2W 10:00Am - L19: Terms For Integration Of Innate And Adaptive Immunity

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adhesion molecule

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mediates the binding of one cell to another or to extracellular matrix proteins

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B7

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B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) are surface molecules expressed by professional antigen presenting cells that interact with CD28 expressed by naive T cells to provide a co-stimulatory signal, and with CTLA-4 on activated T cells to downregulate T cell responses

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CD28

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a surface protein expressed by T cells that is important for delivering a co-stimulatory signal by interaction with B7 expressed by professional antigen presenting cells

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CD40

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a receptor for the delivery of a co-stimulatory signal to B cells and other antigen-presenting cells, by binding with CD40 ligand expressed by activated T cells

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CD40L

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the ligand for CD40, expressed on activated T cells, and important for delivering a co-stimulatory signal to B cells and other antigen-presenting cells

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cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

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T cells that kill other cells; they are generally CD8+ and MHC class I-restricted

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Fas

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expressed by certain target cells that are susceptible to killing by cells expressing the Fas ligand; signaling through Fas induces apoptosis

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FasL

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expressed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and some CD4 T cells; transmits an apoptotic signal to susceptible targets by interaction with Fas

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granzymes

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serine esterases found in the granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells that induce an apoptotic program when they are released into the cytoplasm of target cells

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hapten

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a small chemical that can bind to antibodies but that is not immunogenic by itself; it requires conjugation with a carrier protein to become immunogenic (ie: a hapten is an antigen but not an immunogen)

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high endothelial venules

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specialized venules found in lymphoid tissue

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homing receptor

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a cell surface receptor that targets cells to certain tissues or organs; examples include L-selectin and VLA-4

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immunological synapse

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aka supramolecular activation complex (SMAC). A highly organized structure that develops at the point of contact between a T cell and a target cell, involving interactions between the T cell receptor and co-receptors with peptide-MHC complexes and a variety of nonspecific adhesion molecules; it is critically important for signaling and directing the effector functions of effector T cells

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interleukins

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cytokines produced by leukocytes

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integrins

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cell surface proteins involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions

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interferon gamma (IFN-γ)

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a product of T_H 1 cells, cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer cells, with the primary function to activate macrophages; it also promotes T_H 1 responses

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L-selectin

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an adhesion molecule of the selectin family expressed by lymphocytes, and functions as a homing receptor for leukocytes to lymphoid organs by binding with CD34 and GlyCAM-1 on high endothelial venules, and with MAdCAM-1 expressed by mucosal endothelium

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naive lymphocytes

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lymphocytes that have never seen antigen before

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perforin

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a protein expressed in the granules of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells that upon release polymerizes in the membrane of the target cell to form a perforin pore

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professional antigen presenting cells (APCs)

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cells that initiate the responses of naive T cells to antigens, because they express or can be induced to express co-stimulatory molecules

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T helper 1 (T_H 1) cells

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CD4 T cells that are most efficient in the activation of macrophages and other cells of the cellular immune system such as B cells and cytotoxic T cells, by producing interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor

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T helper 2 (T_H 2) cells

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CD4 T cells that are most efficient in helping B cells to produce antibodies; they produce cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13. They play an important role in the generation of IgE antibodies and allergicreactions

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thymus-dependent antigens

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antigens that require T cell help to generate efficient antibody responses; individuals without a thymus cannot generate a good antibody response against such antigens

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thymus-independent antigens

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antigens that do not require T cell help to generate efficient antibody responses; individuals without a thymus can generate an efficient antibody response against such antigens

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tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

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a cytokine produced by macrophages and T cells that causes local inflammation and endothelial activation

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VCAM-1

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vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 functions to home leukocytes to various tissues

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VLA-4

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very late antigen-4 is a homing receptor for activated T cells to various tissues by interaction with VCAM-1