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349 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are core concepts of abnormal psychology?
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-they are the central aspects of the field even as our knowledge has grown and changed
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What are the 3 reasons why context of abnormal psych is important?
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-circumstances surrounding the behavior is important for defining whther or not the behavior is normal
-cna help us explain the behavior -can show us how behavior is influenced by gender, age, class, and culture |
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What are the 6 core concepts of abnormal psychology?
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-The importance of context in defining and understanding abnormality
-the contiuum b/t normal and abnormal psyche -cultural and historuical relativiism in defining and classifiying -advantages and limitations of diagnosis -prinicple of multiple causality -conncetion b/t mind and body |
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What is reliablity?
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-consistency of a test, measurement, or category system
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What is validity?
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-accuracy of a test, measurment, or category system
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What are precipitating causes?
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-immediate trigger or precipitant of an event
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What are predisposing causes?
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-underlying processes that create conditions making it possible for a precipitating cause to trigger an event
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What is reductionism?
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-relying on one theory or concept to explain disorders
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What is abnormal psychology?
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-the subfield of psychology devoted to the study of ental disorders
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What are the 5 commonly used criteria in dfeining abnormality?
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-Help seeking
-irrationality/dangerousness -Deviance -emotional distress -significant impariment |
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What are natural categories?
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-categuroies that usually work reasonably well in veryday use, despite their lack of precision
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What is animism?
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-vbelief in the existance and power of a spirit world
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What is deinstitutionalization?
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the social policy, beginning in the 1960s, of discharging large numbers of hospitalized patients into the community
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What are humours?
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-four bodily fluids believed, by Hippocrates and Greek doctors, to control health and disease
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What is hysteria?
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-a term used for centuries to describe a syndrome of symptoms that appear to be neurological, but do not have a neurologocial cause
-now known as conversion disorder |
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What is suggestion?
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-the physicaland psychological effects of mental states such as belief, confidence, submission to authority, and hope
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What are paradigms?
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-overall scientific worldviews, which radically shift at various points in history, according to philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn
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what is the diatheis-stress model?
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-the view that the development of a disorder requires the interaction of a diathesis and a stress
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What is general paresis?
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-a diease, due to a suyphilis infection, that can cause psychosis , paralysis, and death
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What is psychosocial dwarfism?
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-a rare disorder in which the physical gorwth of children deprived of emotional care is stunted.
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What is the bipsychosocial model?
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-a perspective in abnormal psychology that integrates biological, psychosocial, and social components
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What is correlation?
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a statistical term for a systematic association between variables
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What is longitudianal research?
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-research that studies subjects over time
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What is a psychodynamic?
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-the theoretical perspective which began with Freud's work and is associated with emphasis on unconscious mental processes, emotional conflict, and the influence of childood on adult life
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What is the unconscious?
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Mental contents that ar eoutside of awareness
-the irratuional, instintutional part of the mind in Frued's topographic theory |
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What is repression?
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-a defense mechanism consisting of the forgetting of painful or unacceptable mental content
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What is the conscious?
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-menatal contents that are within awareness
-also rational part of mind in freud's topographic theory |
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What is the topographic theory?
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-Freud's first model of the mind, divided into the unconscious, conscois,a nd preconscious parts
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What is the preconscious?
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-Mental contents that are not tthe focus of conscious attention but are accessib;e becuase they are not repressed
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What is stuctural model?
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-Freud's final model of the mind, divided into the id, the ego, and the superego
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What is the id?
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-part of the mind containing instinctual urges
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What si the superego?
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-part of the mind that contains moral judgements and evaluates the self
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What si the ego?
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-the part of the mind that is oriented to the external world and mediates the demands of the id and superego
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what are defense mechanisms?
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-unconscious, automatic mental processes that reduce anxiety by warding off unacceptable thoughts and feelings.
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What is humanistic theory?
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-the theoretical perspective that emphasizes the importance of self-actualization in human life and unconditional positive regard in relationships
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What is self-actualization?
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-the pursuit of one's true self amd meeds in the humanistic theory
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What is uncoditional positive regard?
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-the provision of nconditional love, empathy, and acceptance in relationships within the humanistsic theory
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What is the existential theory?
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-the theorretical perspective that emphasies individual responsibility for creating meaning in life in the face of universal anxiety about death
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What uis client centered therapy?
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A humanistic treatment approch developed by Carl rogers
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What is the behaviorism theory?
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-emphasizes with the influence of learning with the use of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling on behavior
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What is classical conditioning?
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-learnign that takes place through automatic associations b/t neural stimuli and uncondtionied stimuli
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What is temporal contiguity?
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-2 events occuring closely together in time
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What is an uncondtioed stimulus?
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-a stimulus that automatically elicits a response through a natural reflex
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What is a conditioned stimulus?
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-a prevously neurtal stimulus that acquires the ability to elicit a response through classical conditioning
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What is a conditioned response?
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-the response elicited by a conditoned stimulus
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What is a phobia?
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An intense, persistent, and irrational fear of a specific object or situation
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What is opernat conditioning?
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-a form of lerning in which behaviors are shaped through rewards and punishments
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What is reinforement?
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-Any environmental response to a behavior that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated in operant condtioning
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What is punishment?
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-any environmental response to a behavior that decreases the probability of the behavior will be repeated in operant conditioning
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What is the law of effect?
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Thordike's principle that behaviors followed by pleasurable consequences are likly to be repeated while behaviors followed by aversive consequences are not.
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What is modeling (social/observational learning)?
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-learning based on observing and imitating the behavior of others
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What is a psychodynamic?
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-the theoretical perspective which began with Freud's work and is associated with emphasis on unconscious mental processes, emotional conflict, and the influence of childood on adult life
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What is the unconscious?
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Mental contents that ar eoutside of awareness
-the irratuional, instintutional part of the mind in Frued's topographic theory |
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What is repression?
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-a defense mechanism consisting of the forgetting of painful or unacceptable mental content
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What is the conscious?
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-menatal contents that are within awareness
-also rational part of mind in freud's topographic theory |
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What is the topographic theory?
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-Freud's first model of the mind, divided into the unconscious, conscois,a nd preconscious parts
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What is the preconscious?
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-Mental contents that are not tthe focus of conscious attention but are accessib;e becuase they are not repressed
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What is stuctural model?
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-Freud's final model of the mind, divided into the id, the ego, and the superego
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What is the id?
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-part of the mind containing instinctual urges
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What si the superego?
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-part of the mind that contains moral judgements and evaluates the self
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What si the ego?
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-the part of the mind that is oriented to the external world and mediates the demands of the id and superego
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what are defense mechanisms?
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-unconscious, automatic mental processes that reduce anxiety by warding off unacceptable thoughts and feelings.
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What is humanistic theory?
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-the theoretical perspective that emphasizes the importance of self-actualization in human life and unconditional positive regard in relationships
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What is self-actualization?
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-the pursuit of one's true self amd meeds in the humanistic theory
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What is uncoditional positive regard?
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-the provision of nconditional love, empathy, and acceptance in relationships within the humanistsic theory
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What is the existential theory?
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-the theorretical perspective that emphasies individual responsibility for creating meaning in life in the face of universal anxiety about death
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What is a psychodynamic?
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-the theoretical perspective which began with Freud's work and is associated with emphasis on unconscious mental processes, emotional conflict, and the influence of childood on adult life
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What is the unconscious?
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Mental contents that ar eoutside of awareness
-the irratuional, instintutional part of the mind in Frued's topographic theory |
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What is repression?
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-a defense mechanism consisting of the forgetting of painful or unacceptable mental content
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What is the conscious?
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-menatal contents that are within awareness
-also rational part of mind in freud's topographic theory |
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What is the topographic theory?
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-Freud's first model of the mind, divided into the unconscious, conscois,a nd preconscious parts
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What is the preconscious?
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-Mental contents that are not tthe focus of conscious attention but are accessib;e becuase they are not repressed
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What is stuctural model?
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-Freud's final model of the mind, divided into the id, the ego, and the superego
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What is the id?
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-part of the mind containing instinctual urges
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What si the superego?
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-part of the mind that contains moral judgements and evaluates the self
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What si the ego?
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-the part of the mind that is oriented to the external world and mediates the demands of the id and superego
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what are defense mechanisms?
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-unconscious, automatic mental processes that reduce anxiety by warding off unacceptable thoughts and feelings.
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What is humanistic theory?
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-the theoretical perspective that emphasizes the importance of self-actualization in human life and unconditional positive regard in relationships
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What is self-actualization?
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-the pursuit of one's true self amd meeds in the humanistic theory
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What is uncoditional positive regard?
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-the provision of nconditional love, empathy, and acceptance in relationships within the humanistsic theory
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What is the existential theory?
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-the theorretical perspective that emphasies individual responsibility for creating meaning in life in the face of universal anxiety about death
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What is excintion?
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- the weakening of a connectio n b/t a conditonmed stimulus an da conditioned response
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What is exposure?
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-a technique of gradually incrasing exposure toa conditioned stimulus (such as a feared objext) in order to promote extinction
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What is systematic desensitization?
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technique of gradually increased exposure to a conditioned stimulus (such as a feared object) while practicing relaxation techniques
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What is aversion therapy?
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-Behavioral technique involving pairing an unwanted behavior with an aversive stimulus in order to clasically condition a connection between them.
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What is contingency management?
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-the use of reinforcements and punishments to shape behavior.
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What are token economies?
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-the systematic use of coin-like tokens as rewards in an operant conditoning treatment progranm
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What is social skills training?
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-the use of operant conditioning techniques and modeling in order to improve social skills
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What is the cognitive perspecitve?
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-the theoretical perspective that focuses on the influence of thoughts on behavior
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What are cognitive schemas?
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mental models of the world used to organize information
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What is cognitive restructuring?
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-therapy techniques that focus on changing irrational and problematic thoughts
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Whata re attributions?
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-people's beliefs about the causes of events
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What are explanatory styles?
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-the patterned ways (such as pessism) in whiich people perceive and explain the cuases of life events
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What is the cognitive behavioral approach?
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-approches that combine cognitive and behavioral principles
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What are cognitive distortions?
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-irrational beliefs and thinkign processes
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What are negative automatic thoughts?-
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Negative thoughts generated by negative cognitive schemas
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What is the cognitive triad?
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- the tirad consisting of one's self, one's future, and one's world in the cognitive theory
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What is homeostasis?
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-the tendency of systems , such as family systems, to maintain stable pattern
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What is an enmeshed family?
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Families in which boundaries b/t members are weak and relationships tend to be intrusive
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What are disengaged families?
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-families in which relationships tend to be distant and unemotional
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What is a genogram?
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-diagram of the structure of a family
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What is an identified patient?
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-the member of the family identified by the family as having problems
-familysystems theorists see this as a manifestation of a problem in the family system, not in an individual memeber |
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What si the cnetral nervous system?
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-the control center for transmitting information and impulses throughout the body, consisting of the brain and the spinal cord.
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What is a neuron?
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-an individual nerve cell
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What is the thalamus?
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-a subcortical brain structure involved in routing and filtering sensory input
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What is the hypothalamus?
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-a subcortical brain structure that controls the endocrine, or hormonal, system.
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What is the basal ganglia?
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A subcortical brain structure involved in the regulation of movement
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What are neurotransmitters?
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-chemicals that allow neurons in the brain to communicate by traveling between them
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What is a synapse?
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-point of connection b/t neurons
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What is the synaptic cleft?
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-the tiny gap b/t one neruon and the next at a synapse
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What are receptors?
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-the areas of a neuron that receive neurotransmitters from adjacent neurons
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What are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?
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Medications that block the reuptake of serotonin from the synapse
-used in the treament of depressuion and other disorders |
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What is the peripheral nervous system?
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-network of nerves throughout the body that carries information and impulses to and from the CNS
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What is the Somatic nervous system?
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-connects the CNS with the sensory organs and skeletal muscles
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What is the autonomic nervous system?
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-connects the CNS with the body's internal organs
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What is the sympathetic divsion of the nervous system?
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-network of nerves within the ANS that regulate the body's response to emergency and arousal situations
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What is the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?
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-netowrk of nerves within the ANS that regualte the body's calming and energy-conserving functions
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What is the endocrine system?
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-the system of glands that controls the production and release of hormones
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What are hormones?
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-chemicals released by the endocrine system that regulate sexual behavior, metabolism, and physical growth.
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What are family pedigree studies?
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-studies designed to investigate whether a disorder runs in families
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What are twin studies?
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-studies designed to compare concordance rates for a given disorder b/t indentical versus non-identical twins
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What is concordance?
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-Situation in which 2 twins both have the same disorder
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What is the concordance rate?
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-in a group of twins, the percentage that both have the same disorder
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What are adoption studies?
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-studies designed to compare the concordance rates for a given disorder of biological versus nonbiological parent-child pairs
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What is genetic linkage?
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-studies looking for the specific genetic material that may be responsible for the genetic influence on particular disorders
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What is natural selection?
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-the evolutionary theory and process by which organisms, over generations, tend to change and develop traits and behaviors that enhance survival and reproduction
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What is a prefrontal lobotomy?
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-the surgical destruction ogf a certain brain tissue as a treatment for a mental disorder
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What is an insulin coma?
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-the deliburate induction of a seizure and coma using insulin
-formerly used to treat mental disorderq |
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What is electroconvulsive therapy?
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-the deliberate induction of a seizure by passi ng electrical curent through the brain
-currently used to treat severe depression in some circumstances |
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What is psychotrphic?
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-medications designed to affect mental functioning
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What are agonists?
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-drugs that increase neurotransmission
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What are antagonists?
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-drugs that reduce or block neurotransmission
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What is a psychotic?
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-out of contact with reality, such as experiancing hallucinations or delusions
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What are delusions?
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-fixed, false, and often bizarre beliefs
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What are hallucinations?
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-abnormal sensory experiances, such as hearing or seeing nonexistent things
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What is a diagnoses?
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-categories of disorders or diseases according to a classification system
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What is an assessment?
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-the process of gathering information in order to make a diagnoses
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What is DSM?
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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders published by the American Psychiatric Associationm currently in its 4th revised edition
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What is interjudge reliability?
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-consistency or agreement b/t multiple interviewers or raters
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What is test-retest reliability?
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-consistency or agreement b/t multiple administrations of the same test
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What is the dimensional system?
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-a diagnostic system in whcih individuals are rated for the degree to which they exhibit traits along certain dimensions
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What is the categorial approach?
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-diagnostic system like the DSM system, in which individuals are diagnosed according to whether or not they fit certain defined categories.
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What are symptom disorders?
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-disorders characterized by the unpleasant and unwanted forms of distress and/or impairment
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What are personality disorders?
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disorders characterized by extreme and rigid personality traits that cause impairment.
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What is comorbidity?
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-the presence of 2 or more disorders in one person, or a general association b/t 2 or more different disorders
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What is ego-dystonic?
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-behaviors, thoughts, or feelings that are experianced by an individual as distressing and unwelcome
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What is ego-syntonic?
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-behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are experianced by an individual as consistent with his or her sense of self.
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What is the global assessment of fuctioning?
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A scale rating as individual's level of functioning used for Axis V of the DSM-IV-TR
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What is the mental status exam?
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-a series of questions designed to assess whether a client has major problems with cognitive functions and orientation to reality.
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What are symptom and personality questionaires?
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-tests designed to emasure symptoms or personality traits based on clients' responses to structured questions
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What is the Beck Depression inventory?
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A widely used depression symptom questionaire
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What is the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory?
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-a widely used personality questionaire
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What are projective tests?
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Tests designed to measure client characteristics based on clients' responses to and interpretations of ambiguous stimuli
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What us the rorschach test?
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a projective test in which clients' responses to inkblots are interpreted and scored
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What is the thematic apperception test
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a projective test in which clients are asked to make up stories about pictures of people in ambiguous situations.
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What is the draw-a-person test?
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-a projective test in which clients are asked to draw pictures of themselves and other people
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What is stanford-binet?
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-the first widely used intelligence test
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What is the intelligence quotient (IQ)?
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-a measurement of overall intellectual ability obtained by intelligence tests
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What is the wechsler adult intelligence test?
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-currently, the most widely used intelligence test.
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What is anxiety?
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-an unpleasant emotion characterized by a general sense of danger, dread, and physiological arousal
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What is trait anxiety?
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-an individual's tendency to respond to a variety of situations with more or less anxiety
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What is state anxiety?
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-an individual's level of anxiety at a specific time.
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What is generalized anxiety disorder?
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-chronic, pervasve, and debilitating nervousness
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What is panic disorder?
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-panic attacks that cause ongoing distress or impairment
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What is a panic attack?
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-discrete episode of acute terror in the absense of real danger
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What si a phobia?
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-an intense, persistent, and irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
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What is a social phobia?
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-a phobia in which fears are focused on social situations or other acitvities where there is a possibility of being observed and judged
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What is agoraphobia?
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-a fear of wide open spaces or crowded places
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What is specific phobia?
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-any phobia that is not a social phobia or agoraphobia
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What is obsessvive-compulsive disorder?
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-an anxiety disorder in whcih distressing and unwanting thoughts lead to compulsive rituals that significantly interfere with daily functioning
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What are obsessions?
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-unwanted and upsetting thoughts or impulses
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What are compulsions?
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-irrational rituals that are repeated in an effort to control or neutralize the anxiety brought on by obsessional thoughts
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What is trauma?
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-an emotionally overwhelming experiance in which there is a possiblity if death or serious injury to oneself or a loved one
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What is acute stress disorder?
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-significantpostraumatic anxiety sympotoms that occur within one month of a traumatic experiance
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What is posttraumatic stress disorder?
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-significant posttraumatic anxiety sympotoms occuring more than one month after a traumatic experiance
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What is a flashback?
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-a vivid and often overwhelming recollection of past traumatic experiances
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What is nervios?
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-A term used by Latino populations in Latin America and in the US to describe a range of symptoms of nervous distress
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What is ataque de nervios?
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-a term used in some Latino cultures to sescribe an episode of intense anxiety
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What is shenjing shuairuo?
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-An anxiety syndrome reconized in China including symptoms of physcial or mental exhaustion, difficulty sleeping and concentrating, physical pains, dizziness, headaches, and memory loss
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What is taijin kyofusho?
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an anxiety disorder reconized in Japan characterized by worry that one's body or aspects of one's body will be displezasing or offensive to others
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What is prepared conditioning?
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-classical conditioning based on an evolutionary derived snesitivity to certain stimuli that were dangerous in an ancestral environment
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WWhat is fear hierarchy?
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-in systematic desensitixation, a lst of feared situations ranging from leasdt to most terrifying
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What is in vivo desensitization?
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-behavioral desensitizationm training in whcih the client is actually confronted with the feared stimulus
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Wjhat is covert desensitization?
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behavioral desensitization training for phobias in which the client practices relaxation techniques while imagining being confronted with the feared stimulus
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What is flooding?
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-intensive exposure to the a feared stimulus
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What is interoceptive exposure?
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-deliberate induction of the physiological sensations typically assoicated with a panic attack
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What is exposure and response prevention?
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-a behaviorial intervention in wehivch clients are encouraged to confront a frightened thought ior situation and then prevented from engading in anxiety0reducing behaviors
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Whats is covert response prevention?
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-exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive disorder for clients whose compulsions are mental processes (not behaviors)
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What is prolonged imaginal exposure?
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-a behavioral intervention in which clients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder are encouraged to describe the traumatizing experiances in detail
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What are cognitive distortions?
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-irrational beliefs and thinking processes
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What is dichotomous reasoning?
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-a cognitive distortion involving thinking in terms of extremes and absolutes
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What is catastrophizing?
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-a cognitive distortion involving the tendency to view minro problems as major catastrophes
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What is personalization?
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-a cognitive distortion in which one wrongly assumes that he or she is the cause of a particular event
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What is labeling?
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-a cognitive distortion in which people or situations are characterized on the basis of global, not specific, features
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What is the limbic system?
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-a group of subcortical strucures involved in the experiance and expression of emotions and the formation of memories
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What is the amygdala?
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a brain struture which registers the emotional significance of sensory signals and contributes to the expression of emotion
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What is the gamma-animobutyric acid?
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A neurotransmitter that inhibits nervous system activity
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What is norepinephrine?
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-a neurotransmitter associated with the activation of thre sympathetic nervous system
-involved in depression and panic attacks |
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What is the locus coeruleus?
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-a part of the brain stem associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system
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What is serotonin?
|
-a neurotransmitter associated with depression and anxiety
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What is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?
|
-a "second generation" class of antidepressabnt mediaction that block the reuptake of serotonin from the synapse
-used in the treatment of depression and other disorders |
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What is tricyclic antidepressants?
|
-a "first generation" class of antidepressant medications which increases the availability of both serotonin and norepinephrine
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Whata re barbiturates?
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-sedative drugs sometimes used to treat anxiety
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What are benzodiazepines?
|
-sedative drugs that treat anxiety by increasing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid
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What are beta-blockers?
|
-drugs that treat anxiety by decreasing the activity of the norepinephrine
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What are azaspirones?
|
-drugs that treat anxiety by regulating serotonin
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What is the isolation of affect?
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-a defense mechanism in whcih thoughts occur without associated feelings
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What is repression?
|
a defense mechanism consisting of the forgetting of painful or unacceptable mental content
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What is displacement?
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-a defense mechanism in which feelings about someone or something are unconsciously shifted to someone or somethign else
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What is the oedipus complex?
|
a phase during normal development when childrren desire an explusive loving relationship with the parent of the oppsoite sex
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What is undoing?
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-a defense mechanism in whcih one action or thought is used to "cancel out" another action or thought
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What is the HPA axis?
|
a brain system involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex that regualted the release of stress hormones into the bloodstream
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What is depression?
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-a state of abnormally low mood with emotional, cognitive, motivation, and/or physical features
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What is mania?
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-a state of abnormally high mood, with emotional, cognitive, motivational, and/ or physical features
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What is melancholia?
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-an earlier historuical term for depression
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What is bipolar disorder?
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-mood disorders in which an individual experiances both abnormally low and high moods
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What is unipolar disorder?
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-mood disorders in which an individual experiances only abnormally low moods
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what are mood episodes?
|
periods of abnormal mood that are the building blocks of the DSM-IV-TR mood disorders
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What is a major depressive episode?
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-a 2 week or longer period of depressed mood along with several other significant depressive symptoms.
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What is a manic episode?
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-a one-week or logner period of manic symptoms causing impairment in functioning
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What is hypomania?
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-a less extreme version of manic episode that is not severe enough to significantly interfere with functioning
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What is major depressive disorder?
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-the occurance of one or more major depressive episodes
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What is dysthymic disorder?
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-2 years or more of consistently depressed mood and other symptoms that are not severe enough to meet criteria for a major depressive episode
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What is bipolar I disorder?
|
-combination of major depressive episodes and manic episodes
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What is bipolar II disorder?
|
-combination of major depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes
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What is cyclothymic disorder?
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-2 years or more of consistent mood swings b/t hypomanic highs and dysthymic lows
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What are monoamines?
|
-a class of neurotransmitters involved in mood disorders, including norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
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What is the monoamine hypothesis?
|
-the hypothesis that depression is partially caused by insufficent neurotransmission of monoamines
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What is cortisol?
|
-a hormone released by the pituitary gland in response to stress
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What are tricyclics?
|
-one of the "first generation" classes of antidepressant drugs
-they block the reuptake of norepinephrine |
|
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What are MAOs (monoanime oxidase inhibitors)?
|
antidepressant mediactions that inhibit an enzyme (monoamine oxidase), which degrades serotonin and norepinephrine, thus enhancing neurotransmission
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What are SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)?
|
A "second generation" class of antidepressants
-they inhibit the reuptake of serotonin |
|
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What is ECT (electrocovulsive therapy)?
|
-a biological intervention for severe depression involving sending electric current through thre skull to produce seizures
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What is lithium?
|
-a naturally occuring salt that is a main mood stabilizing medication for bipolar disorders
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What is the negative cognitive triad?
|
-irrationally negative thinking about the self, the world, and the future
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What are negative automatic thoughts?
|
-negative thoughts generated by negative cognitive schemas
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What are cognitive distortions?
|
-irrational beliefs and thinking processes
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What is learned helplessness?
|
-cognitive-behavioral theory in which animals give up adaptive responding after prior experiance with inescapable punishmemt.
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What is pessimistic explanatory (attributional) style?
|
-cognitive theory concerning the tendency to make internal, global, and stable explanations of negative events as a risk factor for depression
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What is interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)?
|
-an influential current treatment for depression that integrates psychodynamic, cognitive, and behavioral components
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What is dissociation?
|
A significant disruption in one's conscious experiance, memory, sense of identity, or any combination of the three
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What is depersonalization disorder?
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-persistant and distressing feelings of being detached from one's mind or body
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What is dissociative amnesia?
|
-pscyogenic loss of ability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature
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What is localized amnesia?
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-loss of memory for all of the events that occurred within a circumscribed period of time
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What is selective amnesia?
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-loss of memeory for some, but not all, of the events froma specific period of time
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What is generalized amnesia?
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-loss of memory for events and information, including information pertaining to personal identity
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What is continuous amnesia?
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-loss of memeory that begins at a specific tiem, continues through to the present, and prevents the retention in ememory for new experiances.
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What is systenmized amnesia?
|
-the loss of memory for a certain category of information
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What is anterograte amnesia?
|
-the inability to recall events that occurred after a trauma
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What is retrograde amneisa?
|
-the inability to recall events that occurred before a trauma.
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What is psychogenic?
|
-originating from the mind or caused by psychological factors
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What is dissociative fugue?
|
-sudden and unexpected travel away from home accopanied by forgetting of one's past and personal identity
|
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What is dissociative identity disorder?
|
-presence of two or more distinct personalities or identity states that recurrently control an individual's behavior
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What are somatoform disorders?
|
-disorders in which phsycial symptoms are caused by psychological factors
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What is the posttraumatic model?
|
-a theory of dissociative identity disorder that argues that the diroder results from traumatic childhood experiances
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|
What is the sociocognitive model?
|
A theory of dissociative disorder that argues that the disorder is iatrogenic and/or that it results from socially reinforced multiple role enactments
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What is iatrogenic?
|
- a disorder unintentially casued by a treatment
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What is retrospective?
|
research based on participants' recall of infromation about events occurred in the past
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What is recall bias?
|
bias based on distortion of mmeories for past events
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What is rumination bias?
|
bias based on the fact that thinking about past events enhances the memory of such events
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|
What is selection bias?
|
-bias based on researching nonrepresentative samples, such as when studies only investigate research subjects who already have the disorder in question and do not investigate a comparison group without the disorder
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What is informational bias?
|
bias based on researchers only studying variables already believed to be related to the phenomena in question
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What is investigator bias?
|
bias based on the influence of the researchers' expectations or preferances on the study's results
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What is prspective?
|
research based on data that are collected as the events beign studied are occurring, rather than recalling them retrospectively
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What is splitting?
|
-a defense mechanism in which one views the self or others as all-good or all-bad in orde to weard off conflicted or ambivalent feelings
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What is identification?
|
-taking on the traits of someone else
-sometimes used as a defense mechanism |
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|
What is self-hypnosis?
|
- the ability to put oneself in a trance state
-may contribute to dissociative disorders according to some experts |
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|
What is state-dependent learning?
|
-learning and memory that depend onemotional state similarity between encoding and retrieval
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What is schema-focused cognitive therapy?
|
a cognitive intervention for dissociative disorders that focuses on changing cognitive schemas that are based on traumatic childhood experiances
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What is narcosynthesis?
|
-the use of medication to promote therapeutic remembering
-used durign World War II to help soldiers remember forgotten traumatic incidents |
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What is multi-modal?
|
- a treatment strategy that integrates a variety of theoretical perspecitives
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What is anorexia nervosa?
|
A disorder involvinh extreme thinness, often achieved through self=starvation
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What are elctrolytes?
|
charged molecules that regulate nerve and muscle impulses throughout the body
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Whata re restricitng type anorexia?
|
anorexia in which the indivdual loses weight by severely restricitng food intake
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What is binge-eating/purging type anorexia?
|
Anorexia in which the individual loses weight by bingeing and purging
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What is bulimia nervosa?
|
A disorder involving repeated binge eating followed by compensatory measures to avoid weight gain
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What is purging type bulimia?
|
bulimia in which individuals try to avoid weight gain from binges by physically removing ingested food from their bodies, usually through vomiting or the use of laxatives
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What is nonpurging type bulimia?
|
-bulimia in which individuals try to avoid weight gain from binges by buring off calories, usually through fasting or engaging in excessive excercise
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What is eating disorder not otherwise specified?
|
-The DSM-IV-TR diagnoses for eating behaviors that are disordered but do not meet diagnostic criteria for either anorexia or bulimia
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What is subclinical?
|
-the presence of symptoms at levels below the full diagnotic criteria for a disorder
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What is reverse anorexia?
|
-a condition, usually affecting mem, that involves excessive worry that muscles are too small and underdeveloped
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What is obesity?
|
The condition of being 20% or more over ideal weight
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What is enmeshed?
|
-families in which boundaries b/t members are weak and relationships tend to be intrusive
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|
What is catastrophizing?
|
-a cognitive distortion involving the tendecy to view minor problems as major catastrophies
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|
What are endorphins?
|
brain chemicals that reduce pain and produce pleasurable sensations
-sometimes referrred to as the body's "natural opioids" |
|
|
What is binge drinking?
|
a dangerous practice of rapid alcohol consumption, defined as four or more drinks ina row for women or five or more drinks in a row for men
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What is denial?
|
-defense mechanism in whcih an individual fails to acknowledge an obvious reality
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|
What is substance abuse?
|
-The DSM-IV-TR diagnosis for substance use that has negative consequences
|
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What is substance dependence?
|
-The DSM-IV-TR diagnosis for substance use that is compulsive, out of control, and has negative consequences including physical dependence on the substance
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What is tolerance?
|
The body's adaptation to a substance as indicated by the need for increased amounts of the substance to acheive the desired effect or obtaining less effect in response to using the same amount over time
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What is withdrawal?
|
-physcial or psychological symptoms that occur when substance use is decreased or stopped
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What is polysubstance abuse?
|
The misuse of three or more substances
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What is dual diagnosis?
|
-the coexistance of a substance use diagnosis and another Axis I or II diagnosis for a client
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What are depressants?
|
-substances that slow CNS functions
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What is alcoholism?
|
another term for alcohol dependence
|
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|
What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?
|
a syndrome consisting of mental retardation, growth impairment, and facial distortions in a child caused by intrauterine alcohol exposure related to a mother's drinking during pregnancy
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What are sedatives?
|
-substances used to promote relaxation
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|
What are hypnotics?
|
-substances used to promote sleep
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|
What is anxiolytic?
|
an anxiety-reducing effect
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|
What is cross tolerance?
|
tolerance extending across drugs within a class
|
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|
What is mescaline?
|
-a hallucingenic substance found in peyote
|
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|
What is marijuana?
|
-the world's most widelyu used illegal substance
-derived from the cannibus plant |
|
|
What is half-life?
|
-the amount of time it takes for half of a substance to be eliminated from the body
|
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|
What is ecstasy (MDMA)?
|
a synthetic amphetamine/stimulent with some hallucinogenic properties
|
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|
What is PCP?
|
-phencyclidine, a substance of abuse originally developed as an animal anesthetic
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|
What is ketamine?
|
-a shorter-acting derivative of PCP still used as a anesthetic
|
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|
What is GHB?
|
-Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, a so-called natural bodybuilding and sleep aid that has become a popular club drug
|
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|
What are inhalents?
|
-chemicals that produce a "high" when inhaled
|
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|
What are anabolic steroids?
|
-a synthetic subtype of steroids resembling testosterone that tend to increase muscle mass and are often abused with the aim of enhancing athetic performance or physique
|
|
|
What is self-medication?
|
-the abuse of substances to compensate for deficiencies in neurochemistry or to soothe unpleasant emotional states
|
|
|
What is the flipped switch theory?
|
-the hypothesis that continued use of a substance can precipitate a biologically based switch from controlled use to addiction
|
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|
What is substitution (or maintainance) therapy?
|
The practice of a providing opioid addicts with a substitute opioid ina safe, medically monitored setting
|
|
|
What s network therapy?
|
-a treatment for substance misuse that emphasizes engagement of the client's social network of friends and family in treatment
|
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|
What is codependency?
|
-A relationship in which family member(s) unconsciously collude with the substance misuse of another memeber even though they may consciously oppose it
|
|
|
What is tension reduction?
|
-a behavioral explanantion of substance misuse based on the ability of drugs to relieve distress (negative reinforcement)
|
|
|
What is covert sensitization?
|
-behavioral intervention involving pairing unpleasant emotional images with unwanted behaviors, such as drug use
|
|
|
What is contingency management?
|
-the use of reinforcements and punishments to shape behavior in adaptive directions
|
|
|
What is cognitive restructuring?
|
-therapy techniques that focus on changing irratinal and problematic thoughts
|
|
|
What is alexithymia?
|
-profound difficulty in identifying and verbalizing emotions
|
|
|
What is the twelve-step method?
|
-a popular self-help approach to substance misuse problems based on the twelve-step recovery process of Alcoholic Anonymous
|
|
|
What is ego-dystonic homosexuality?
|
-a DSM-III diagnosis, since eliminated, that referred to homosexuality that was distressing and unwanted by the client
|
|
|
What are sexual dysfunctions?
|
-DSM-IV-TR disorders involving persistent problems with sexual interest, sexual arousal, or orgasm
|
|
|
What are paraphilias?
|
-DSM-IV-TR disorders involving persistent sexual desires or preferances that are considered abnormal
|
|
|
What is hypoactive sexual desire?
|
-persistently deficient sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity causing distress or interpersonal difficulty
|
|
|
What is sexual aversion?
|
-persistent extreme aversion to, and avoidance of, genital sexual contact with a sexual partner causing distress or interpersonal difficulty
|
|
|
What is female sexual arousal disorder?
|
-Persistent inability to attain or maintain an adequate lubrication-swelling response of sexual excitement, causing distress or itnerpersonal difficulty
|
|
|
What is the male erectile disorder?
|
-persistent inability to attain, or maintain, an adequate erection, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty
|
|
|
What is the female orgasmic disorder?
|
-persistent delay in or absense of, orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase, causign distress or interpersonal difficulty
|
|
|
What is the male orgasmic disorder?
|
-persistent delay in, or absense of, orgasm following a normal sexual excitment phase, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty
|
|
|
What is premature ejaculation?
|
-persistent ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation before, on, or shortly after penetration and before the person wishes it, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty
|
|
|
What is vaginismus?
|
-persistent involuntary spasm of the musculature of the outer third of the vagina that interfers with sexual intercourse, causing distress or itnerpersonal difficulty
|
|
|
What is dyspareunia?
|
-persistent ghenital pain associated with sexual itnercourse, causing distress or itnerpersonal difficulty
|
|
|
What is exhibitionism?
|
-recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the exposure of one's genitals to an unsuspecting person
|
|
|
What is voyeurism?
|
-recurrent, intese sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the act of observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, in the process of disorbing, or engaging in sexual activity
|
|
|
What is fetishism?
|
-recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors invovling the use of nonliving objects
|
|
|
What is Transvestic fetishism (or transvestism)?
|
-recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving cross-dressing in a heterosexual male
|
|
|
What is sexual masochism?
|
-recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the act of beign humilated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer
|
|
|
What is sexual sadism?
|
-recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving acts which the psychological or physcial suffering of the victim is exciting to the person inflicting the suffering
|
|
|
What is pedophilia?
|
-recurent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children
|
|
|
What is frotteurism?
|
-recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person
|
|
|
What is countertransference?
|
-the therapist's feelings about the client
|
|
|
What is turning passive into active (identification with the aggressor)?
|
a defense mechanism ibnvolving doing unto others what was done to oneself
|
|
|
What is phallometric assessment?
|
measurements of penile responses to various stimuli
|
|
|
What is masturbatory satiation (or orgasmic recondtioning)?
|
a behavior treatment for paraphilias in whcih ther client masturbates to "normal" sexual stimuli in order to reinforce this behavior
|
|
|
What is chemical castration?
|
-a bilogical intervention for some paraphilias designed to supress testosterone levels
|
|
|
What is gender identity disorder(transseuxalism)?
|
a DSM-IV-TR disorder involving intense discomfort with one's biological sex and the desire to change it
|
|
|
What is gender?
|
-a person's psychological sense of beign male or female
|
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|
What is temperment?
|
-inborn behavioral tendencies
|
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|
What is a sex change (or sex reassignment)?
|
A treatment for gender indentiy disorder in which the clients body is altered through various means to conform with his or her gender identity
|
