Abnormal Psych Test 2

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Anxiety Disorder

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Disorders in which fear or tension is overriding and the primary disturbance

include phobic disorders, panic disorder, generalized anciety disorder, OCD, acute stress disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Form a major category to DSM IV

Most common type of psychiatric diagnosis

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Social Phobias

Back 2

A persistent, unrealistically intense fear of social situations that might involve being scrutinized by, or even just exposed to, unfamiliar people.

Usually has an earlier age of onset

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Types of Panic Attacks

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There are 3 types

When a attack occurs unexpectedly, they are called a spontaneous or UNCUED attack.

When they are clearly triggered by a specific situation, they are referred to as a situationally bound or CUED attacks.

Also there is Situationally predisposed attack which doesnt always occur right at exposure but the person is likely to have an attack.

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Panic Disorder

Back 4

Characterized by frequent panic attacks that are unrelated to specific situations and by worry about having more panic attacks.

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Panic Attack

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A sudden attack of intense fear, terror, and feelings of impending doom, accompanied by at least four other symptoms.

Symptoms usually come on very rapidly and sudden and reach a peak intensity within about 10 minutes.

More than a quarter 25% of the people in the USA report having had atleast 1 panic attack and 3-5% have had one in the last year

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

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One of the central features is worrying. Persistent worrying about often minor things.

Unable to let go

Worries are excessive

Symptoms include difficulty concentrating, tiring easily, restlessness, irritability, and muscle tension.

Typically begins in adolescence.

Often chronic

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Cognitive Behavior Perspective

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General view that people can best be understood by studying how they perceive and structure their experiences and how this influences behavior.

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Genes influence on Anxiety Disorder

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20-40% more likely to get phobias, GAD, and PTSD

about 50% more likely to get panic disorder.

Some genes elevate risk for several different types of anxiety disorders

Other genes may elevate risk for specific type of anxiety disorder.

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Agoraphobia

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Anxiety about situations in which it would be embarrassing or difficult to escape if panic symptoms occurred.

Often fears public places.

Commonly feared situations include driving, bridges, crowds, and crowded places.

Many people are unable to leave the house.

Absence of a panic disorder but fear you might get one

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OCD

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Characterized by persistent and uncontrollable thought or urges (obsessions) and the need to repeat certain acts again and again (compulsions)

Type of anxiety disorder

the person tries to suppress, ignore, or neutralize obsessions

the person understands the compulsions are excessive

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Race and Gender most likely to have GAD

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Women are more then twice as likely then Men to have it

I THINK people of color are most likely

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Disconfirmatory Bias

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people set higher standards of evidence for hypotheses that go against their current expectations

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How Serotonin is connected to OCD

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Serotonin is thought to have a role in regulating anxiety. To send chemical messages from one neuron to another, serotonin must bind to the receptor sites located on the neighboring nerve cell.

It is hypothesized that the serotonin receptors of OCD sufferers may be relatively understimulated. This suggestion is consistent with the observation that many OCD patients benefit from the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a class of antidepressant medications that allow for more serotonin to be readily available to other nerve cells

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SSRI vs TCA (tricyclic)

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Two types of antidepressants

SSRI are effective in treatment of OCD

Trycyclic are an effective treatment for panic disorder

SSRI are Any of various drugs that inhibit the presynaptic reputake of the neurotransmitter serotonin, therby prolonging its effects on postsynaptic neurons

TCA are A group of antidepressants with molecular structures characterized by three fused rings; interfere with the reputake of norepinephrine and serotonin

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Symptoms of a Panic Attack

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Four symptoms

Physical symptoms such as labored breathing, heart palpitations, nausea, chest pain etc.

Depersonalization which is a feeling of being outside ones own body

Derealization which is a feeling of the world not being real

And fears of losing control, of going crazy, and even of dying

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Neurotransmitters

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Chemical substances important in transferring a nerve impulse from one neuron to another, for example serotonin and norepinephrine

Many of these are involved in fear as well as anxiety disorders.

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2 aspects of mood disorder

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those that involve only depressive symptoms

those that involve manic symptoms (bipolar)

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likelihood of having more than 1 major depression episode

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about 2/3 or 66%

with every new episode that chance you have a new one is 16%

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Mania

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A state of intense elation or irritability accompanied by other symptoms shown in the diagnostic criteria.

Usually comes on suddenly over a period of a day or two

may become louder and make incessant stream of remarks.

may become sociable to the point of intrusiveness.

Can be oblivious to the potential distractions they are creating.

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Qualifications of a manic episode

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Symptoms last for 1 week or require hospitalization

Symptoms causes significant distress or functional impairment

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Clyclothymic Disorder

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A form of bipolar disorder characterized by swings between elation and depression over at least a 2 year period, but with moods not so severe as manic or major depressive episodes.

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Dysthymic Disorder

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Chronically depressed... More than half the time for at least 2 years... derive little pleasure from usual activities and pastimes

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Percentage of bipolar in twins

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42% for monozygotic (identical) twins

11% for dizygotic (fraternal) twins

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ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)

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Most traumatic and controversial treatment for Major depression disorder.

Only used to treat MDD that has not responded to medication.

Entails deliberately inducting a momentary seizure and unconsciousness by passing a 70-130 volt current through the patients brain.

Typically put through right hemisphere?

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Gender differences in Depression

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Women are about twice as likely as men to get depression.

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How Cortosol is related to Depression

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The main stress hormone

Is secreted at times of stress

When chronically elevated in can produce depression

People with cushings syndrome which causes overreaction of this chemical, experience depression symptoms

Long term high levels of this can cause brain damage

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How shrinking brain and depression are related

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Not really sure

antidepressents may put brakes on shrinking brain

depression may cause shrinking

diminished volume of subgenual anterior cingulate, the prefontal cortex, and if you have had depression for awhile the hippocampus

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How Norepeniphrine is related to bipolar disorder

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Both a hormone and a Neurotransmitter

Elevated norepeniphrine in people going through mania

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Steps of cognitive therapy

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Identify troubling situations or conditions in your life.

Become aware of your thoughts, emotions and beliefs about these situations or conditions.

Identify negative or inaccurate thinking.

Challenge negative or inaccurate thinking.

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Sensate focused therapy

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A term applied to exercises prescribed at the beginning of the Masters and Johnson sex therapy program, in which partners are instructed to fondle eachother to give pleasure but to refrain from intercourse, thus reducing anxiety about sexual performance.

a term usually associated with a set of specific sexual exercises for couples or for individuals.

The term was introduced by Masters and Johnson,[1] and was aimed at increasing personal and interpersonal awareness of self and the other's needs.

Each participant is encouraged to focus on their own varied sense experience, rather than to see orgasm as the sole goal of sex.

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Lithium Carbonate

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A drug useful in treating both mania and depression in bipolar disorder

horrible on the the kidneys

a chemical compound of lithium, carbon, and oxygen

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Connection between stress and depression

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Chronic stressful life situations can increase the risk of developing depression if you aren't coping with the stress well.

Sustained or chronic stress, in particular, leads to elevated hormones such as cortisol, the "stress hormone," and reduced serotonin and other neurotransmitters in the brain, including dopamine, which has been linked to depression.

People who are stressed often neglect healthy lifestyle practices

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Connection between exercise and depression

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There’s an abundance of research that regular physical activity boosts mood and alleviates anxiety, but less evidence about its impact on pain.

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2 categories DSM divides mood disorders into

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Depressive and Bipolar disorders

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Different domains of depresion

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Maybe Major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder