Abnormal Psychology Chapters 6-10

Front 1

Mood Disorder

Back 1

One of a group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression.

Front 2

Major depressive episode

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Most common and severe experience of depression, including feelings of worthlessness, disturbances in bodily activities such as sleep, loss of interest, and inability to experience pleasure, persisting at least 2 weeks.

Front 3

Mania

Back 3

Period of abnormally excessive elation or euphoria associated with some mood disorders.

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Manic episode

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Period of abnormally elevated or irritable mood that may include inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, flight of ideas, agitation , or self-destructive behavior.

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Hypomanic Episode

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less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders.

Front 6

Mixed Manic Episode

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Condition in which the individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time. Also known as dysphoric manic episode.

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Major depressive disorder, single episode

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Mood disorder involving one major depressive disorder.

Front 8

Major depressive disorder, recurrent

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Mood disorder involving multiple (separated by at least two months without depression) major depressive episodes.

Front 9

Dysthymic disorder

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Mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair, present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months.

Front 10

Double depression

Back 10

Severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of dysthymic disorder

Front 11

Pathological grief reaction

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Extreme reaction to the death of a loved one that involves psychotic features, suicidal ideation, or loss of weight or energy or that persists more that 2 months. Also known as an impacted grief reaction.

Front 12

Bipolar II disorder

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Alternation of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (not full manic episodes).

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Bipolar I disorder

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Alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes.

Front 14

Cyclothymic disorder

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Chronic (at least 2 years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes

Front 15

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

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Mood disorder involving a cycling of episodes corresponding to the seasons of the year, typically with depression occurring during the winter.

Front 16

nuerohormone

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Hormone that affects the brain and is increasingly the focus of study in psychopathology.

Front 17

depressive cognitive triad

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Thinking errors by depressed people negatively focused in three areas: themselves, their immediate world, and their future.

Front 18

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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Biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures. The reasons for it's effectiveness are unknown.

Front 19

Cognitive therapy

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Treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes-- and ultimately, more adaptive behavior and coping styles.

Front 20

interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

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Brief treatment approach that emphasizes resolution of interpersonal problems and stressors, such as role disputes in martial conflict, forming relationships in marriage, or a new job. It has demonstrated effectiveness for such problems as depression.

Front 21

Maintenance treatment

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Combination of continued psychosocial treatment, medication, or both designed to prevent relapse following therapy.

Front 22

Suicidal attempt

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Effort made to kill oneself

Front 23

Sucidial ideation

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Serious thoughts about committing suicide.

Front 24

Psychological autopsy

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Postmortem psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed from interviews with people who knew the person who knew the person before death.

Front 25

Behavioral Medicine

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Interdisciplinary approach applying behavioral science to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems.

Front 26

Health Psychology

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Subfield of behavioral medicine that studies psychological factors important in health promotion and maintenance.

Front 27

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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Sequence of reactions to sustained stress described by Selye. These stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion, which may lead to death.

Front 28

Stress

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Body's physiological response to a stressor, which is any event or change that requires adaptation.

Front 29

Self-efficacy

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Perception of having the ability to cope with stress or challenges.

Front 30

Immune System

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Body's means of identifying and eliminating any foreign materials that enter. EX: Bacteria, parasites, and even transplanted organs

Front 31

Antigen

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Foreign material that enters the body, including bacteria and parasites

Front 32

Autoimmune disease

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Condition in which the body's immune system attacks healthy tissue rather than antigens

Front 33

rheumatoid arthritis

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Painful, degenerative disease in which the immune system essentially attacks itself, resulting in stiffness, swelling, and even destruction of the joints. Cognitive-behavioral treatments can help relieve pain and stiffness.

Front 34

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

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Study of psychological influences on the neurological responding involved in the body's immune system.

Front 35

AIDS-related complex (ARC)

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Group of minor health problems such as weight loss, fever, and night sweats that appears after HIV infection but before development of full-blown AIDS

Front 36

Cancer

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Category of often-fatal medical conditions involving abnormal cell growth and malignancy.

Front 37

Cardiovascular disease

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Afflictions in the mechanisms, including the heart, blood vessels, and their controllers, responsible for transporting blood to the body's tissue and organs. Psychological factors may play important roles in such diseases and their treatments.

Front 38

Stroke

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Temporary blockage of blood vessels supplying the brain, or a rupture of vessels in the brain, resulting in temporary or permanent loss of brain functioning. Also known as cerebral vascular accident (CVA).

Front 39

Hypertension

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Major risk factor for stroke and heart and kidney disease that is intimately related to psychological factors. Also known as high blood pressure.

Front 40

essential Hypertension

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High blood pressure with no verifiable physical cause, which makes up the overwhelming majority of high blood pressure cases.

Front 41

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

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Blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle; a major cause of death in western culture , with social and psychological factor involved.

Front 42

Type A behavior pattern

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Cluster of behaviors including excessive competitiveness, time-pressured impatience, accelerated speech, and anger, originally thought to promote high risk for heart disease.

Front 43

Type B behavior pattern

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Cluster of behaviors including a relaxed attitude, indifference to time pressure, and less forceful ambition; originally thought to promote low risk for heart disease.

Front 44

Acute Pain

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Pain that typically follows an injury and disappears once that injury heals or is effectively treated.

Front 45

Chronic Pain

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Enduring pain that does not decrease over time; may occur in joints, muscles, and the lower back; and may be caused by enlarged blood vessels or degenerating or cancerous tissue. Other significant factors are social and psychological.

Front 46

Endogenous Opioid

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Substance occurring naturally throughout the body that functions like a neurotransmitter to shut down pain sensation even in the presence of marked tissue damage. These opioids may contribute to psychological problems such as eating disorders. Also known as endorphins or enkephalins

Front 47

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)

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Incapacitating exhaustion following only minimal exertion, accompanied by fever, headaches, muscle and joint pain, depression, and anxiety.

Front 48

Biofeedback

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Use of physiological monitoring equipment to make individuals aware of their own bodily functions, such as blood pressure or brain waves, that they cannot normally access, with the purpose of controlling these functions.

Front 49

relaxation response

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Active components of meditations methods, including repetitive thoughts of a sound to reduce distracting thoughts and closing the mind to other intruding thoughts, that decrease the flow of stress hormones and neurotransmitters and cause a feeling of calm.

Front 50

Bulimia nervosa

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Eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of uncontrolled excessive (binge) eating followed by compensatory actions to remove the food (vomiting, laxative abuse, excessive exercise)

Front 51

Binge

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Relatively brief episode of uncontrolled, excessive consumption, usually food or alcohol.

Front 52

Anorexia nervosa

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Eating disorder characterized by recurrent food refusal, leading to dangerously low body weight.

Front 53

Melissa

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Excess of body fat resulting in a body mass index of 30 or more.

Front 54

Purging technique

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In the eating disorder bulimia nerosa, the self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse used to compensate for excessive food ingestion.

Front 55

Binge-eating disorder (BED)

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Pattern of eating involving distress-inducing binges not followed by purging behaviors; being considered as a new DSM diagnostic category

Front 56

Night eating syndrome

Back 56

Consuming a third or more of daily food intake after the evening meal and getting out of bed at least once during the night to have a high-calorie snack. In the morning, individuals with this condition are not hungry and usually do not eat breakfast. These individuals do not binge during their night eating and seldom purge.

Front 57

bariatric surgery

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Surgical approach to extreme obesity, usually accomplished by stapling the stomach pouch or bypassing the stomach through gastric bypass surgery.

Front 58

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

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Periodic intervals of sleep during which the eyes move rapidly from side to side, and dreams occur, but the body inactive.

Front 59

dyssomnia

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problem in getting to sleep or in obtaining sleep of sufficient quality.

Front 60

parasomnia

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abnormal behavior such as a nightmare or sleepwalking that occurs in sleep.

Front 61

Polysomnographic (PSG) evalution

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Assessment of sleep disorders in which a client sleeping in a lab is monitored for heart, muscle, respiration, brain wave, and other functions.

Front 62

Actigraph

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Small electronic device that is worn on the wrist like a watch and records body movements. This device can be used to record sleep-wake cycles.

Front 63

Sleep efficiency (SE)

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Percentage of time actually spent sleeping of the total time spent in bed.

Front 64

Microsleep

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Short, seconds-long period of sleep that occurs when someone has been deprived of sleep.

Front 65

Primary insomnia

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Difficulty in initiating, maintaining, or gaining from sleep; not related to other medical or psychological problems.

Front 66

Rebound insomnia

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In a person with insomnia, the worsened sleep problems that can occur when medications are used to treat insomnia and then withdrawn.

Front 67

Hypersomnia

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Abnormally excessive sleep. A person with this condition falls asleep several times a day.

Front 68

Narcolepsy

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Sleep disorder involving sudden and irresistible sleep attacks.

Front 69

Breathing-related sleep disorder

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Sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or insomnia, caused by a breathing problem such as interrupted (sleep apnea) or labored (hypoventilation) breathing.

Front 70

sleep apnea

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Disorder involving brief periods when breathing ceases during sleep.

Front 71

Circadian rhythm sleep disorder

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Sleep disturbance resulting in sleepiness or insomnia, caused by the body's inability to synchronize its sleep patterns with the current pattern of day and night.

Front 72

Nightmare

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Frightening and anxiety-provoking dream occurring during rapid eye movement sleep. The individual recalls the bad dream and recovers alertness and orientation quickly.

Front 73

Sleep terror

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Episode of apparent awakening from sleep, accompanied by signs of panic and followed by disorientation and amneia for the incident. Sleep terrors occurs during nonrapid eye movement sleep and so do not involve frightening dreams.

Front 74

Sleepwalking

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Parasomnia that involves leaving the bed during nonrapid eye movement sleep.

Front 75

Somnambulism

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Repeated sleepwalking that occurs during nonrapid eye movement sleep and so is not the acting out of a dream. The person is difficult to waken and does not recall the experience.

Front 76

Heterosexual behavior

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Sexual activity with members of the opposite gender

Front 77

Homosexual behavior

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Sexual activity with members of the same gender

Front 78

Gender identity disorder

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Psychological dissatisfaction with biological gender, or a disturbance in the sense of identity as a male or female. The primary goal is not sexual arousal but rather to live the life of the opposite gender.

Front 79

Gender nonconformity

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Individuals expressing behavior and attitudes consistently characteristic of the opposite sex.

Front 80

Sex reassignment surgery

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Surgical procedures to alter a person's physical anatomy to conform to that person's psychological gender identity.

Front 81

Sexual dysfunction

Back 81

sexual disorder in which the client finds it difficult to function adequately while having sex.

Front 82

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

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Apparent lack of interest in sexual activity or fantasy that would not be expected considering the person's age and life situation.

Front 83

Sexual aversion disorder

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Extreme and persistent dislike of sexual contact or similar activities.

Front 84

Male erectile disorder

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Recurring inability in some men to attain or maintain adequate penile erection until completion of sexual activity.

Front 85

Female sexual arousal disorder

Back 85

Recurrent inability in some women to attain or maintain adequate lubrication and sexual excitement swelling responses until completion of sexual activity.

Front 86

Inhibited orgasm

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inability to achieve orgasm despite adequate sexual desire and arousal; commonly seen in women but relatively rare in men.

Front 87

female orgasmic disorder

Back 87

Recurring delay or absence of orgasm in some women following a normal sexual excitement phase, relatively to their prior experience and current stimulation.

Front 88

male orgasmic disorder

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Recurring delay in or absence of orgasm in some men following a normal sexual excitement phase, relatively to age and current stimulation.

Front 89

premature ejaculation

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Recurring ejaculation before the person wishes it, with minimal sexual stimulation.

Front 90

Sexual pain disorder

Back 90

Recurring genital pain in either male or females before, during, and after sexual intercourse.

Front 91

Vaginismus

Back 91

Recurring involuntary muscle spasms in the outer third of the vagina that interfere with sexual intercourse.

Front 92

paraphilia

Back 92

Sexual disorder or deviation in which sexual arousal occurs almost exclusively in the context of inappropriate objects or individuals.

Front 93

fetishism

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Long-term, recurring, intense sexually arousing urges, fantasies, or behavior involving the use of nonliving, unusual objects, which cause distress or impairment in life functioning.

Front 94

Voyeurism

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paraphilia in which sexual arousal is derived from observing unsuspecting individuals undressing or naked.

Front 95

Exhibitionism

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sexual gratification attained by exposing genitals to unsuspecting strangers.

Front 96

Transvestic fetishism

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Paraphilia in which individuals, usually males, are sexually aroused or receive gratification by wearing clothing of the opposite sex.

Front 97

Sexual Sadism

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Paraphilia in which sexual arousal is associated with inflicting pain or humiliation.

Front 98

Sexual masochism

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Paraphilia in which sexual arousal is associated with experiencing pain or humiliation.

Front 99

pedophilia

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Paraphilia involving strong sexual attraction towards children.

Front 100

incest

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Deviant sexual attraction (pedophilia) directed toward a family member; often the attraction of a father toward a daughter who is maturing physically.

Front 101

covert sensitization

Back 101

Cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce unwanted behaviors by having clients imagine the extremely aversive consequences of the behaviors and established negative rather than the positive associations with them.

Front 102

orgasmic reconditioning

Back 102

learning procedure to help clients strengthen appropriate patterns of sexual arousal by pairing appropriate stimuli with the pleasurable sensations of masturbation.

Front 103

Substance-related disorder

Back 103

One of a range of problems associated with the use and abuse of drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and other substances people use to alter the way they feel, think, and behave. These are extremely costly in human and financial terms.

Front 104

Impulse-control disorder

Back 104

Disorder in which a person acts on a irresistible, but potentially harmful, impulse.

Front 105

Polysubstance use

Back 105

Use of multiple mind-and-behavior- alternating substances, such as drugs.

Front 106

Psychoactive substance

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Substance, such as a drug, that alters mood or behavior.

Front 107

Substance intoxication

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Physiological reaction, such as impaired judgement and motor ability, as well as mood change, resulting from ingestion of a psychoactive substance.

Front 108

Substance abuse

Back 108

Pattern of psychoactive substance use leading to significant distress or impairment in social and occupational roles and in hazardous situations.

Front 109

substance dependence

Back 109

Maladaptive pattern of substance use characterized by the need or increased amounts to achieve the desired effect, negative physical effects when the substance is withdrawn, unsuccessful efforts to control its use, and substantial effort expended to seek it or recover from its effects. Also known as addiction.

Front 110

Tolerance

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need for in creased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect, and a diminished effect with continued use of the same amount

Front 111

Withdrawal

Back 111

Severely negative physiological reaction to removal of a pyschoactive substance, which can be alleviated by the same or a similar substance.

Front 112

Withdrawal deririum

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Frightening hallucinations and body tremors that result when a heavy drinker withdraws from alcohol. Also known as delirium treatments.

Front 113

Depressant

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Psychoactive substance that results in behavioral sedation; such substances include alcohol and the sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic drugs.

Front 114

Stimulant

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Psychoactive substance that elevates mood, activity, and alertness; such substances include amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine, and nicotine.

Front 115

Opiate

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Addictive psychoactive substance such as heroin, opium, or morphine that causes temporary euphoria and analgesia (pain reduction)

Front 116

Hallucinogen

Back 116

Any psychoactive substance, such as LSD or marijuana, that can produce delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, and altered sensory perception.

Front 117

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Back 117

Pattern of problems, including learning difficulties, behavior deficits, and characteristic physical flaws, resulting from heavy drinking by the victim's mother when she was pregnant with the victim

Front 118

Alcohol use disorder

Back 118

Cognitive, biological, behavioral and social problem associated with alcohol use and abuse

Front 119

Barbiturate

Back 119

Sedative (and addictive) drug such as Amytal, Seconal, or Nembutal that is used as a sleep aid.

Front 120

Benzodiazepine

Back 120

Antianxiety drug such as Valium, Xanax, Dalmane, or Halcion also used to treat insomnia. Effective against anxiety (and, at high potency, panic disorder), this drug shows some side effects, such as some cognitive and motor impairment, and may result in substance dependence. Relapse rates are extremely high when such a drug is discontinued.

Front 121

amphetamine use disorder

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Psychological, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with amphetamine use and abuse.

Front 122

cocaine use disorder

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Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of cocaine.

Front 123

Nicotine use disorder

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Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of nicotine.

Front 124

Caffeine use disorder

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Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of caffeine.

Front 125

opioid use disorder

Back 125

Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of opiates and their synthetic variants.

Front 126

hallucinogen use disorder

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Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of hallucinogens substances.

Front 127

Marijuana

Back 127

Dried part of the hemp plant; a hallucinogen that is the most widely used illegal substance.

Front 128

LSD

Back 128

Most common hallucinogenic drug; a synthetic version of the grain fungus ergot.

Front 129

agonist substitution

Back 129

Replacement of a drug on which a person is dependent with one that has a similar chemical makeup, an agonist. Used as a treatment for a substance dependence.

Front 130

antagonist drug

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Medication that blocks or counteracts the effects of a psychoactive drug.

Front 131

Controlled drinking

Back 131

An extremely controversial treatment approach to alcohol dependence, in which severe abusers are taught to drink in moderation.

Front 132

relapse prevention

Back 132

extending therapeutic progress by teaching the client how to cope with future troubling situations.

Front 133

Intermittent explosive disorder

Back 133

Episodes during which a person acts on aggressive impulses that result in serious assaults or destruction of property.

Front 134

kleptomania

Back 134

recurrent failure to resist urges to steal things not needed for personal use or their monetary value.

Front 135

pyromania

Back 135

An impulse-control disorder that involves having an irresistible urge to set fires.

Front 136

pathological gambling

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Persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior

Front 137

trichotillomania

Back 137

People's urge to pull out their own hair from anywhere on the body, including the scalp, eyebrows, and arm.