A&p Ii: Ch. 25 And 26

Front 1

Systems of the body involved with excretion

Back 1

1. Urinary system, skin, respiratory system, digestive system

Front 2

Location of kidney

Back 2

Retroperitoneal position, with the right one a little lower than the left because it's crowded by the liver. The adrenal glands sit on top.

Front 3

Coverings of kidney

Back 3

Fibrous capsule that protects kidney, surrounded by fat, then renal fascia that anchor kidney to surrounding structures.

Front 4

Functions of urinary system

Back 4

Kidneys: regulate water balance, get rid of urea, regulate solute load, electrolyte balance, acid/base balance. Does NOT remove solid waste.

Front 5

Internal anatomy of kidney

Back 5

Cortex is around the outside, this is where most nephrons are located (a million in each kidney). Inside is medulla, where the pyramids are. Pyramids are made up of collection ducts. Funnel of pyramids are papillae. Papillae drain to minor calyx, then into major calyx. The renal pelvis is the entrance to the ureter.

Front 6

Nephrons

Back 6

Structural, functional unit of the kidney

Front 7

Movement of urine through the kidney (Essay)

Back 7

Collecting ducts (in pyramids) --> Papillae --> Minor Calyx --> Major Calyx --> Renal pelvis --> Ureters --> Bladder --> Urethra

Front 8

Circulation through the kidney

Back 8

Renal artery --> segmental arteries --> interlobar (between pyramids) --> arcuate --> interlobular (between nephrons) --> afferent arterial --> glomerulus (capillary bed) --> efferent arterial. Unusual that there are arteries on both sides of capillary bed.

Front 9

Regulation of blood pressure through glomerulus

Back 9

Afferent arterial is controlled by ANS. The sympathetic affect on the afferent arterial is to constrict it and reduce filtration. That will reduce hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus. Hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus (around 55 mmHg) is double that of systemic capillaries. Because 180 L must be filtered everyday - needs high pressure and very porous capillaries. Parasympathetic response is full dilation to maximize pressure and increase filtration rate. Net filtration pressure is usually around 10 mmHg.

Front 10

Structure of filtration membrane

Back 10

Glomerular capillaries (fenestrated) with little pores, and the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule, which has podocytes. Podocytes are interlinking little feet with filtration slits in between.

Front 11

Parts of kidney tubule

Back 11

1. Renal corpuscle - glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsule surrounding it

2. Proximal convoluted tubule (most re-absorption occurs there)

3. Loop of Henle - descending loop only permeable to water, ascending loop permeable to salt.

4. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct - reabsorption here is dependent on presence of hormones (aldosterone and ADH)

Front 12

Processes involved in urine formation

Back 12

1. Glomerular filtration

2. Tubular re-absorption (substances go from tubule back into blood)

3. Tubular secretion (things that were passively absorbed that need to be eliminated go from blood back into the filtering to go out as urine)

Front 13

Hormones affecting urine formation

Back 13

ADH, aldosterone, rennin (involved in production of angiotensin II, low blood pressure stimulates release of rennin), AMP (lowers BP by getting rid of excess sodium)

Front 14

How much fluid is processed by the kidneys each day?

Back 14

180L

Front 15

Factors affecting filtration

Back 15

Hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus is most important. (55 mmHg)

Front 16

What is reabsorbed and where?

Back 16

Most reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule. Water goes through by osmosis. Water and salt filtered in loop of Henle. Creatinine is not usually reabsorbed.

Front 17

Characteristics of urine

Back 17

Major solute is urea, color comes from urochrome.

Front 18

Bladder

Back 18

Storage tank lined with transitional epithelium

Front 19

Ureters and urethra

Back 19

Transport tubes

Front 20

Trigone

Back 20

Triangular part at base of bladder, frequent site for infections/cancer.

Front 21

Azotemia

Back 21

Increased amount of nitrogenous waste in the blood. Describes the symptoms. Separate from pathology called uremia.

Front 22

What doesn't filter out?

Back 22

Blood cells, protein

Front 23

Body water content

Back 23

Babies: 75%, males: 60%, females: 50%, old people: 45%. Average is 40 L of fluid in the body, 2/3 intracellular and 1/3 extracellular.

Front 24

Location of extracellular fluid

Back 24

Plasma: 8%, Interstitial fluid (in between cells): 25%, other ECF (lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, eye humors, synovial fluid, serous fluid, and gastrointestinal secretions): 2%

Front 25

Factors affecting movement of fluid from one compartment to another?

Back 25

Solute load. Sodium is of particular importance.

Front 26

Major cause of tissue edema

Back 26

Hypoproteinemia (low levels of plasma proteins)

Front 27

Thirst center is located in the...

Back 27

Hypothalamus

Front 28

Hypotonic hydration

Back 28

Drinking too much water or caused by renal insufficiency.

Front 29

Electrolyte concentration of ECF

Back 29

1. Sodium is the chief cation (95%)

2. Chloride is the major anion

Front 30

Electrolyte concentration of the ICF

Back 30

1. Potassium is the chief cation

2. Phosphate is the chief anion

Front 31

What are the most important organs involved in pH regulation?

Back 31

Kidneys and lungs

Front 32

During times of acidosis, how do the kidneys get rid of excess H ions?

Back 32

Bind them to hydrogen phosphate

Front 33

Major features of important ions

Back 33

•Sodium and potassium are on an exchange system.

•Chloride ions and bicarb balance to help regulate acid/base balance.

•Chloride ions have no pH characteristic, so if you need to hold back base, it's a good way to do it.

•Sodium is a major controller of fluid volume inside cells

•Potassium is a major intracellular electrolyte, imbalances either way can cause heart problems.

Front 34

Hyperkalemia

Back 34

Too much K outside cells causes hypopolarization inside cells, so it's less negative inside. Can be fatal.

Front 35

Hypokalemia

Back 35

Too little K outside of cells causes K to move from the ICF to the ECF. This causes the cells to become hyperpolarized and more negative. Can be fatal.

Front 36

Metabolic alkalosis (causes and compensation)

Back 36

Causes: vomiting, constipation, taking antacids

Compensation: decreased respiratory rate to raise CO2 levels

Front 37

Metabolic acidosis (causes and compensation)

Back 37

Causes: excess alcohol consumption, excessive loss of bicarbonate ions, lactic acidosis caused by exercise, shock, diabetic ketosis, starvation, kidney failure, diarrhea.

Compensation: increased respiratory rate to decrease CO2 levels

Front 38

Respiratory acidosis (causes and compensation)

Back 38

Causes: lung diseases, pneumonia, bronchitis, etc.

Compensation: kidneys eliminate more H+ and retain bicarb

Front 39

Respiratory alkalosis (causes and compensation)

Back 39

Causes: anxiety, traveling to high altitudes, hyperventilation

Compensation: kidneys eliminate bicarb and retain H+

Front 40

Normal pH levels

Back 40

7.35 to 7.45

Front 41

Normal CO2 levels

Back 41

35 to 45 mmHg

Problems with these levels mean respiratory acidosis/alkalosis.

Front 42

Normal HCO3 levels (bicarb)

Back 42

22 to 26 mEg/L

Problems with these levels mean metabolic acidosis/alkalosis.