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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Primary gain vs secondary gain |
-She gains primary gain -- she doesn’t have to worry about her problems anymore; keeping internal conflict out of conscious awareness -The secondary gain is from eliciting help from her family/friends/neighbors |
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Somatization Disorder |
-Person thinks they have something wrong with them, so they doctor shop -Complaints may manifest themselves as headaches, GI problems, sexual performance issues, etc. -Develop LaBelle Indifference -Not anxious about their issue, but still believe the problem is there |
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Pain Disorder |
-Can be contained or spread throughout body -No reason for the pain -Is possible that it may follow a surgery or illness, then takes a life of its own long after illness/surgery -Important to dispel other medical issues |
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Factitious Disorder |
-Intentionally fakes or causes a medical issue in order to take on the sick roll -Usually knowledgeable about ailment with healthcare professionals -May cut themselves, fake anorexia, etc. -Want to be loved/embraced by healthcare professionals |
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Munchausen Syndrome (by proxy) |
-Individual may have had serious illnesses as children, so feel comfortable in medical environment – may also hold a grudge to them or have a history of working in the medical field -Mother may get a lot of praise for being so in tune with their children and bringing them in to get help -Mothers have done things to intentionally make child sick – child will get better when removed from mother |
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Malingering |
-Fake symptoms to get out of something -Ex: military service, or to go to a hospital instead of jail |
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Preoccupation Somatoform D/O’s |
-People misinterpret and overreact to bodily sensations and appearance |
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Hypochrondriasis |
-They actually believe they’re dying. -Ex. Get a tummy ache and are convinced they have a tumor |
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Body Dysmorphic D/O (Dysmorphobia) |
-Overly concerned about real or imagined bodily defects -Ex: Anorexia or Bulimia -Ex: Excessive body-changing surgeries -Treated similarly to anxiety disorders (anti-anxiety drugs) |
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Dissociative D/O’s |
-Becomes separated from body -Minor form: forgetting how you arrived at a destination you drive to often |
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Dissociative Amnesia |
-Have an inability to recall information about your personal material (ie name, family, etc), but maintain semantic memory (ie. still know you’re a student, but not from where; know how to use a computer) |
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Dissociative Fugue |
-They have a trauma (build up of stress), travel away from home → when they get to their destination, their semantic memory is in tact, but they lose all autobiographical memories -Rare, but it does happen -Most are for a brief duration, but can last for months or years |
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Dissociative Identity D/O (Formerly multiple personality D/O) |
-Alternate/sub personalities -Each personality has a completely different set of characteristics/strengths/abilities, etc. -Some personalities are obstinate and won’t just come out when a doctor wants them to -Most related to early childhood trauma -Too horrible for child to remember, so the mind disassociates -Frequently happens with sexual abuse, but doesn’t have to (can be emotional/abandonment, etc) -Purpose of treatment is to integrate all of the personalities into one stable personality – will still need to continue therapy after integration occurs -Will experience dissociative fugues -Cores do not have any awareness of their sub-personalities – they just remember being out, but not what they did during the fugues -Subs are aware of the core personality and will often talk amongst themselves -First of these disorders was recorded in the early 1800’s -Psychoanalysis is often too time consuming -Psychologists often use hypnosis to find source of the disassociation -Some of these disorders are referred to as Atrogenic. -Disorder that is unintentionally caused by the therapist -Ex. False memories -Happens more often when therapist asks “Are you sure you weren’t abused when you were a child” – makes client second-guess themselves |
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Anhedonia |
-Inability to experience real joy -Makes it impossible to have a meaningful relationship, etc when depressed |
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Depressive disorders |
-Most suffer exclusively from major depression (ie, unipolar depression) -If you develop depression at a young age, you’re like to keep experiencing bouts -Low seratonin levels and low nerupernefrin levels -Catatonic motor disturbances (usually seen in schizophrenia) -You just sit there in a catatonic state -Melancholic symptoms -Where you’ll see Anhedonia |
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Major Depression |
-One or more depressive episodes of at least two weeks duration and characterized of depression (with or without psychotic features). -Can be emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive, physical -Can be reactive or exogenous (caused by an external factor) -Endogenous is a little deeper than reactive. -Can be biochemically related (neurotransmitters in brain), to your thyroid, etc. -Will invariably pass on its own after time |
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Dysthymic Disorder |
-Will last more than two years with no absence of symptoms for more than two months, but of less intensity than a Major Depressive Disorder. -Suffer a lot of melancholy (weep a lot) |
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Seasonal Depressive Disorder |
-Occurs between fall to early spring due to shorter days, colder climates/less sunlight -Best treatment is light treatment -Can be worse if one works night shifts or without windows. |
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Post-Partum Depression |
-Almost every mother (80%) will have baby blues for a few weeks – a few months -Women are very emotional when they first get pregnant; easily emotionally triggered due to increase in hormones -Then, hormones drop dramatically, bringing out emotional outbursts -With this disorder, it’s more severe. About 10-30% of mothers experience clinical depression, usually beginning in first 4 weeks after childbirth. -Includes symptoms of despair, anxiety (related to fear of not being a good mother or feelings of inadequacy), may have suicidal thoughts or have feelings of psychosis (ie killing the child). -Best treatment for PPD with psychosis is medication |
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Infanticide |
-Killing children under age one |
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Cyclothymic Disorder |
-Numerous periods of Hypomanic symptoms and mild Depressive symptoms, of at least two years duration -When one experiences numerous experiences of hypomanic and mild depression -Two-year depression -Falls under major depressive (while Tricyclic is under suicide) -No psychotic features |
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Biological theory of depression |
-Brought on by biochemical abnormalities, specifically norapernephin, serotonin, or both -Lots of antidepressants that can reduce the depression |
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Psychodynamic theory of depression |
-Anaclitic depression -Result of being separated at early age from mother (Freudian concept) -Studies with orphaned children and monkeys -Early parental loss may or may not indicate a complete depressive disorder -Failure to thrive disorder -Mostly seen in infants -Often seen with young teenage mothers who are very anxious or even the elderly |
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Behaviorist theory of depression |
-Loss of rewards or reinforcements -Must fine other avenues for reinforcement |
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Cognitive theory of depression |
-Negative thoughts will lead to depression sooner or later because you start believing them -Automatic thoughts that you need to be loved by everyone to be happy – feeling stupid or worthless -Learned helplessness -“I can’t control this situation” -Seen frequently with children being abused or women in abusive situations |
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Sociocultural theory of depression |
-Poor family structure with low level of support -Can also lead to learned helplessness |
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Bipolar I |
-One or more Manic or Mixed episodes, accompanied by Major Depressive episodes - Manic Episodes -A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week and characterized by at least three symptoms of Mania (with or without psychotic features). – unless mixed -Episodes of inflated self-esteem or grandiosity -A lot of clients who experience manic episodes don’t want to go back to normal, so they will stop taking their medication -Can give patients Haldol (works wonders for psychosis) |
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Bipolar II |
-Alternate between major depression and hypomania -One or more Major Depressive Episodes, accompanied by at least one Hypomanic Episode -A distinct period of persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting throughout at least four days, but of less intensity than a Manic Episode, and clearly different from the individual’s usual non-depressed mood. -Psychosis my be found in depressive stage, but not in Hypomanic episodes -Rapid cycling – 4 or more episodes/year. -Seasonal -May be due to increase in neuropernepfrin and increase in serotonin |
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Bipolar treatments (pills) |
-MAO inhibitors -Drug of last choice due to side effects -Must avoid food (including foods containing Tyramine – in some cheese, raisons, red wine, etc -Tricyclic Antidepressants -Operate by preventing the reassertion of serotonin, dopamine, or neuropernephrin -Blocks sodium channels, causing heart irregularities -Second Generation Antidepressants -Ex. Zoloft -First choice -Inhibits the reuptake of serotonin -Few side effects: -Shouldn’t drink alcohol on any SSRI’s -Nausea, headache, nervousness, dry mouth, weight gain, decreased libido -Should take 6 months- 1 year -Common for people to wait too long to seek treatment |
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ECT treatment (for major depression & bipolar disorder) |
-Bilateral/Unilateral -Experience Grand mal seizures -Are now but in 5-point restraints to avoid physical harm (bone breaks, etc) -Most people don’t remember it -Most common side effect is short-term memory loss, which typically lasts 2-3 months -6-12 treatments over period of 2-4 weeks -Removed from all anti-psychotic drugs before treatment -Reserved for the most depressed people not responding to medication -Will then put them back on anti-depressants |
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Suicide |
-Def: Intentional ending of your own life -Moral and legal dilemma -Illegal: can affect family (ie, no insurance) -Been regarded as martyrdom and treated as a sin by many |
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Parasuicide |
Unsuccessful suicide attempt -Most common thread is stress (usually a multiple of stressors) -Usually occurs when they’re coming out of their depression (do not have strength in the depths of depression) -They have rationalized their suicide to make the most sense (to avoid more bouts of depression, relieve stress on loved ones, etc. |
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Suicidal Ideation |
-When you think about suicide, but have not formulated a plan -Very common -Women attempt suicide more often than men, but men are more successful because women usually use pills (as opposed to guns, hanging, etc). |
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Right to commit suicide or rights to euthanasia (death with dignity laws) |
Oregon, Washington & Vermont. -Have to have 2 physicians that agree you’re terminally ill with no chance of getting better -Doctors give you the medication to administer yourself. |
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Anorexia Nervosa |
-Refuse to maintain normal body weight for their age and height – normally 15% under -They’re preoccupied with food (often have dreams about it). -Terrified of gaining weight, perfectionists, and obsessed with being thin -Most anorexia is in females, but can also affect males -Have Body Dysmorphic Disorder (see themselves as fat in the mirror) -Can go through ritualistic processes -E.g. put food in a certain spot on their plate, then move it around (especially when with other people to appear like they’re eating) -Usually start out with dieting → Permerexia (being on a permanent diet that goes out of control with Anorexia) -Can be a result of an overbearing mother- usually starts at around age 14 -Problems that will occur: absence of menstrual cycles or if it happens before they start, they won’t have one (ameneria- absence of cycle), low body temperature/blood pressure, swelling body, slow heart rate (can have circulatory collapse), deteriorating muscles, hair loss, develop peach fuzz all over their bodyetc. -May also binge/purge, take a lot laxatives, exercise a lot, or put themselves into a sport/profession that requires them to be small |
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Bulimia Nervosa |
-Known as the diet/purge disorder, but there are many types -Will typically maintain a normal body weight -Also have a fear of gaining weight, but no Body Dysmorphic Disorder -Will binge (usually on carbs) because they’re dieting, then feel guilty and purge by vomiting, over-exercising, or misusing laxatives -Have tendency to be promiscuous, have issues with shoplifting, abuse alcohol/drugs, etc (issue with impulse control). -See a lot of this with women who have been sexually abused (they’re the ones who do get overweight), yet they’re promiscuous. They want to seem -Have a lot of anxiety, depression, self-doubt, deeply buried anger, etc. -May find carbs comforting- help them numb emotional pain Side effects: teeth erosion, electrolyte imbalance, fluid retention, uninduced vomiting, IBS, stomach ruptures, etc. |
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Treatment for Anorexia/Bulimia |
Congnitive therapy – they don’t have to be a certain weight/size. Antidepressents help. First step with severe disorder- go to a hospital (for IV fluids, etc), then put into longterm treatment. -Treat you for behavioral problems |
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Pica |
Eating non-nutritious foods (dirt, sand, etc.) |
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Orthorexia Nervosa |
-Fixation on righteous eating; -Eating organic veggies, etc. – will spend hours making out their grocery lists so they won’t eat food that’s not good for them (health food junkies) |
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Lateral Hypothalmus |
Lets us know we’re hungry |
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Ventromedial Hypothalamus |
Let’s us know we’re full |
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Substance related disorders |
-Abuse: obsessive/chronic reliance, so it's the central focus in your life -Psychological dependency: can't wait to get drunk and/or drugged on schedule (with no regards to consequences) |
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Substance dependence |
Physical addiction, along with abusive pattern - physically need it -Need more and more to receive initial effects (developed a tolerance) -When you don't have it, you go into withdrawals -Symptoms: delirium- use "step-downs" to avoid withdrawal |
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Wernicke's Encephalopathy |
Potentially fatal neuro disease which causes confusion, excitement, delirium -Deficiency of Vitamin B1 (caused by years of alcohol abuse) -Get all calories from alcohol -Can be cleared up if caught soon with good nutrition, off alch + B1 |
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Korsakoff's Syndrome |
-If Wernicke's Encephalopathy goes untreated -Extreme confusion, memory issues, etc. (a lot of neuro problems) |
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Sexual Disorders |
Healthy adults are sexually attracted to other mature adults of consenting age. |
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Paraphilias |
Fetishism, Beastiality, Transvestic Fetishism, Frotteurism, Pedophilia, Exhibitionism, Gender ID Disorder, etc. |
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Fetishism |
Sexual obsession with a non-living object (ie, panty raids) - only means of sexual satisfaction |
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Beastiality |
sex with animals |
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Transvestic Fetishism (cross-dressing) |
Needs to cross-dress to achieve full sexual and emotional release |
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Frotteurism |
When you rub against/touch a non-consenting adult for pleasure (usually in public place) |
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Pedophilia |
Sexual obsession with a non-mature adolescent |
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Exhibitionism |
Flashers/streakers. People who do sexual acts in public places because it gets them off that they may be caught |
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Gender ID D/O |
Feel they've been assigned the wrong sex -Children can experience this, then typically mature out of it |
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Gender Dysphoria |
Do not like assigned gender - disgusted when looking at genitals -Most prevalent theory: In utero, brain is washed over with hormones once gender has already been assigned - imbalance of hormones can occur. -Become depressed, some will marry & deny it (later to realize they can't handle the deception) ~ doesn't go away -Many have treatment to transform to their neuro sex (sexual reassignment or sex change operation) |
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Sexual autoerotic asphyxia |
Cut off air stream while masturbating or having sexual intercourse to receive greater sexual satisfaction (believe orgasm will be enhanced). -A lot of un-intended deaths |
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Sexual sadism |
causing pain during sexual acs to others (masochism: to oneself) |
