Abnormal Psychology - Final Exam

Front 1

Mental Retardation

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER)

Back 1

Significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning (IQ < 70)

Four levels of severity: mild, moderate, severe, profound

Significant limitations in at least two of the following areas of adaptive functioning:
communication, self-care, home living, social/interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health, and safety

Onset before age 18

Front 2

Biological Components of Mental Retardation

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER)

Back 2

Genetic abnormalities (Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome0

Metabolic deficiencies (PKU, Tay-Sachs disease)

Prenatal and postnatal complications (Fetal alcohol syndrome)

Front 3

Sociocultural and family systems components of Mental Retardation

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER)

Back 3

Cultural-familial retardation

Front 4

Sociocultural and family systems interventions for Mental Retardation

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER)

Back 4

Early intervention to remediate cultural-familial effects

Specialized education; sheltered workshops

Front 5

Autism

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER: PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER)

Back 5

Impaired social interaction

Impaired communication

Rigid and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities

Front 6

Other pervasive developmental disorders

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER: PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER)

Back 6

Rett’s disorder

Childhood disintegrative disorder

Asperger’s disorder

Front 7

Biological Components of Pervasive Developmental Disorders

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER: PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER)

Back 7

Genetic factors

Prenatal, birth, and neurological factors

Front 8

Behavioral Interventions for Pervasive Developmental Disorders

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER: PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER)

Back 8

Operant-conditioning techniques designed to shape adaptive behaviors

Front 9

Psychodynamic Components of Pervasive Developmental Disorders

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER: PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER)

Back 9

Now-rejected view that parents were responsible for child’s problems

Front 10

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER)

Back 10

Inattention
-Missing details, trouble paying attention, not listening, forgetting instructions, being disorganized, distracted, losing things

Hyperactivity
-Fidgeting or squirming, can’t stay seated, excessive activity, can’t relax quietly, much talking

Impulsivity
-Blurts out answers, can’t wait turn, interrupts of bothers others

Some symptoms present before age 7; symptoms occur in two or more settings

Front 11

ADHD, combined type

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER)

Back 11

Six or more symptoms of inattention and six or more symptoms of hyperactivity and/or impulsivity

Front 12

ADHD, predominantly inattentive type

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER)

Back 12

Six or more symptoms of inattention but fewer than six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity

Front 13

ADHD, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER)

Back 13

Six or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity but fewer than six symptoms of inattention

Front 14

Biological Components of ADHD

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER)

Back 14

Explanations
-Genetic factors
-Neurological factors
-Prenatal factors

Interventions: Psychostimulant medications

Front 15

Family Systems Components of ADHD

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER)

Back 15

Family dysfunction involving parenting that
Doesn’t help children develop self-regulation skills

Allows young children to become overstimulated or overwhelmed

Front 16

Psychodynamic Components of ADHD

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER)

Back 16

ADHD symptoms may result from emotional distress

Context (such as when/where symptoms occur) must be considered when evaluating causes of ADHD symptoms

Front 17

Behavioral and Cognitive Interventions for ADHD

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER)

Back 17

Programs to establish appropriate rewards and punishments at home and school

Cognitive interventions to help parents correct their assumptions about parenting a child with ADHD

Front 18

Most effect ADHD intervention?

Back 18

Multi-modal treatments most effective

Front 19

Oppositional defiant disorder

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER: Disruptive Behavior Disorders)

Back 19

Consistently negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior for at least six months that includes at least four of the following:

Losing temper
Arguing with adults
Defying rules
Blaming others for mistakes/misbehavior
Being touchy or reactive
Being angry or resentful
Being spiteful or vindictive

50% comorbidity rate with ADHD

25% with ODD eventually meet criteria for Conduct Disorder

Front 20

Conduct disorder

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER: Disruptive Behavior Disorders)

Back 20

Consistent violation of the rights of others and significant age-appropriate norms, including at least three of the following within past year (and one within past six months)

-Aggression toward people and animals

-Destruction of property

-Deceitfulness or theft

-Serious violation of rules

Front 21

Sociocultural and family systems components of Disruptive Behavior Disorders

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER)

Back 21

Explanations: Poverty, dangerous neighborhoods, and problematic parent-child relationships

Interventions: Functional family therapy, parent management training

Front 22

Cognitive components of Disruptive Behavior Disorders

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER)

Back 22

Explanations: Specific cognitive distortions and deficiencies

Interventions: Exercises to promote problem-solving

Front 23

Biological components of Disruptive Behavior Disorders

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER)

Back 23

Genetic factors

Impairment in the brain’s behavioral inhibition system

Front 24

Psychodynamic components of Disruptive Behavior Disorders

(CHILDHOOD DISORDER)

Back 24

Impaired superego functioning

Predominant defense: identification with the aggressor

Front 25

Eating Disorders

Back 25

Involves a disturbance in the perception of body shape

Weight is an essential feature of diagnosis—but weight is not the only issue

All segments of society are affected
-Men and women
-Young and old-
-Rich and poor
-All racial and cultural groups
-All socio-economic levels

Front 26

Eating Disorder Statistics

Back 26

Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness 

5 – 10% of people with anorexia die within 10 years after contracting the disease; 18-20% will be dead after 20 years and only 30 – 40% ever fully recover

The mortality rate associated with anorexia nervosa is 12 times higher than the death rate of ALL causes of death for females 15 – 24 years old. 20% of people suffering from anorexia will prematurely die from complications related to their eating disorder, including suicide and heart problems.

Front 27

DSM-IV Axis I categories for Eating Disorders

Back 27

Anorexia nervosa

Eating disorder not otherwise specified

Bulimia nervosa

Front 28

Anorexia Nervosa

Back 28

A. Refusal to maintain body weight at or above normal weight for height (at or below 85% of “normal” body weight)

B. Intense fear of gaining weight

C. Disturbance in way body weight or shape are experienced (e.g. denial, self-evaluation)

D. Absence of 3 consecutive menstrual cycles

-Restricting Type: Not regularly engaged in binge eating or purging behavior

-Binge-Eating/Purging Type: Regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior

Front 29

Anorexia Nervosa: Statistics

Back 29

“Between 5-20% of people diagnosed with anorexia nervosa eventually die from it. The longer you have it, the more likely you will die from it. Even for those who survive, the disorder can damage almost every body system.”

Front 30

Anorexia Nervosa: Statistics

Back 30

Onset: Mid- to late adolescence (14-18 years)

Prevalence: Less than 1% of females and males will experience in lifetime

Course and Outcome: Variable
-Within first 5 years of onset, typically experience period of binge-eating

Greater than 90% of cases are female

Front 31

Bulimia Nervosa

Back 31

-Recurrent episodes of binge eating
-Recurrent compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain (vomiting, fasting, etc.)
-Bingeing and purging at least twice a week for three months
-Over-concern about body weight and shape
-Subtypes
A. Purging Type: During episode of BN, individual regularly engages in self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas

B. Nonpurging Type: During episode, person uses other compensatory behaviors (i.e. fasting or excessive exercise), but has not regularly engaged in self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives

Front 32

Bulimia Nervosa: Facts and Figures

Back 32

Onset: Late adolescence or early adult

Lifetime Prevalence: 1-3% females, less than 1% of males

Course: Chronic or intermittent
-Usually begins following an
episode of dieting
-May experience periods of remission intertwined with periods of bingeing

90% female, 10% male

Front 33

Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS)

Back 33

Eating disordered behavior that does not meet criteria for anorexia or bulimia such as

-Anorexic behavior with normal weight

-Bulimic behavior less than twice a week or for less than three months

-Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

Front 34

Celebrities with Eating Disorders

Back 34

Paula Abdul, Justine Batemen, Karen Carpenter, Nadia Comaneci, Susan Dey, Jane Fonda, Tracey Gold, Elton John, Jamie Lynn-Sigler, Cherry Boone O’Neill, Barbara Niven, Alexandra Paul, Princess Di, Lynn Redgrave, Kathy Rigby, Joan Rivers, Jeannine Turne

Front 35

“Exporting Eating Disorder”

Back 35

Prior to 1995
-EDs basically non-existent in Fiji

-hearty appetite & robust figures encouraged

1995 – introduction of Western TV shows

By 1998
-11.3% report self-inducted vomiting
-69% report dieting
-78% report feeling overweight

Front 36

Psychodynamic Components of Eating Disorders

Back 36

Anorexia as a reaction to perfection-oriented families

Conscious and unconscious emotional and sexual conflicts

Psychodynamic interventions
-Uncovering the meaning and function of the eating disordered symptoms

Front 37

Family Systems Components of Eating Disorders

Back 37

Minuchin

Enmeshed families
-Cause or result or anorexia?

Family systems interventions
-Treating the family, not just the “identified patient”

Effective for otherwise functional families

Front 38

Sociocultural Components of Eating Disorders

Back 38

Thin beauty ideals in the media
-Obsession over looks, not emotions

Feminist perspectives
-Women struggle with society’s changing notions of ideal body shape
-Outcome of exercising strict control over one’s life
--Result of the powerlessness women feel in society
-AN is not pathological, but rather a foreseeable consequence of today’s body-focused media and male-dominated society

Sociocultural interventions
-Media literacy training

Front 39

Biological Components of Eating Disorders

Back 39

Genetic factors

Hormonal factors

Neurotransmission

Biological interventions
-SSRIs

Front 40

Cognitive-Behavioral Components of Eating Disorders

Back 40

Cognitive distortions about food and weight

Cognitive and behavioral processes that reinforce eating disorders

Cognitive-behavioral interventions
-Identifying distorted cognitions

-Reducing reinforcements that perpetuate disordered eating

Cognitive Distortions present in anorexia nervosa:
-Relative abstraction
-Dichotomous thinking
-Overgeneralization
-Magnification
-Superstitious thinking
-Personalization

Front 41

The connection between mind and body in eating disorders

Back 41

Clients suffering from anorexia may have difficulty thinking constructively about their problems due to starvation-induced cognitive impairments

Weight-gain interventions are generally prioritized for people suffering from anorexia in order to restore the cognitive flexibility needed for psychotherapeutic interventions

Front 42

The multiple causality of eating disorders

Back 42

Eating disorders often result from a combination of causal factors

Various theoretical perspectives on eating disorders overlap with and complement each other

Interventions for eating disorders often draw on a variety of theoretical approaches

Front 43

Treatment for AN and/or BN is extremely expensive

Back 43

-Can extend for several years

-Cost of inpatient treatment can be $30,000 or more per month.

-Cost of outpatient treatment, including therapy and medical monitoring, can extend to $100,000 or more.

Front 44

What is Personality Disorder?

Back 44

Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are…

-Exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts

-Inflexible and maladaptive,

-Cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress

PD Diagnoses are located on Axis II

Front 45

What is Personality Disorder Cont..

Back 45

DSM definition: “an enduring pattern of inner experience or behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of an individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, & leads to distress or impairment”

10 DSM personality disorders organized into 3 “clusters”

Poor reliability or validity

Front 46

Personality Disorders

Back 46

Originate in childhood -> Chronic

Must be over 18 years old to be diagnosed

Pervade every aspect of a person’s life

Individual may not feel subjective distress, but…
Distress may be felt by others who have interpersonal relationships with that person

Front 47

Personality Disorders: Statistics

Back 47

PDs found in ~ .5% - 2.5% of general population

10% - 30% of inpatient settings;
2% - 10% of outpatient settings

Thought to originate in childhood

Maladaptive characteristics develop into maladaptive behavior

PDs are highly co-morbid with one another

Many individuals do not seek treatment until very late into the disorder

Front 48

Cultural & Historical Relativism relating to Personality Disorders

Back 48

Definitions of “normal” and “abnormal” personality traits are culturally relative. Norms for social behavior change over time; a “typical” 1950s housewife might now be viewed as overly dependent

The DSM personality disorder diagnoses have changed significantly since 1952, and new personality disorder diagnoses are currently under consideration

Front 49

Personality Disorders:
Demographics: Gender Biases?

Back 49

The personality disorders diagnosed more frequently in women tend to involve extremes of stereotypically feminine traits

The personality disorders diagnosed more frequently in men tend to involve extremes of masculine traits

6 of the 10 personality disorder diagnoses are more likely to be diagnosed in men than in women

Front 50

Personality Disorders:
Demographics: Socioeconomic Status SES

Back 50

Some evidence indicates that borderline, dependent, and antisocial personality disorders occur more frequently among low SES populations

Some experts question whether antisocial personality disorder can be appropriately applied to people living in communities where illegal behavior may be fundamentally adaptive

Front 51

Cluster A

Back 51

odd or eccentric

Paranoid PD
Schizoid PD
Schizotypal PD

Front 52

Cluster B

Back 52

dramatic, emotional or erratic

Antisocial PD
Borderline PD
Histrionic PD
Narcissistic PD

Front 53

Cluster C

Back 53

anxious or fearful

Avoidant PD
Dependent PD
Obsessive-Compulsive PD

Front 54

Rett’s disorder

Back 54

characterized by an early-onset slowing of the infant's head growth and a reduction in brain size, as much as 30%

The child— almost always a girl— develops normally during the first five months of life. After the fifth month, head growth slows down and the child loses whatever purposeful hand movements she had developed during her first five months. After 30 months, the child frequently develops repetitive hand-washing or hand-wringing gestures; 50%–80% of children with the disorder will eventually develop epilepsy.

Front 55

Asperger’s disorder

Back 55

In Asperger's Disorder, affected individuals are characterized by social isolation and eccentric behavior in childhood. There are impairments in two-sided social interaction and non-verbal communication. Though grammatical, their speech may sound peculiar due to abnormalities of inflection and a repetitive pattern. Clumsiness may be prominent both in their articulation and gross motor behavior. They usually have a circumscribed area of interest which usually leaves no space for more age appropriate, common interests.

Front 56

Eating Disorders: Demographics

Age?

Back 56

15-25

by age 20, "86% of people who are going to be diagnosed are diagnosed"

Front 57

Eating Disorders have a high comorbidity with ____ and _____

Back 57

Depression & OCD

Intrusive thoughts - preoccupation with weight and size

Compulsion - purging patterns, etc

Depression - strive for standard that is unattainable which brings about depression

Front 58

Down syndrome

Back 58

A form of mental retardation caused by having three twenty-first chromosomes; characterized by mild mental retardation and distinctive physical features

Front 59

Fragile X syndrome

Back 59

A chromosomal disorder resulting in learning disabilities or mental retardation, distinctive physical features such as long faces and large ears, and behavioral difficulties.

Front 60

Cultural-familial retardation

Back 60

Subnormal general intellectual functioning, usually borderline or mild, presumably on the basis of some degree of environmental deprivation resulting from familial retardation as evidenced by its presence in one parent and one or more siblings.

Front 61

Warehousing

Back 61

......

Front 62

Deinstitutionalization

Back 62

The social policy, beginning in the 1960s, of discharging large numbers of hospitalized psychiatric clients into the community.

Front 63

Duty-to-warn & duty-to-protect

Back 63

.......

Front 64

Involuntary Hospitalization

Back 64

is a legal procedure used to compel an individual to receive inpatient treatment for a mental health disorder against his or her will. The legal justifications vary somewhat from state to state, but are generally based on a determination that a person is imminently dangerous to self or others; is gravely disabled; or clearly needs immediate care and treatment. Involuntary hospitalization is synonymous with involuntary commitment or involuntary treatment, and is an extremely controversial course of action. It is generally a last resort used in dealing with a person who is so ill that he/she is unable to use proper judgment or insight in deciding to refuse treatment.

Front 65

Insanity Defense

Back 65

Forensic psychiatry A legal defense that a person cannot be convicted of a crime if he lacked criminal responsibility by reason of insanity–a term defined as a matter of law; the premise is that where there is no mens rea because of insanity, there is no criminal responsibilityForensic psychiatry A legal defense that a person cannot be convicted of a crime if he lacked criminal responsibility by reason of insanity–a term defined as a matter of law; the premise is that where there is no mens rea because of insanity, there is no criminal responsibility

Front 66

Controversies over GID

Back 66

Most people who have GID note that the feelings of disassociation with their birth gender began at an early age. Children with GID may prefer to associate with members of the opposite sex, dress or act like a member of the opposite sex or have a pervasive belief that they will grow up to be a member of the opposite sex.

Growing up with GID can cause serious internal conflicts as well as spark problems with peers and family members. The result can be very isolating, and depression and anxiety run high among children and adolescents with GID.

Front 67

Female circumcision

Back 67

emale circumcision or female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), is any procedure involving the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs "whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons."[1] The term is almost exclusively used to describe traditional or religious procedures on a minor, which requires the parents' consent because of the age of the girl.

Front 68

Mainstreaming

Back 68

Mainstreaming is an ideal situation and IDEA's preference for the placement of exceptional students. Placement of exceptional students is to be in the least restrictive environment as possible, which means, regular classroom setting. Although mainstreaming and inclusion aren't mentioned in the law, it is the preferred practice.

Front 69

Sensate focus & non-demand pleasuring

Back 69

Nondemand pleasuring and sensate focus. In exercises involving nondemand sensate focus, the clients initially avoid sexual intercourse. In fact, couples are forbidden to engage in any sexual activity until the therapist instructs them to do so. Over the course of treatment, they receive homework assignments that gradually increase their range of sexual behaviors. Initially, only kissing, hugging, and body massage may be allowed.

The partners are instructed to take turns in the roles of giver and receiver as they touch and caress each other's body. When playing the role of giver, the person explores, touches, and caresses the receiver's body. In applying this technique, called nondemand pleasuring, the giver does not attempt to arouse the receiver sexually. In an exercise called sensate focus, the receiver concentrates on the sensations evoked by the giver's touch on various parts of the body. In these exercises, the giver's responsibility is to provide pleasure and to be aware of his or her own pleasure in touching. The receiver's role is to prevent or end any stimulation that he or she finds uncomfortable or irritating by either telling or showing the partner his or her feelings.

Front 70

Inclusion classrooms

Back 70

Classroom where children qith special academic needs (learning impairments, mental retardation) are taught alongside normal functioning children rater than in special education settings.

Front 71

Savants

Back 71

Someone possessing an exceptional or unusual intellectual skill in one area.

Front 72

Lanugo

Back 72

Lanugo: Downy hair on the body of the fetus and newborn baby. It is the first hair to be produced by the fetal hair follicles, usually appearing on the fetus at about five months of gestation. It is very fine, soft, and usually unpigmented. Although lanugo is normally shed before birth around seven or eight months of gestation, it is sometimes present at birth. This is not a cause for concern: lanugo will disappear within a few days or weeks of its own accord.

Front 73

Amenorrhea

Back 73

The cessation of the menstrual cicle.

Front 74

Subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa & Bulimia Nervosa

Back 74

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Front 75

“Exporting Eating Disorders” p289

Back 75

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Front 76

Cognitive distortions

Back 76

Irrational beliefs and thinking processes.

Front 77

“psychopath” or “sociopath”

Back 77

There is some debate about whether there is a meaningful difference between sociopaths and psychopaths. The DSM IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual used by psychologists) lists both under the heading of Anti-social Personality Disorder, and there are different schools of thought on whether they should be treated as distinct.
Psychopaths and sociopaths both apparently lack a conscience. Both will engage in behavior that harms others with no feeling of guilt or remorse, and rarely consider the risks to others implicit in their actions. They have an intellectual understanding of pro-social emotions, but seem to feel no emotional bonds with others. The result is that they can seem like perfectly decent and reasonable human beings in most situations, but can take bizarrely inappropriate actions to satisfy perceived insults, fantasies, or mere whims.
Those psychologists who make a distinction between the two usually do so on the basis of organization. Sociopaths are seen as disorganized and rash, making extreme responses to normal situations. They lack impulse control. Psychopaths, by contrast, are highly organized, often secretly planning out and fantasizing about their acts in great detail before actually committing them, and sometimes manipulating people around them.
Answer

Front 78

Historical relativism of
masturbation & homosexuality

Back 78

......................

Front 79

Sexual response cycle

Back 79

The sexual response cycle refers to the sequence of physical and emotional changes that occur as a person becomes sexually aroused and participates in sexually stimulating activities, including intercourse and masturbation. Knowing how your body responds during each phase of the cycle can enhance your relationship and help you pinpoint the cause of sexual dysfunction.

Front 80

Sexual performance anxiety & spectatoring

Back 80

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Front 81

Sexual Dysfunctions

Back 81

Sexual dysfunctions prevent or reduce an individual's enjoyment of normal sex and prevent or reduce the normal physiological changes brought on normally by sexual arousal.

Front 82

Paraphilias

Back 82

Paraphilias are sexual behaviors in which unusual objects or scenarios are necessary to achieve sexual excitement.1 Eight paraphilias are recognized which are grouped into 3 broad catergories.

Front 83

Describe three “third wave” therapeutic intervention techniques.

Back 83

Relationship to Experience: Recognize thoughts as thoughts
Cognitive De-fusion

Experience the Present:
Mindfulness = Paying attention to the present, non-judgmentally
Focus attention
Notice change over time

Focus on Values:
Identify values
What is really important?
Getting straight A’s vs. getting a good education?

Front 84

Experiential Avoidance

Back 84

the unwillingness to experience certain thoughts, emotions, sensations

Theorized to be a root cause of a variety of psychopathology, i.e.:
Anxiety (I.e. generalized, social, phobia, panic disorder)
Alcohol & drug abuse