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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Intellectual Disability |
A significant limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour which begins before age of 18 |
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Eugenics |
Science of dealing with all influences that improve the unborn qualities of a race -led to view that those with ID are threats to society |
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Eugenics Scare |
Evolutionary degeneracy theory: •pervasive in 19th century •intellectual and social problems of children with mental retardation viewers as regression to an earlier period of human evolution •J. Langdon H. Down interpreter “strange anomalies” as throwbacks to the mongol race |
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Defining and Measuring Children’s Intelligence and Adaptive Behaviour |
•Stanford-Binet Scale •general intellectual functioning is now defined by an intelligence quotient (IQ or equivalent) •ID is no longer defined in basis of IQ -level of adaptive functioning is also important |
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Adaptive Functioning |
How effectively individuals cope with ordinary life demands and how capable they are of living independently |
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Specific Examples of Adaptive Behaviour Skills: Conceptual Skills |
-receptive and expressive language, reading and writing -money concepts -self-direction |
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Specific Examples of Adaptive Behaviour Skills: Social Skills |
-interpersonal -responsibility -self-esteem -gullibility -follows rules -obeys law -avoids victimization |
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Specific Examples of Adaptive Behaviour Skills: Social Skills |
-interpersonal -responsibility -self-esteem -gullibility -follows rules -obeys law -avoids victimization |
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Specific Examples of Adaptive Behaviour Skills: Practical Skills |
-personal activities of daily living (ie. eating, dressing, mobility, toileting) -instrumental activities of daily living (ie. preparing meals; taking medication, using telephone, managing money, using transportation and doing housekeeping activities -occupational skills -maintaining a safe environment |
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The Flynn Effect |
The phenomenon that IQ scores have risen about 3 points per decade |
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Features of Intellectual Disability |
Clinical description-considerable range of abilities and interpersonal qualities DSM diagnostic Criteria: -deficits in intellectual functioning -concurrent deficits or impairments in adaptive functioning -below average intellectual and adaptive abilities must be evident prior to age 18 |
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Examples of Support Areas |
•teaching and education activities •home living activities •community living activities •employment activities •health and safety activities •behavioural activities •social activities •protection and advocacy activities |
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Prevalence |
-approximately 1-3% of population -Twice as many males as females -more prevalent among children of lower SES and children from minority groups-especially for mild cases •more severe levels- identifies almost equally in different racial and economic groups |
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Developmental vs. Difference Controversy |
Developmental position: - similar sequence hypothesis -similar structure hypothesis
Difference viewpoint: cognitive development of children with ID is qualitatively different in reasoning/problem-solving (familial vs. organically based ID) |
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Motivation |
-many children with mild ID are able to learn and attend regular schools -often susceptible to feelings of helplessness and frustration in their learning environment -children who have mild ID are able to say on task and develop goal-directed behaviour |
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Changes in Abilities |
-IQ scores can fluctuate in relation to level of impairment -major cause of ID affect degree to which IQ and adaptive abilities may change -slowing and stability hypothesis: IQ of children with down stomach plateau during middle childhood then decrease over time |
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Language and Social Behaviour |
-development follows a predictable and organized course |
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Language and Social Behaviour |
-development follows a predictable and organized course |
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Characteristics Displayed with Down Syndrome |
•the underlying symbolic abilities of children are believed to be largely intact •considerable delay in expressive language development; expressive language in weaker than receptive language •fewer signals of distress or desire for proximity with primary caregiver •delayed but positive development of self-recognition •delayed and aberrant functioning in internal state language •deficits in social skills and social-cognitive ability; can lead to rejection by peers |
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Emotional and Behavioural Problems |
•rate is 3-7 times greater than in typically developing children (largely due to limited communication skills, additional stressors, neurological deficits) •most common psychiatric diagnoses: -impulse control disorders -anxiety disorders -mood disorders •internalizing problems and mood disorders in adolescents are common •ADHD related symptoms are common •Pica is seen in serious forms •self-injurious behaviours (SIB) |
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Cognitive- Behavioural Therapy |
-self-instructional training and metacognitive training -verbal instructional techniques -teaching the child to be strategical and meta strategical |
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Family-Oriented Strategies |
-help families cope with the demands of raising a child with ID -some children and adolescents with Id benefit from residential care or out-of-home placement -inclusion movement integrates individuals with disabilities into regular classroom setting |
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Causes |
•scientists cannot account for the majority of cases, especially milder forms •genetic or environmental causes are known for 2/3 of individuals with moderate to profound ID Prenatal: genetic disorders and accidents in the womb Perinatal: prematurity and anoxia Postnatal: meningitis and head trauma |
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Two-Group Approach |
Organic group: there is a clear biological basis (associated with severe and profound MR) Cultural-familial group: no clear organic basis (associated with mild MR) |
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Risk Factors |
1. Biomedical 2. Social 3. Behavioural 4. Educational |
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Inheritance and Role of the Environment |
-heritability of Intelligence is about 50% -major environmental variations affect cognitive performance and social adjustment in children from disadvantaged backgrounds |
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Genetic and Constitutional Factors |
-chromosome abnormalities: Down syndrome is usually result of failure of the 21 pair of mothers chromosomes to separate during meiosis, causing an additional chromosome -fragile-x syndrome is most common cause of inherited ID -Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes: both associated with abnormalities of chromosome 15 -single-gene conditions: inbornerrors of metabolism |
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Neurobiological Influences |
-adverse biological conditions (Ex. Infections, traumas, accidental poisonings during infancy and childhood) -FASD- fetal alcohol spectrum disorder -teratogens increase risk of ID |
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Prenatal Education and Screening |
Child’s overall adjustment is a function of: -parental participation, family resources, social supports, level of intellectual functioning, basic temperament and other specific deficits) -treatment involves a multi-component, integrated strategy -ID related to FAS, lead poisoning, rubella, can be prevented if precautions are taken |
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Psychosocial Treatments |
Early Intervention -one of the most promising methods for enhancing intellectual and social skills of young children with developmental disabilities -Carolina Abecedarian Project provides enriched environments from early infancy through preschool years -optimal timing for intervention is during preschooler years |
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Behavioural Approaches |
-initially seen as a means to control or redirect negative behaviours -ABA task force advocates that each individual has the right to the least restrictive effective treatment and the right to treatment that results in safe and meaningful behaviour change |
