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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 major subdivisions of the respiratory system:
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-Conducting portion
-Respiratory portion |
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What is the function of the conducting passages?
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To condition the air and transport it to more distal respiratory passages.
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What is the characteristic feature of the Respiratory passages?
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They have alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
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What is the dividing line between the upper and lower resp tracts in clinical use?
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The oropharynx
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How is air conditioned as it passes thru the conducting passages?
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-Foreign substances get removed
-Air is humidified -Air is warmed |
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What are 3 additional physiologic functions of the lungs other than gas exchange?
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-Production of chemical messengers i.e. ACE
-Speech sounds -Regulation of acid-base balance |
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What terms denote conducting passages outside or within the lungs?
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Extrapulmonary vs Intrapulmonary passages.
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What lines the air conducting passages?
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A mucosa
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What is the mucosa lining the conducting passages associated with?
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Lymphatic tissue and other defense related cells.
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What is the mucosa attached to?
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Supporting tissues like bone and cartilage.
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6 steps in the Extrapulmonary Passages:
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1. Nasal cavities
2. Paranasal sinuses 3. Nasopharynx 4. Oropharynx 5. Larynx 6. Trachea |
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What happens to air in the nasal cavities?
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It is warmed, moistened and filtered
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What important sense is in the nasal cavities?
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Smell - olfaction
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What type of epithelium lines the nasal vestibule?
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Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
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What are Vibrissae?
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Stiff hairs within the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium lining the nasal vestibule.
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What lines most of the nasal CAVITY? (beyond the vestibule)
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Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
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What important cells are in the Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the nasal cavities?
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GOBLET CELLS
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What is the goblet cell-containing epithelium called?
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Respiratory Epithelium
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Where is Respiratory Epithelium found?
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Lining MOST of the conducting passages
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What covers the Respiratory Epithelium?
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A bilayer of mucus and serous fluid.
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Which layer is most external?
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Mucus
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What happens when particles get trapped in mucus?
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It is transported to the pharynx by the underlying serous fluid.
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What happens to serous fluid?
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It is moved by the beating cilia under it in the epithelial cells to be swallowed or spit.
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What is the ciliary driven mucous air cleaner called?
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THE MUCOCILIARY ESCALATOR!!!
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What is underneath the respiratory epithelium?
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A lamina propria
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What 3 important structures are in the lamina propria?
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-Seromucous glands
-Vascular plexus -Collagen fibers |
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What is the function of the vascular plexus?
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To warm inspired air
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What is the function of the collagen fibers?
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To firmly attach the nasal cavity mucosa to the underlying periosteum.
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What happens to the nasal mucosa during inflammatory and allergic reactions?
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It swells and restricts airflow
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5 cell types in the Respiratory Epithelium:
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1. Ciliated columnar
2. Goblet 3. Basal stem cells 4. Brush cells 5. Small granule cells |
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How is the mucosa in the superior portion of the nasal cavity different from the rest of the respiratory epithelium?
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It is olfactory mucosa
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What special cells are in the olfactory mucosa?
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Olfactory cells
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What are olfactory cells?
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Bipolar neurons
-Axon at their base -Knob at apex w/ cilia |
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What does the lamina propria of olfactory cells contain?
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Oderant Binding Protein secreted from serous glands.
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What happens when an oderant binds to an oderant binding protein?
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They together bind to specific oderant receptors on the cilia of olfactory cells.
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What happens when an Oderant/OBP bind their receptor?
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Gated Na Channels open and stimulate the nervous system.
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What color is the olfactory mucosa in the living state?
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Yellow brown
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What lines the paranasal sinuses?
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A thinner version of the respiratory mucosa.
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What type of mucosa lines the Nasopharynx?
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More respiratory mucosa
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What is abundant in the lamina propria underlying the respiratory mucosa in the nasopharynx?
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Lymphatic tissue
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What structures are at the back of the nasopharynx?
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The pharyngeal tonsils - ADENOIDS
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What happens to the respiratory epithelium at the junction of the naso- / oropharynx?
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It becomes stratified squamous nonkeratinized
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Why are the epiglottis and vocal folds covered by stratified squamous epithelium?
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To protect them against abrasion during speaking.
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What lines the internal larynx?
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Normal pseudostratified columnar respiratory epithelium.
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What is Reinke's Space?
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The superficial layer of the lamina propria in the vocal folds
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Why does Reinke's Space lack vessels and elastic fibers?
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Because it facilitates vocal cord vibration.
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What happens when fluid fills Reinke's Space?
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Hoarseness
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What type of cells are unusually abundant in the lamina propria of the larynx?
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Mast cells
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What do we call inflammation of the laryngeal mucosa?
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Laryngitis
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What do we call inflammation of the mucosa in the larynx/trachea and bronchi of children?
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Croup
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What are the 4 layers of the walls in the trachea?
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1. Mucosa (respiratory)
2. Submucosa 3. Cartilage 4. Adventitia |
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Why is the basement membrane of the trachea mucosa thick?
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Because it has an expanded reticular layer.
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What is in the trachea submucosa?
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Loose CT
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What separates the trachea's submucosa from the mucosa?
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An elastic membrane
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Where are the seromucous glands in the trachea?
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In the submucosa
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What supports the tracheal airway?
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Several C-shaped hyaline cartilages
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What bridges the free ends of the C-shaped cartilages?
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-Smooth muscle
-Fibroelastic tissue |
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What is metaplastic respiratory epithelium?
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The result of transformation of the resp epithelium into stratified squamous instead of pseudostratified cuboidal.
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What causes metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium?
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Alteration of the airflow pattern due to chronic coughing associated w/ bronchitis or smoking.
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What are the INTRAPULMONARY conducting passages?
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Bronchi and Bronchioles
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What are the layers of the walls of the Bronchi?
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1. Mucosa
2. Muscularis 3. Submucosa 4. Cartilage 5. Adventitia |
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What type of mucosa is in the bronchi?
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Respiratory epithelium
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What happens to the resp epithelium in lower bronchi?
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Its cuboidal cells become lower.
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What distinguishes Bronchi from Bronchioles?
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Bronchioles don't have cartilage plates (intrapulmonary bronchi) or rings (extrapulm bronchi)
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What is the mucosa of bronchioles like?
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Epithelial cells range from ciliated simple columnar to cuboidal; occasional goblets.
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What are Clara cells?
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Columnar cells with a dome-shaped apex and short microvilli
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What is the product secreted by Clara cells?
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Clara Cell Protein CC16
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What is the function of CC16?
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To protect the bronchiolar epithelium.
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What do Clara cells contain?
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Abundant RER with Cytochrome P450 that degrades toxins.
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Where does the conducting portion of the lungs end?
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At the most distal TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES.
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What are 4 clinical conditions that affect the intrapulmonary conducting airways?
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1. Chronic bronchitis
2. Asthma 3. Cystic fibrosis 4. Bronchial carcinoma |
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What causes chronic bronchitis?
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Repeated damage to the mucosa
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What results from chronic bronchitis?
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-Airway wall thickening
-Mucous gland and smooth muscle hypertrophy or hypoplasia. |
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What is Asthma?
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Hyperresponsiveness of the airways
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What triggers asthma?
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Repeated antigen exposure or abnormal autonomic regulation.
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What is Cystic Fibrosis?
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A recessive genetic disorder that results in COPD
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Why does cystic fibrosis cause COPD?
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Because a thick mucus is produced that blocks airways and traps bacteria causing infections.
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What is the pathologic cause of the mucus production in CF?
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Alteration of the CFTR chloride ion channel protein so that Cl and Na transport are abnormal and mucus is thicker.
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What causes bronchial carcinoma?
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Metaplasia due to chronic irritation or cancerous granule cells
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