bullying |
Lower GPA, 1.5 decrease in math Lower attendance Depression and anxiety, esp. cyberbullying Somatic problems, feeling ill |
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Gender role classification and well-being |
Androgyny best for females--less depression, more self esteem, fewer psychological problems Masculinity best for males |
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Gender and social learning theory |
Gender development occurs through observation, rewards, punishments |
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Gender intensification |
Differences between sexes becomes more pronounced because intensified socialization pressures to conform |
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Individual factors for bullying |
History of violent victimization Exposure to violence/conflict in family History of early aggressive behavior Emotional distress School difficulties Involvement with substances Antisocial beliefs and attitudes |
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Family risk factors for bullying |
Authoritarian parenting style Harsh, lax, or inconsistent discipline Low parental involvement Low emotional attachment to parents Low parental education and income Parent substance abuse or criminality |
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School/peer risk factors for bullying |
Social rejection by peers Lack of social skills Association with delinquent peers Lack of involvement in conventional activities Poor academic performance Low commitment to school School transitions |
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Community risk factors for bullying |
Diminished economic opportunities Socially disorganized High levels of transiency Low levels of community participation |
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Social cognitive perspective |
Become less sex-typed in early ad. due to increasing flexibility in thinking |
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Temporary fluctuations |
declining traditionalism in childhood, flattens or increases in ad., decreases again after ad. |
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Segregation of sexes |
Early childhood: children segregate themselves Continues through middle ad. Violation of segregation met with disaproval |
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Teenage pregnancy |
1/3 sexually active girls get pregnant 30% abort 14% miscarry 5% put up for adoption 50% keep child |
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Consequences of teen motherhood |
Twice as likely to drop out of school Less likely to go to college or be employed Less likely to get married by 35 More likely to get divorced More likely to receive public assistance |
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Kids with teen parents after 18 years |
25% still on welfare
25% made it to middle class Majority completed high school 33% complete some college |
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Teen fathers |
More likely to get divorced Lower education Lower paying job More prone to drugs and alcohol Arrested Anxiety and depression |
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Child with teen parents |
More likely premature Low birth weight related to physical and intellectual problems More behavioral problems School misbehavior, delinquency, sexual activity Become teen parents |
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States role in sex ed |
22 states require sex ed, indiana does not Indiana requires that schools which teach sex ed teach abstinence only 33 states, including Indiana, require HIV/AIDS ed Only 19 states require sex ed be accurate |
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Results of abstinence only |
Same pregnancy rates as those who receive no sex ed Did not reduce rate of vaginal intercourse compared to no sex ed Same STI rates as no sex ed |
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Results of comprehensive sex ed |
Lower pregnancy rates than those who receive sex ed Lower rates of vaginal intercourse |
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Adolescent alcohol use |
12th grade--68% 10th grade--52% 8th grade--28% |
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In last thirty days adolescent alcohol use |
12th grade--39% 10th grade--52% 8th grade--28% |
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Adolescent cigarette use |
38% ever 16% in last 30 days |
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Adolescent marijuana use |
46% ever 23% in last 30 days |
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Most likely race to use drugs and alcohol |
Native American then White |
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Adolescent illicit drug use |
25% ever 8% last 30 days |
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Reasons for substance use |
Peer acceptance Rite of passage Boredom Curiosity Out of defiance |
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Substance abuse and addiction |
Small percent of youth become addicted Maladjusted as kids Use substances as coping mechanisms Can suffer psychological and physical problems as a result of withdrawal |
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Adolescent substance use associated with... |
Physical and sexual assault Risky sexual behavior Poorer academic performance Alter structure and connections of developing brain Early use associated with future dependence |
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Substance use predictors |
Anger, impulsitivity, depression, poor school performance, permissive or uninvolved parents, Distant hostile or conflicted relationships, parental and sibling use, inneffective parenting, parent and sibling modelling, parent and sibling direct initiation |
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Substance use prevention |
Parental monitoring Establish clear rules Help say no |
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Status offences |
Behaviors only unlawful for adolescents |
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Index crimes |
Violations for all |
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Non-index crimes |
Less serious crimes, violations for all |
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Adolescent limited delinquency |
Occurs in adolescents through early adulthood Occurs with friends |
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Employed adolescents |
80% will work during high school 50% employed youth work 15+ hours a week during school week 17% work 25+ hours |
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Adolescents most likely to work |
Middle class, suburban youth (no gender differences) |
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Premature affluence |
Feel loss of income when have to pay for own necessities |
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Why is work related to potentially detrimental outcomes? |
Precocious maturity (involvement in adult behavior) Time commitment Lack adult supervision |
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Potential benefits of work |
Self reliant and autonomous Budget time and punctuality How to get and keep a job Advantaged in work force later in life |
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College after high school |
67% |
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Relative independence |
Most emerging adults are not married, do not have children, and schooling is not compulsory |
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Volitional |
The act of willing, choosing, or resolving |
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Emerging adult demographics |
67% of youth enter college following high school 32% of 25-29 year olds have completed college 33-40% move away from home and work 1/3 move away to college |
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Emerging adulthood residence |
36% of adults under 31 live with parents College enrollment and completion negatively related to living at home 10% of males and 30% of females remain in parents home until marriage 40% move in and out of parents home at least once 57% of college grads planned move in w parents 2/3 cohabit with romantic partner |
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Emerging adults define adulthood by... |
Accepting responsibility for actions Making independent decisions Financial independence Transitions |
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Adolescent vs. emerging adulthood--Love |
Ad: Fun, tentative, transient dating Emerging adults: onset of intimate and serious romantic relationships |
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Adolescent vs. emerging adulthood--work |
Ad: part time, not related to future career Emerging adults: explore career options, career preparation, and prep for adult roles |
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Adolescent vs. emerging adulthood--worldviews |
Ad: Cognitive development leads to more relativistic thought, questioning beliefs and teachings Emerging adults: greater searching of religion and politics and worldviews from childhood |
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Roleless role |
Wider scopes of possible activities, but less likely to be constrained by role requirements |
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Unstructured socializing |
Young people send time together with no specific event as the center of their activity |
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Emerging adulthood parent-child relationships |
Less conflict Greater communication Feeling closer to parents |
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Young adult, 5 events that must be mastered |
End of schooling Working Living apart from family Marriage Parenthood |
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Young adult parents--more educated parents expect |
Children to leave home later Start work later Stay in school longer |
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Young adult parents, gender difference |
Egalitarian parents had higher aspirations for daughters Traditional parents expect daughters to stay home until marriage |
