Abdominal Wall Musculature & Viscera

Front 1

What are the function of the abdominal wall?

Back 1

Forms a strong expandable support, protects the abdominal viscera from injury, compresses the abdominal contents, adjusts the intra-abdominal pressure and assists in expiration, moves the trunk and helps to maintain posture

Front 2

What three bones form the acetabulum?

Back 2

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

Front 3

What five landmarks are on the pelvis?

Back 3

Iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine, pubic tubercle, and pubic symphysis

Front 4

Describe the external oblique muscle

Back 4

Flat muscle of anterolateral abdominal wall.
Origin: ribs 5-12
Insertion: pubic tubercle, iliac crest, LA
Innervation: segmental thoracoabdominal nerves
Action: compress/support abdominal viscera, flex/rotate trunk to opposite side

Front 5

Describe the internal oblique muscle

Back 5

Flat muscle of anterolateral abdominal wall
Origin: ribs 10-12, LA
Insertion: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament
Innervation: segmental thoracoabdominal nerves
Action: compress/support abdominal viscera, flex/rotate trunk to same side

Front 6

Describe the transverse abdominis muscle

Back 6

Flat muscle of anterolateral abdominal wall
Origin: ribs 7-12, costal cartilages, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion: LA, pubic tubercle
Innervation: segmental thoracoabdominal nerves
Action: compress/support abdominal viscera

Front 7

Describe the inguinal ligament

Back 7

A thickened, underturned, inferior margin of the aponeurosis of the external oblique

Front 8

Describe the inguinal canal

Back 8

An oblique, inferomedially directed passage through the inferior section of the anterolateral abdominal wall. Entrance to canal: deep inguinal ring
Exit: superficial inguinal ring
Contains the spermatic cord in males and the round ligament of the uterus in females

Front 9

Describe the rectus abdominis muscle

Back 9

Vertical muscle of abdominal wall
Origin: xiphoid process, costal cartilages 5-7
Insertion: pubic symphysis, pubic crest
Innervation: segmental thoracoabdominal nerves
Action: compress/support abdominal viscera, flex trunk
Rectus sheath: fascia surrounding rectus abdominus
Arcuate line: lies at beginning of lower 1/4 of rectus abdominis

Front 10

Describe the mesentery and omentum of the abdominal cavity

Back 10

Mesentery: double-layer of peritoneum suspending some organs
Omentum: double-layered extension or fold of peritoneum that passes between the stomach and the adjacent organs

Front 11

Describe peritoneum and the 2 types located in the abdominal cavity

Back 11

Peritoneum: thin, serous membrane deep to the EF, lines the abdominal walls and some viscera of the abdominal cavity
Parietal peritoneum: innermost layer of abdominal cavity, lines the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall
Visceral peritoneum: lines the viscera

Front 12

Describe the 4 layers of fascia within the abdominal cavity

Back 12

Superficial layer: fatty and membranous portions
Deep Layers: envelop muscle layers
Transversalis fascia: well-developed layer deep to transversus abdominus
Extraperitoneal fascia: layer of connective tissue deep to transversalis fascia

Front 13

Describe the path of the esophagus

Back 13

Esophagus passes through the elliptical esophageal hiatus and terminates at the cardinal orifice of the stomach

Front 14

Describe the stomach and its functions

Back 14

Function: mechanical and chemical digestion
Regions: cardia, fundus, body, pyloric region
*Pyloric region communicates with the esophagus to control the release of the stomach

Front 15

Describe the small intestine

Back 15

Duodenum: digestion; sits behind the parietal peritoneum and surrounds the head of the pancreas
Jejunum & ileum: absorption

Front 16

Describe the large intestine

Back 16

Function: absorbs water and salts
*from secum, large intestine ascends into ascending colon, travels across body as transverse colon, down body as descending colon, ends in sigmoid colon
Iliosecal junction: portion where small & large intestine meet

Front 17

Describe the appendix

Back 17

blind intestinal diverticulum that contains lymphoid tissues; arises from posterior aspect of cecum

Front 18

Describe the liver

Back 18

Function: endocrine & exocrine functions, makes bile
Lies deep to ribs 7-11 on right side
* 4 lobes - right, left, quadrate, cuadate

Front 19

Describe hepatic circulation and the veins involved

Back 19

Nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor blood from portal vein enters liver. Filtered blood exits the liver via the hepatic vein and travels to the inferior venae cava. The hepatic artery supplies the liver with oxygenated blood

Front 20

Describe the gall bladder

Back 20

Function: stores & concentrates bile
*lies in the gallbladder fossa on the visceral surface of the liver.
*releases bile into the duodenum via the cystic duct

Front 21

Describe the pancreas

Back 21

Function: enzyme production, releases insulin into bloodstream and into the duodenum
*retroperitoneal organ

Front 22

What are the 4 ducts within the digestive system?

Back 22

Common hepatic duct: carries bile from liver
Cystic duct: carries bile from gall bladder
Common bile duct; formed by union of cystic and common hepatic duct
Pancreatic duct: passageway from pancreas to duodenum

Front 23

Describe the kidneys

Back 23

Function: removes water, salt from blood, produces urine
2 regions - cortex and medulla
Surprarenal adrenal gland: surrounded by dense fibroelastic capsule of connective tissue; divided into spruarenal cortex and suprarenal medulla
*retroperitoneal organ

Front 24

Describe the spleen

Back 24

Function: filters blood, digests bacteria and depleted RBC's
*receives blood via the large splenic artery

Front 25

Describe the 3 sections of the abdominal cavity with respect to blood supply

Back 25

Foregut: esophagus, duodenum, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen
Midgut: jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, 2/3 of transverse colon
Hindgut: 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

Front 26

Which organs are considered intraperitoneal? Extraperitoneal?

Back 26

Intra: organs within the peritoneal cavity- esophagus, stomach, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon
Extra: duodenum, pancreas, ascending colon, descending colon

Front 27

Describe the location of the layers of fascia of the abdominal wall

Back 27

From anterior to posterior
Superficial layer: fatty, membranous portion (campers's)
Deep (investing) layer: envelopes muscle layers
Transversalis fascia: well-developed layer deep to transversus abdominus
Extraperitoneal: layer of connective tissue deep to transversalis
Parietal peritoneum: deep to extranperitoneal fascia

Front 28

Describe the changes that take place at the arcuate line

Back 28

Arcuate line lies at the beginning of the lower 1/4 of the rectus abdominus
*above arcuate line, rectus abdominus is covered on both sides by rectus sheath
*below, posterior surface of rectus abdominus muscle is in direct contact with the transversalis fascia

Front 29

Describe the major branches of the abdominal aorta and the regions they supply

Back 29

Anterior visceral (unpaired): GI tract, spleen
Lateral visceral (paired): reproductive organs, kidneys
Posterior parietal (paired): lumbar, sacral regions
Terminal branches: hip region, lower extremities