1.1 21St Century Literature

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is a term used to describe written and sometimes spoken material

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literature

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most commonly refers to works of the creative imagination

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literature

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works of the creative imagination (6)

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poetry, drama, fiction, nonfiction, journalism, song

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latin root of literature; derived itself from

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literatura or litteratura; littera (letter or handwriting)

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can be defined as a branch of literature dealing with words as raw material to create a picture, an idea or a story in a meaningful pattern

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literary work

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literary work, as a work of art, can be (5)

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drama, fiction, essays, biography or journalism

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sometimes in literary works, the author deals with an imaginary world such as in (3)

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drama, novels amd poetry

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(4) elements of literature

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plot, setting, characters, point of view

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is the cause and effect sequence of events in a story

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plot

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German writer who advocated a model based upon Aristotle's theory of tragedy, now called --- (year)

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Gustav Freytag, "Freytag's pyramid" (1863)

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model which divides a drama into five parts and provides function to each part

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"Freytag's pyramid"

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(5) parts of plot

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exposition (introduction) , rising action (rise) , climax, rising action (return or fall) , denouement or resolution (catastrophe)

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the first phase in Freytag's pyramid

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exposition

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part of plot which introduces the characters, especially the main character

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exposition

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main character aka

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protagonist

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involves the build-up of events until the climax

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rising action (rise)

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the turning point or highest point of the story

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climax

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phase which consists of events that lead to the ending

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falling action (return or fall)

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phase where the protagonist and antagonist have solved their problems and either of them wins the conflict

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denouement or resolution (catastrophe)

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phase where the conflict officially ends

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denouement or resolution (catastrophe)

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is both the time and geographic location within a narrative or within a work of fiction

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setting

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(3) characters

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protagonist or main character, antagonist, foil character

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they are the root of the story

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protagonist or main character

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they will develop over time and will ultimately be part of the driving force of the plot

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protagonist or main character

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this is the character your readers will care most about

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protagonist or main character

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is the opposite of your protagonist

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antagonist

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they will oppose your main character

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antagonist

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they will, along with the main character, be the driving force behind the plot

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antagonist

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someone who is the opposite of another character

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foil character

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they reflect the opposite traits

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foil character

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is the mode of narration that an author employs to let the readers "hear" and "see" what takes place in a story, poem, or essay

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point of view

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(3) point of view

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first person, second person, third person

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this is when the narrator is referring to him or herself

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first person

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(4) pronouns you will see in first person

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I, me, my, mine

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this is when the reader is directly addressed with you, your and yours

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second person

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the story is about "he" or "she"

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third person

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the narrator is outside of the story and relating the experiences of a character

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third person

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is a form of nonfiction that combines factual reporting with some of the narrative techniques and stylistic strategies

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literary journalism

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is a form of creative nonfiction that combines characteristics of journalism and literature

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literary journalism

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(4) characteristics of literary journalism

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well-researched information, creative nonfiction, accurate, narrative and strategic techniques

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(3) examples of literary journalism

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"A Hanging" by George Orwell; "The San Francisco Earthquake" by Jack London; "The Watercress Girl" by Henry Mayhew

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literary work in which the expression of feelings and ideas is given intensity by the use of distinctive style and rhythm

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poetry

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poems collectively or as a genre of literature

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poetry

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(3) types of poetry

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narrative, lyric/descriptive, humorous

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type of poetry intended to tell a story

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narrative

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narrative poetry has (5)

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setting, one or more characters in it, usually conflict, and a plot which builds up to climax, and even a conclusion oftentimes

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type of poetry that is descriptive in essence, and conveys impressions, feelings, emotions, sensations, and very personal and intimate views concerning an experience

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lyric/descriptive

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lyric/descriptive may touch such themes (5)

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nature, beauty, love and friendship, death, patriotism

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type of poetry that is so flexible and so plastic that there are so many varieties of poetry in the world or nation

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humorous

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(6) elements of poetry

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form, lines, stanzas, rhyme, pattern, rhythm

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physical structure of the poem

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form

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a unit of language into which a poem or play is divided

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lines

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group of lines

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stanzas

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(2) rhyme

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end rhyme, internal rhyme

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words at the end of a given line rhyme

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end rhyme

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rhyming takes place somewhere within the line and not at the end

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internal rhyme

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rhyming takes place somewhere within the line and not at the end

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internal rhyme

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it is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhymes

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pattern

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tempo or beat

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rhythm

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(5) poetic devices

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alliteration, repetition, onomatopoeia, figures of speech, variety

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repetition of a consonant sound in two or more consecutive words, usually at the beginning of such words

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alliteration

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(2) repetition

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anaphora, anadiplosis

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repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines

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anaphora

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repetition of word or phrase at the end of one line and at the beginning of the next

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anadiplosis

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the use of words which imitate the sounds they stand for

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onomatopoeia

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(4) figures of speech

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simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole

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its use in length of lines, rhythm, rhyme, distribution of lines and words, and anything else which adds to the effectiveness of the poem

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variety