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188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pituitary Gland's 2 glands |
adenohypohysis (anterior gland) neurohypophysis (posterior gland) |
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5 types of secretory cells |
somatotrophs corticotrophs thyrotrophs lactotrophs gonadotrophs |
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somatotrophs |
secrete growth hormones (GH) |
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corticotrophs |
secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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thyrotrophs |
secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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lactotrophs |
secrete prolactin (PRL) |
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Gonadotrophs |
secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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growth hormone is vital to |
maintaining homeostasis of blood glucose levels |
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growth hormones affect metabolism by |
promoting protein anabolism, lipid mobilization and catabolism inhibiting glucose metabolism and increasing blood glucose levels |
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prolactin |
produced during pregnancy, promotes breast development, milk secretion and production |
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neurohypophysis |
stores and releases antidiuretic hormones (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) |
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(ADH) Antidiuretic Hormone |
conserves water by preventing urine dehydration triggers the release of ADH |
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Oxytocin |
causes contractions of uterine muscle during birth causes milk ejection in lactating breasts |
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pineal gland |
part of both the endocrine and nervous system nervous system because it recieves visual stimuli endocrine system beacuse it secretes hormones |
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thyroid gland |
made of 2 large lateral lobes and a narrow connecting isthmus |
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thyroid hormone contains 2 hormones |
tetraiodothyronine (T4) or thyroxine triiodothyronine (T3) |
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T4 contains |
4 iodine atoms |
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T4 is |
the precursor to T3 and 20 times more abundant than T3 |
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T3 is |
considered the principal thyroid hormone |
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parathyroid glands location |
on the posterior surface of the thyroid lateral lobes |
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parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
maintains calcium homeostasis acts on bones and kidneys |
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adrenal gland location |
on top of the kidneys |
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adrenal glands made of |
adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla |
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adrenal cortex |
composed of endocrine tissue |
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adrenal medulla |
composed of neurosecreting tissue |
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mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids |
important to the processing of electrolytes |
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aldosterone |
only physiologically important mineralocorticoid increases water retention and loss of potassium and hydrogen ions |
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glucocorticoids |
affect every cell, essential for maintaining normal blood pressure main one is cortisol |
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adrenal medulla secretes |
epinephrine (Epi) norepinephrine (NE or NR) |
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adrenal medulla function |
enhance and prolong effects of sympathetic stimulation |
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pancreatic islets |
contains 5 primary types of endocrine cells joined by gap junctions |
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pancreatic islets cells |
alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells, pancreatic polypeptide cells, epsilon cells |
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alpha cells |
secrete glucagon |
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beta cells |
secrete insulin |
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delta cells |
secrete somatostatin |
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pancreatic polypeptide cells |
secrete pancreatic polypeptides |
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epsilon cells |
secrete ghrelin |
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pancreatic hormones |
glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptides, ghrelin |
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glucagon |
increase blood glucose levels |
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insulin |
lowers blood glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids |
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somatostatin |
regulates the other endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets |
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pancreatic polypeptides |
influence digestion and distribute food molecules |
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ghrelin |
stimulates hypothalamus to boost appetite, slows metabolism |
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testes |
produce testosterone |
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ovaries |
produce estrogen, and progesterone |
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progesterone |
maintains lining of uterus |
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placenta |
forms on lining of uterus, connects circullatory system of mom and baby |
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placenta produces |
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), estrogens, and progesterone |
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thymus located |
just beneath the sternum |
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gastrointestinal tract (GI) produces |
both endocrine and exocrine secretions |
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GI Hormones such as gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) coordinate |
the secretory and motor activating involved in the digestive process |
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heart |
has a secondary endocrine role |
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heart produces |
atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) including atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) |
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(ANH) atrial natiuretic hormone |
appears increases in blood volume and blood pressure |
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blood is made of |
plasma and formed elements |
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blood function |
transport and deliver things, key component of the bodys heat regulating mechanism |
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blood makes up |
8% of body weight |
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less fat = |
more blood |
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hematocrit is |
the packed cell volume |
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packed blood volume is |
RBC's in whole blood |
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whole blood contains |
55% plasma and 45% RBC's (hematocrit) |
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blood plasma is made up of |
90% water and 10% solutes |
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solutes are made of |
6% to 8% are proteins consisting of 3 main components albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens |
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albumins |
maintain osmotic balance |
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globulins |
component of the immunity mechanism |
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fibrinogen |
role in blood clotting |
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RBC's have no |
nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, or other organelles other body cells have |
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primary component of red blood cells |
hemoglobin |
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hemoglobin accounts for |
1/3 of the cell volume |
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RBC function |
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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erythropoiesis |
process of RBC formation |
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RBC formation starts in |
bone marrow and takes 2 weeks to form |
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the presence of blood antigens A & B determine |
blod type in the ABO system |
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type A |
antigen A is present |
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Type B |
antigen B is present |
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Type AB |
antigen A & antigen B are present |
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Type O |
neither antigen A or Antigen B is present |
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white blood cells or leukocytes contain |
5 types of cells |
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5 types of cells in WBC |
neutrophils, eosinophils, bassophils, lymphocytes, monocytes |
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granulocytes |
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
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neutrophils |
make up 65% of WBC, phygocytic cells, contain lysosomes |
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eosinophils |
make up 2 to 5 % of WBCs, found in respiratory and digestive tract, protect against parasitic worms and allergic reactions |
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basophils |
make up 0.5% to 1% of WBCs, contain histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) |
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agranulocytes |
lymphocytes and monocytes |
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lymphocytes |
smallest WBC, contain T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes |
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T lymphocyte |
attack iinfected and cancerous cells |
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B lymphocytes |
produce antibodies against specific antigens |
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monocytes |
largest leukocyte, phagocytic cell |
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platelets |
clotting factor, life span of 7 days |
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thrombopoiesis |
formation of platelets |
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vasoconstriction |
cuases temporary closure of a damaged vessel and lessens blood loss |
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plateplug formation |
forms 1 to 5 seconds after injury |
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blood clotting involves |
a series of chemical reactions that take place quickly in a certain sequence to result in a net of fibers that trap the RBC's |
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3 stages of coagulation |
stage 1- activation pathways (intrinsic and extrinsic) stage 2- thrombin formation stage 3- fibrin clot formation |
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factors that oppose clotting |
the smooth surface of the lining of blood vessels, anti-thrombins like heparin |
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factors that speed clotting |
rough spots in lining of vessels, slow blood flow, once started clot grows |
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red blood disorders |
anemia-reduced RBC count |
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white blood cell disorders |
lymphoid neoplasms multiple myeloma leukemia |
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clotting disorders |
embolus- blood clot embolism- obstruction of artery hemophilia- reduced ability to clot thrombocytopenia- low platelet level |
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apex of heart |
bottom tip of heart, rests on diaphragm |
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base of heart |
round top, lies just below second rib |
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pericardium contains |
fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium |
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fibrous pericardium |
tough, loose fitting in extensible sac |
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serious pericardium |
parietal layer lies inside the fibrous pericardium, visceral layer (epicardium) covers outside of the heart |
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pericardial space |
lies between visceral and parietal layers and contains 10 to 15ml of pericardial fluid |
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function of the heart coverings |
provides protection against friction |
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heart wall layers from outside-in |
epicardium myocardium endocardium |
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atrium |
recieving chamber, not very thick |
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auricle |
ear like flap protruding from each atrium |
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ventricles |
pumping chambers, thick |
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atrioventricular (AV) valve function |
prevents blood from going back into atria |
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AV valves are |
tricuspid valve (right) bicuspid or mitral valve (left) |
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semilunar valves (SL) function |
prevents blood from going back into the ventricles |
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seminlunar valves are |
pulmonary valve aortic valve |
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pulmonary valve |
at the entrance of the pulmonary trunk |
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aortic valve |
at the entrance to the aorta |
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blood supply of the heart tissue |
coronary arteries |
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coronary arteries |
myocardial cells and ventricles recieve blood from right and left coronary arteries |
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cardiac veins |
follow course of the arteries, after passing through cardiac veins, blood enters coronary sinus to drain into right atrium |
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disorders involving the heart valve |
stressed valves rheumatic heart disease mitral valve prolapse |
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stressed valves |
narrow valves that slow blood flow |
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rheumatic heart disease |
results from a delayed inflammatory response to streptococcal infection |
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mitral valve prolapse |
affects bicuspid valve |
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disorders involving the myocardium |
coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), angina pectoris |
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cardiomyopathy |
disease that results from abnormal heart enlargement |
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disorders of heart function |
dysrhythmia (heartblock) atrial fibrillation |
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dysrhythmia |
blocked AV node results in slower ventricular contractions |
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atrial fibrillation |
occurs commonly in mitral stenosis, rheumatic heart disease, and infarct of the atrial myocardium |
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heart failure |
heart doesnt pump enough blood to sustain life |
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congestive heart failure |
left ventricle dont pump blood effectively |
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angiogenesis |
formation of new blood vessels, begins in embryonic state |
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types of blood vessels |
arteries, capillaries, veins |
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arteries |
take blood away from the heart |
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capillaries |
take blood through tissues and exchange materials |
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veins |
take blood toward the heart |
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all arteries carry oxygenated blood except |
pulmonary artery |
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elastic (conducting) arteries |
largest in body Ex: aorta and major branches accomodate surge of blood when heart contracts and recoils when ventricles relax |
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blood vessel flow order |
aorta-artery-arteriole-capillary-venule-vein |
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capillaries carry blood froom |
arterioles to venules |
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veins act as |
collectors and act as reservoir vessels |
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one layer of squamous endothelial cells |
provides smooth surface of vessels, allows exchange between blood and tissue fluid, secretes, and reproduces |
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collagen fibers |
woven, limited stretch ability, strengthens blood vessel walls and keeps lumen open |
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elastic fibers |
composed of elastin, stretches more then 100% |
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smooth muscle tissue |
in all of the vascular system except capillaries, exerts tension in vessels when contracting |
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circulatory routes |
systemic circulation pulmonary circulation |
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main arteries give off branches |
which continue to re-branch, thereby forming arterioles and then capillaries |
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end-arteries |
eventually diverge into capillaries |
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arterial anastomosis |
involves arteries that open into other branches of the same or other arteries |
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arteriovenous anastomosis or shunts |
occur when blood flows from an artery directly into a vein |
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dural sinuses |
large veins of cranial cavity |
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venous blood from head, neck, upper extramities, and thoracic cavity (except lungs) drain into |
superior vena cava |
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hepatic portal |
veins from spleen, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder and intestines send blood to liver through it |
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disorders of arteries |
arteriosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, ischemia, necrosis, gangrene |
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disorders of veins |
varicose veins, hemorrhoids, phlebitis, pulmonary embolism |
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blood flows because of |
a pressure gradient between different parts of its volume |
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newton's 1st and 2nd laws of motion |
fluid does not flow when pressure is the same throughout, fluid only flows from high pressure to low pressure |
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P1 |
high pressure |
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P2 |
lower pressure |
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arterial blood pressure determined by |
the volume of blood in the arteries |
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cardiac output (CO) |
the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per unit of time (ml/min or L/min) |
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increase in body temp |
increases heart rate |
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decrease in body temp |
decreases heart rate |
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peripheral resistance |
resistance to blood flow imposed by the force of friction between blood and the walls of its vessel |
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factors that influence peripheral resistance |
blood viscosity diameter of arterioles |
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blood viscosity |
thickness of blood as a fluid |
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venous return |
amount of blood returned to the heart by the veins |
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stress-relaxation effect |
occurs when a change in BP causes a change in vessel diameter |
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orthostatic effect |
the pull of gravity on venous blood while sitting or standing tends to decrease in venous return |
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blood pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions facilitate |
venous return by increasing the pressure gradient between the peripheral veins and the vena cava |
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respirations increase |
pressure gradient between peripheral and central veins. decrease central, increase peripheral |
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skeletal muscle contractions |
promote venous return by squeezing veins through a contracting muscle and milking the blood toward the heart |
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systolic blood pressure |
ventricles contract |
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diastolic blood pressure |
ventricles relax |
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pulse pressure |
difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure |
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during arterial bleeding |
blood spurts because of pressure |
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during venous bleeding |
blood flows slowly |
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where a pulse is detected |
where an artery lies near the surface and over a bone or firm background |
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venous pulse |
detectable pulse exists only in large veins, most prominently near the heart, not clinically important |
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where the pulse can be felt |
radial artery temporal artery common carotid facial artery brachial artery femoral artery popliteal artery |
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stopping arterial bleeding 6 important pressure points |
temporal artery facial artery common artery subclavian artery brachial artery femoral artery |
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circulatory shock |
cardiogenic, hypovolemic, neurogenic, anaphylactic, and septic |
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cardiogenic shock |
results from heart failure |
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hypovolemic shock |
results from loss of blood volume in blood vessels |
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neurogenic shock |
caused by widespread dilation of blood vessels |
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anaphylatic shock |
results from anaphylaxis |
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septic shock |
result from septicemia complications |
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hypertension |
high blood pressure |
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hypotension |
low blood pressure |
