Punctuation And Capitalization_Penn Foster's Examination Number_028008

Front 1

Define Punctuation?

Back 1

The marks (such as periods and commas) in a piece of writing that make its meaning clear and that separate it into sentences, clauses, etc.

Front 2

Define Capitalization?

Back 2

The act or process of capitalizing.

Front 3

There are how many types of alphabet case?

Back 3

Upper Case: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Lower Case: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

Front 4

Define Capitalize?

Back 4

To write a letter of the alphabet using a capital letter / Write in capital letters.

book : b is not capitalized in the word book

Book : B is capitalized in the word Book

Front 5

This study unit deals with?

Back 5

1-Various types of punctuation.

2- Rules for capitalization and spelling.

3- Documenting of sources when you’re doing research.

Front 6

When you complete this study unit, you’ll be
able to?

Back 6

1-Use end marks, commas, and other common
punctuation marks
2-Identify and effectively use miscellaneous marks of punctuation
3-Document research sources properly
4-Use capitalization correctly
5-Explain common spelling rules and use them in your writing

Front 7

What is the purpose of punctuation?

Back 7

The purpose of punctuation is to help the reader understand the writer’s message.

Although you may not consciously think about punctuation when reading a letter, an article, or a book, your mind automatically stops at periods and pauses for commas and dashes.

Front 8

How you emphasis your sentences? When you are talking to someone face to face,

Back 8

1- By pause at appropriate time

2- By the tone of voice

3- By expression

Front 9

In written message how you can show your expression?

Back 9

In writing, punctuation is the way that you give your message expression.

Front 10

How punctuation can help you in written communication?

Back 10

With a sound knowledge of punctuation and its proper use, you’ll be able to convey your thoughts, ideas, and feelings clearly, accurately, and logically.

Front 11

How can you improve your punctuation skills?

Back 11

1- When reading, notice all punctuation and try to think about why the punctuation marks are used.

2- When writing, organize in your mind what you want to say and then use only the punctuation marks needed to express yourself clearly.

3- Don’t use punctuation marks without a definite reason for doing so.

4- Pay particular attention to the use of the comma, since the comma is the most used—and abused—of all punctuation marks.

Front 12

What are the fourteen punctuation marks in English Grammar?

Back 12

Period . Question Mark? Exclamation Mark !

Colon : Semi Colon ; Hyphen - Dash -

Parentheses ( ) Brackets [ ] Ellipsis ...

Apostrophe ' Quotation Marks " "

Slash or Slant / Comma ,

Front 13

What are the sentence's end marks?

Back 13

Period .

Question Mark ?

Exclamation Mark !

Front 14

Define period?

Back 14

A period indicates a full stop at the end of a sentence.

Front 15

What mark should we use at the end of a complete statement or declarative sentence?

Back 15

Use a period at the end of every complete statement or declarative sentence (states a fact or an argument)

1- Mr. William B. Weinstein is being interviewed for a job.

2- Ms. Gannon requests your assistance in the preparation of the report.

Front 16

What mark should we use at the end of imperative sentence?

Back 16

Use a period at the end of an imperative sentence. (An imperative sentence makes a request or demand.)

1- Tell me where it is.
2- Be in the office on time.

Front 17

What mark should we use at the end of an indirect question?

Back 17

Use a period at the end of an indirect question.

1- I wonder if Dee will call me today.

2- The lawyer would like to know how you’ll pay for the visit.

Front 18

What mark should we use to designate dollars and cents?

Back 18

Use a period to designate dollars and cents. A period isn't required when an even dollar amount is expressed in numbers.

$42.65
$1.55
$10
$500

Front 19

What mark should we use when expressing numbers in decimals?

Back 19

Use a period also when expressing numbers in decimals.

3.5
12.65 percent
6.25 feet

Front 20

What mark should we use after an abbreviation?

Back 20

Use a period after an abbreviation.

M.D.
Inc.

P.O. Box

Front 21

What mark should we use after abbreviations that are made up of several letters?

Back 21

However, some abbreviations that are made up of several letters don’t require periods.

FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)
FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Committee)
AAA (American Automobile Association)
YWCA (Young Women’s Christian Association)

Front 22

What mark should we use after the symbols for the chemical elements?

Back 22

Don’t use a period after the symbols for the chemical elements.
Ag (silver)
K (potassium)
Au (gold)
O (oxygen)
Fe (iron)
S (sulphur)

Front 23

What mark should we use after Roman numerals?

Back 23

Don’t use a period after Roman numerals except in enumeration used in an outline.
George VI
King Henry VIII
Richard III

I. Prenatal Care
II. The Birth
III. Postpartum

Front 24

Define question mark?

Back 24

The name for this punctuation mark is self-explanatory. Use a question mark after sentences which ask a direct question.

Front 25

Identify the type of questions?

1- When may we expect payment on your account?
2- Would you like to schedule your appointment for Monday or Tuesday?
3- Where is your schedule?

Back 25

Direct questions

Front 26

Is punctuation correctly used in the following sentence?

"Will you come to the party on Saturday."

Back 26

No. Correct punctuation is as in the following sentence.

Correct: Will you come to the party on Saturday?

Front 27

What mark should we use at the end of a sentence indicating doubt?

Back 27

Question mark, enclosed in parentheses,

Mrs. Brown said that she has been studying for her exam since September 1966 (?).

Front 28

Define exclamation mark?

Back 28

This mark shows emotion on the part of the writer and lends emphasis or focuses attention.

Use at the end of an emphatic declaration, interjection, or command.

Front 29

Describe the use of exclamation mark.

Back 29

At the end of a declarative sentence to convey strong feeling or surprise.

1- You must follow the woman’s instructions to the letter!
2- Your payment is 90 days past due!

Front 30

What is the result of using too many exclamation points in writing?

Back 30

Exclamation points are rarely used in business writing, and shouldn't be overused in any type of writing. Using too many exclamation points when you write is like shouting. Both indicate a lack of professionalism.

Front 31

Define comma?

Back 31

A comma breaks a sentence into separate thoughts and grammatical units.

These allow the reader to pause mentally at the appropriate places in your writing , making your written communication clear and interesting to read.

Front 32

What punctuation mark should we use between words in a series?

Back 32

Use a comma between words in a series

The report was clear, concise, and well written.

Front 33

Can we include comma before the and that’s with the last word in the series?

The report was clear, concise, and well written.

Back 33

The final comma can be omitted if no confusion would result. However, always putting in the comma before the and before the final item in the series will assure that you won’t accidentally confuse your reader.

Front 34

Identify the incorrect use of punctuation mark and rewrite sentence by correction.

"The grass, the smell of budding flowers and
chirping birds signified that spring had arrived."

Back 34

Correct: The grass, the smell of budding flowers, and chirping birds signified that spring had arrived.

Note: Without a comma after flowers, the reader may think that the word smell refers to both flowers and birds. Instead, chirping birds is a separate sign of spring, not associated with the sense of smell.

Front 35

Which punctuation mark should we use to separate coordinate adjectives?

Back 35

Commas are used to separate coordinate adjectives before a noun.

Front 36

How do you know if adjectives are coordinate (of equal importance)?

Back 36

A good guideline is to see if you can say and
between both adjectives. If you can, the words are coordinate and should be separated with a comma.

This has been a clear, sunny day.

Note: The day has been both clear and sunny. Right? Therefore, the comma is correct.

Front 37

Identify if the punctuation marks are used correctly in the following sentence.

"Isn't she a beautiful little girl?"

Back 37

Yes punctuation marks are used correctly.

Would it be appropriate to say the girl is beautiful and little? No. In this sentence, little girl functions as a single unit with the word beautiful describing it. Therefore, no comma is necessary.

Front 38

How to use comma when coordinate conjunctions are used in a sentence?

Back 38

Use a comma before coordinate conjunctions (and, but, for, yet, or, neither, and nor) when they join two independent clauses. (An independent clause has a subject and verb and could stand as a separate sentence.)

Front 39

Is comma used correctly before coordinate conjunction in the following sentence.

"She will be in the office at 3:00 P.M., or she will call."

Back 39

"She will be in the office at 3:00 P.M., or she will call."

Comma is used before coordinate conjunction or and yes it is used correctly.

Front 40

Is comma used correctly before coordinate conjunction in the following sentence.

"The manager will be in meetings all afternoon, but he will return to the office at 5:00 P.M."

Back 40

"The manager will be in meetings all afternoon, but he will return to the office at 5:00 P.M."

Comma is used before coordinate conjunction but and yes it is used correctly.

Front 41

Is comma used correctly before coordinate conjunction in the following sentence.

"Ms. Gannon said she would be at the dentist’s all morning, and she would be in the office later this afternoon."

Back 41

"Ms. Gannon said she would be at the dentist’s all morning, and she would be in the office later this afternoon."

Comma is used before coordinate conjunction and, and yes it is used correctly.

Front 42

Is comma used correctly after coordinate conjunction in the following sentence.

"The room was decorated with green, pink,
and, gold."

Back 42

No it is not correct because after coordinate conjunction no comma is required.

Correct: The room was decorated with green, pink, and gold.

Front 43

Is comma used correctly after coordinate conjunction in the following sentence.

"Ms. Jones will be in her office today but, she
won’t be accepting phone calls."

Back 43

No it is not correct because after coordinate conjunction no comma is required.

Correct: Ms. Jones will be in her office today, but she won’t be accepting phone calls.

Front 44

How to use comma, when quotations " " are used in the sentence?

Back 44

Use a comma before the start of a short, direct quotation in the form of a complete sentence.

The teacher replied, “Diplomacy is an essential part of a secretary’s job.”

Front 45

Can we use comma at the end of quotations?

Back 45

Use comma at the end of a quotation if it’s followed by explanatory, unquoted remarks.
(Note that the comma goes before the quotation mark.)

“Diplomacy is an essential part of a secretary’s job,” replied the teacher.

Front 46

How to use comma with explanatory phrases?

Back 46

Use a comma before and after explanatory phrases, such words as for example, to be sure, in fact, however, nevertheless, and therefore, when they’re used to comment or explain in an already complete sentence.

Front 47

Is comma used correctly before and after explanatory phrases in the following sentence.

"We don’t, for example, accept clients without a previously scheduled appointment."

Back 47

Yes comma before and after, "for example" is used correctly.

Front 48

Is comma used correctly before and after explanatory phrases in the following sentence.

"He was, in fact, assigned to that particular job."

Back 48

Yes comma before and after, "in fact" is used correctly.

Front 49

Is comma used correctly before and after explanatory phrases in the following sentence.

"She will be arriving, therefore, at seven o’clock Thursday evening."

Back 49

Yes comma before and after, "therefore" is used correctly.

Front 50

How can we use comma when writing addresses?

Back 50

Use commas to separate items in addresses as in following examples.

They lived in Chicago, Illinois, for many years.
His address is 20 Park Avenue, Lincoln, Maine.

Front 51

How to use commas when writing dates?

Back 51

April 1996 (don't use comma when writing month and year only)

April 24, 1996 (Use comma after day)

Front 52

Is comma used correctly with date in the following sentence?

"In April 1996 he completed his education in business administration."

Back 52

Yes, no comma is required.

Front 53

Is comma used correctly with date in the following sentence?

"On April 24, 1996, Ms. McNeil suffered a fracture of the right tibia."

Back 53

Yes comma after April 24 and year 1996 is used correctly.

Front 54

Is comma used correctly with date in the following sentence?

"Early on the morning of Monday, April 24, Ms. McNeil was en route to Atlanta."

Back 54

Yes comma is used correctly after Monday and April 24.

Front 55

How to use comma for clarification?

Back 55

Use commas around any part of a sentence that’s taken from its natural position and put elsewhere in the sentence.

Front 56

Is comma is used properly for clarification in the following sentence?

"The new equipment will save the secretary a lot of time when used properly."

Back 56

No comma is used in the sentence it is showing the equipment will save the secretary.

Correct: The new equipment, when used properly, will save the secretary a lot of time.

Front 57

How to use comma when parts of name or phrase written in reverse order.

Buchanan James B.
Psychology History of
Chemistry Organic

Back 57

Buchanan, James B.
Psychology, History of
Chemistry, Organic

Front 58

Use comma wherever it is required in the following sentences.

To Henry Mary Gannon was a heroine.
In 1996 43 patients were treated for influenza.
Instead of 25 55 packages of the pencils were ordered.
Just as David was ready to eat his cat jumped on the table.

Back 58

Correct use of comma is as following;

To Henry, Mary Gannon was a heroine.
In 1996, 43 patients were treated for influenza.
Instead of 25, 55 packages of the pencils were ordered.
Just as David was ready to eat, his cat jumped on the table.

Front 59

How to use a comma to indicate the omission of a word?

Mr. Brown returns Tuesday; Ms. Gannon Wednesday.

Back 59

Mr. Brown returns Tuesday; Ms. Gannon, Wednesday.

In the above sentence returns is omitted for Ms. Gannon

Front 60

Identify where comma should use in the following sentence?

"Having simply run out of energy the sprinter lost the race."

Back 60

Having simply run out of energy, the sprinter lost the race.

Note: Use a comma after a phrase or clause that comes before the main clause, particularly if the phrase or clause is four or more words long.

Front 61

Identify where comma should use in the following sentence?

"In determining his fee Mr. Brown has considered the length of time required for your consultation."

Back 61

In determining his fee, Mr. Brown has considered the length of time required for your consultation.

Note: Use a comma after a phrase or clause that comes before the main clause, particularly if the phrase or clause is four or more words long.

Front 62

Identify where comma should use in the following sentences?

Chief Department of Criminology

Back 62

Chief, Department of Criminology

Note: Use a comma between the title and the name of an organization where of or of the has been omitted.

Front 63

Identify where comma should use in the following sentences?

President University of Chicago

Back 63

President, University of Chicago

Note: Use a comma between the title and the name of an organization where of or of the has been omitted.

Front 64

Identify where comma should use in the following sentences?

Superintendent Board of Trade

Back 64

Superintendent, Board of Trade

Note: Use a comma between the title and the name of an organization where of or of the has been omitted.

Front 65

What is the general rule to use comma in writing?

Back 65

Use a comma any place where misreading or
misunderstanding might occur without one.

Front 66

Identify the difference in meaning of sentence after adding comma.

"Patients who can walk up and down the halls

several times a day."

"Patients who can, walk up and down the halls several times a day."

Back 66

In the first sentence we are expecting something about the patients who can walk up and down the halls.

In the second sentence there is something asking about those patients, who can walk up and down the halls. .

Front 67

How to use commas for abbreviations?

Back 67

Use a comma before abbreviations or degrees: Jr., Sr., M.A.,
Ph.D., M.D., etc.
Charles H. Leiter, Jr.
Suzanne Ellis, M.D.
C. Joel Block, Ph.D.

Front 68

How to use commas to separate numbers?

Back 68

Use a comma to separate thousands, millions, billions, etc. in numbers containing four or more digits.
52,010
53,039,255
3,197
238,963

Front 69

Identify where to use comma in the following sentences?

*Sir Mr. Bright will see you now.
*Ms. Allen Mrs. Abernathy has canceled her appointment for today.
*This isn't what I asked you for you fool.

Back 69

*Sir, Mr. Bright will see you now.
*Ms. Allen, Mrs. Abernathy has canceled her appointment for today.
*This isn't what I asked you for, you fool.

Note: Use a comma to set off the name used to address someone directly.

Front 70

Define semicolon?

Back 70

A semicolon indicates a distinct pause; it separates independent thoughts that could each be written as individual sentences.

Front 71

Where to use semicolon?

Back 71

Use the semicolon to join independent clauses that aren't connected by coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, or so). They indicate a clear pause between thoughts.

Front 72

Separate independent clause in the following sentence by using semicolon.

"The supervisor isn't in this morning she will be in the office after 1:00."

Back 72

The supervisor isn't in this morning; she will be in the office after 1:00.

Front 73

Identify where should use semicolon in the following sentence?

"We had to delay the roofing job for a week, it
rained most of the time."

Back 73

Correct: We had to delay the roofing job for a week; it rained most of the time.

Front 74

When we can use semicolon to separate main clauses?

Back 74

Use a semicolon, similarly, between main clauses that aren’t connected by coordinating conjunctions, even when therefore, nevertheless, however, or thus are present. Those words are conjunctive adverbs and aren’t strong enough by themselves to separate main clauses.

Front 75

Identify where we should use semicolon in the following sentence.

"The supervisor isn't in this morning however, she will be in the office after 11:00."

Back 75

Correct: The supervisor isn't in this morning; however, she will be in the office after 11:00."

Front 76

How can we use a semicolon in the following sentence to separate two main clauses although coordinate conjunction is present there?

"The problem of malpractice concerns not only
lawyers, but clients too and, although difficult,
it must be resolved."

Back 76

Correct: The problem of malpractice concerns not only lawyers, but clients too; and, although difficult, it must be resolved.

Note: Use a semicolon between main clauses where a coordinating conjunction is present if the clauses are long, contain commas, or if emphasis is desired.

Front 77

Identify where we should use semicolon in the following sentence.

"The following prepared the committee report: Jonathan Carpenter, chairperson Helen, Adams, secretary, James Cooney, Safety Committee representative and Walter Evans, member-at-large."

Back 77

Correct: The following prepared the committee report: Jonathan Carpenter, chairperson; Helen Adams, secretary; James Cooney, Safety Committee representative; and Walter Evans, member-at-large.

Note: Use a semicolon between items in a series when one or more of those items contain commas.

Front 78

How should we use colon in business writing?

Back 78

Use a colon after the salutation of a business letter. Example:

To Whom It May Concern:
Dear Dr. Brown:
Friends:
Dear Mrs. Short:

Front 79

How to use colon to express time?

Back 79

8:30 A.M.
12:25 P.M.

Front 80

How to use a colon when citing a passage from a book or publication?

Back 80

Use a colon when citing a passage from a book or a publication to indicate the location of the passage.

Luke 4:7

The New York Times, November 20, 21:7

Front 81

How to use colon when writing a proportions?

Back 81

Use a colon when writing proportions.

The ratio was 16 to 1 (16:1).

Front 82

How to use a colon for an introductory phrase or clause that comes before a list or an enumeration?

Back 82

Use a colon after an introductory phrase or clause that comes before a list or an enumeration. Example:

Please send the following by parcel post: two grammar books, one pencil, one pen, and a notebook.

Front 83

Identify where we should use colon in the following sentence?

"The new officers were elected as follows President, Richard Gloucester; Vice President, Susan Stephens; Secretary, Elizabeth York; Treasurer, Mark Burns."

Back 83

Correct: The new officers were elected as follows: President, Richard Gloucester; Vice President, Susan Stephens; Secretary, Elizabeth York; Treasurer, Mark Burns.

Front 84

Identify where we should use colon in the following sentence?

"Two things are asked of us accuracy
and efficiency."

Back 84

Correct: Two things are asked of us: accuracy
and efficiency.

Front 85

Identify where we should use colon in the following sentence?

"Four colors are available pink, blue, yellow, and peach."

Back 85

Correct: Four colors are available: pink, blue, yellow, and peach.

Front 86

Identify where we should use colon in the following sentence?

His favorite foods are spaghetti, pizza, and lasagna.

Back 86

Correct: His favorite foods are spaghetti, pizza,
and lasagna.

Note: We don’t need to use a colon before a list following a form of the verb to be.

Front 87

Define apostrophe?

Back 87

The apostrophe shows that one or more letters have been left out of a word, resulting in a shorter form of the word (a contraction). Example: In the following letters o has left out and words are contracted.

Was not = wasn't

is not = isn't

Front 88

Why we use contractions?

Back 88

We use contractions to shorten a word, syllable, or word group.

Front 89

How we can show contractions?

Back 89

We use apostrophe to show that letters or sounds are missing.

Front 90

Rewrite the following sentence by using full form of contracted word.

"The secretary isn't in the office at the moment."

Back 90

The secretary is not in the office at the moment.

Note: is not is the full form of isn't.

Front 91

Rewrite the following sentence by using full form of contracted word.

"The staff won’t follow the director’s advice."

Back 91

The staff will not follow the director’s advice.

Note: Will not is the full form of won't

Front 92

Rewrite the following sentence by using full form of contracted word.

"Wait ’til the sun shines, Nellie."

Back 92

Wait until the sun shines, Nellie.


Note: Wait until is the full form of wait'til.

Front 93

Are contractions formal or informal?

Back 93

Contractions are considered informal and you won’t be using them very much in business writing.

Front 94

Identify which sentence is correct?

Who’s/Whose going to vote next?

Back 94

Who is going to vote next?
or
Whose going to vote next?

Since you can say who is, you can use the contraction. Who’s is the proper choice.

Front 95

Define Possessive.

Back 95

Relating to a word or a form of a word that shows that something or someone belongs to something or someone else

Front 96

Is apostrophe can use with noun?

Back 96

An apostrophe is also used with nouns to show
possession.

Example: “The doctor’s handwriting isn't easy to read.”

Note: doctor's showing possession of doctor.

Front 97

How can we form the possessive of singular nouns?

Back 97

Use an apostrophe and an s to form the possessive (shows ownership) of singular nouns.

John’s appointment is tomorrow.
Dr. Smith’s article has been published.
Mr. Wallace’s car is in the shop.

Front 98

How can we form the possessive of plural nouns?

Back 98

Use an apostrophe alone when forming the possessive form (shows ownership) of plural nouns that end in s. Add an apostrophe and an s in the case of plural nouns that don’t end in s.

The Smiths’ daughter is 12.
It’s a children’s disease.

Front 99

How can we use the apostrophe to form words plural?

Back 99

An apostrophe, followed by an s, is used to form the plural of words, numbers, letters, and figures.
i’s
e’s
7’s
and’s
but’s

Front 100

Is the following sentence correct?

"It’s a childs world."

Back 100

No, Correct sentence is as following;

Correct: It’s a child’s world.

Front 101

Is the following sentence has proper use of apostrophe?

The store is holding a sale on mens’ clothing.

Back 101

No, correct sentence is as following;

Correct: The store is holding a sale on men’s clothing.

Front 102

How to show joint possession in a sentence?

Back 102

To show joint possession, use an apostrophe and an s with the last element in the series. If possession isn't joint, each word should be made possessive.

Front 103

What kind of possession is in the following sentence?

John and Mary’s parents attended the performance.

Back 103

Joint Possession.

John and Mary’s parents attended the performance.
(One set of parents. John and Mary are brother and sister.)

Front 104

What kind of possession is in the following sentence?

Mr. Allen’s and Mrs. Allen’s shirts were identical.

Back 104

Individual Possession.

Mr. Allen’s and Mrs. Allen’s shirts were identical.
(Each person has a shirt.)

Front 105

Define hyphen?

Back 105

The hyphen separates the parts of a word. It can join two or more separate words to form a compound word.

“The ex-chairman kept his self-respect even when three-fourths of the board members disagreed with his statement.”

Front 106

How to use hyphen with compound words that begin with self?

Back 106

With compound words that begin with self.

self-conscious, self-evident, self-respect, self-confident

Front 107

How to use hyphen with proper noun or adjective?

Back 107

After the prefix ex-, pro-, or anti- with a proper noun or adjective.

ex-President, pro-American, anti-Fascist

Front 108

How to use hyphen with compound adjectives?

Back 108

With compound adjectives (adjectives made up of more than one word) that precede the modified noun.

It was a first-rate report.

Front 109

How to use hyphen with compound numbers?

Back 109

With compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine and with fractions that are used as adjectives.

She just turned twenty-nine.
A two-thirds majority will decide the issue.

Front 110

How to use hyphen to divide a word at the end of line.

Back 110

If you must divide a word at the end of a line, divide between syllables.

Front 111

Define syllables?

Back 111

Syllables are the units of sound that combine to make up a word. One-syllable words should never be divided. See how hard it is to read such words split in two?
cha-ir (chair)
ty-pe (type)
spel-led (spelled)

Front 112

Use of hyphen with multisyllabic words?

Back 112

Multisyllabic words can be divided between syllables. Compound words (those made up of smaller words) and words with prefixes or suffixes are the easiest to break and still read smoothly.

chair-person
type-writer
mis-spelled

Front 113

How to know syllable division in a word?

Back 113

To know where syllables divide, look for centered dots in the dictionary entry of the word.

chair•per•son
type•writ•er
mis•spelled

Front 114

Can we use hyphen to divide an adverb ending in -ly?

Back 114

Don’t use a hyphen after an adverb ending in -ly. An adverb isn’t part of a compound adjective.

Incorrect: It was a nicely-written report.

Correct: It was a nicely written report.

Front 115

Define that what is dash?

Back 115

The dash, which is a longer solid line than a hyphen, is made on a typewriter or computer by typing two hyphens—no space before, after, or between.

Front 116

How to create dash in Windows?

Back 116

ALT 0151 (Windows) — hold down the ALT key and type 0151 on the numeric keypad.

Front 117

Is dash can use singly or in pairs?

Back 117

The dash may be used singly or in pairs.

Single Dash —

Pair Dash --

Front 118

What kind of punctuation mark is the dash?

Back 118

It’s an emphatic mark of punctuation that calls attention to the material it sets off. For that reason, it can be a useful mark in helping you to stress what’s important.

Front 119

Is dash the end mark of punctuation?

Back 119

The dash isn’t an end mark of punctuation.

Front 120

How much a dash can be used in a piece of writing?

Back 120

To achieve emphasis dash can be used in writing but should not overuse. Choose more appropriate marks too. If you find yourself overusing the dash to try to achieve emphasis, you’ll want to restructure some of your sentences.

Front 121

How to set off parenthetical elements in a sentence?

Back 121

Use dashes to set off parenthetical elements that interrupt the main structure of the sentence, especially if they’re abrupt or you wish to emphasize them.

Front 122

Rewrite following sentences by using dashes to set off parenthetical elements.

He thinks (and rightly so) that the problem can be solved.

Back 122

He thinks—and rightly so—that the problem can be solved.

Front 123

Rewrite following sentences by using dashes to set off parenthetical elements.

The night he proposed (and I remember it well) I was wearing a bathrobe and had my hair in curlers.

Back 123

The night he proposed—and I remember it well—I was wearing a bathrobe and had my hair in curlers.

Front 124

Can you use a dash before a summarizing statement in the following sentence?

Mr. Gannon, Ms. Smith, Mr. Ormsby all had the same idea.

Note: all had the same idea is a summarizing statement.

Back 124

Yes we can use a dash before a summarizing statement as used in the below sentence.

Mr. Gannon, Ms. Smith, Mr. Ormsby— all had the same idea.

Front 125

How to write a list in a sentence?

Back 125

Use a dash to prepare for/before list.

Along the wall are bulk liquids—sesame oil, honey, safflower oil, and olive oil.

Note: sesame oil, honey, safflower oil, and olive oil is a list in sentence.

Front 126

How to write restatement in a sentence?

Back 126

Use a dash to prepare for/before a restatement.

My father is a podiatrist—a foot doctor.

Note: a foot doctor is a restatement of podiatrist.

Front 127

Define amplification?

Back 127

amplification: Addition of extra material, illustration or clarifying detail in a sentence.

Front 128

How to write an amplifications in a sentence?

Back 128

Use a dash to prepare for/ before an amplification.

Front 129

Identify an amplification in the following sentence and use dash before it.

The thesis paper was difficult it required extensive research, data collection, sample surveys, interviews and a lot of fieldwork.

Back 129

The thesis paper was difficult—it required extensive research, data collection, sample surveys, interviews and a lot of fieldwork.

Front 130

Define Appositive.

Back 130

An appositive is a noun, a noun phrase, or a noun clause which sits next to another noun to rename it or to describe it in another way. Appositives are usually offset with commas, brackets, or dashes.

Front 131

Can you use dashes to set off appositives which contain commas?

Back 131

Yes we can use dashes to set off appositives which contain commas.

Gumbo—a New Orleans dish of rice, okra, beans, and spicy seasonings—has a special place on our
Thanksgiving table.

Front 132

How to indicate an abrupt change of thought or interrupted speech in a sentence?

Back 132

Use a dash to indicate an abrupt change of thought or interrupted speech.

Front 133

Use dash in the following sentence where is abrupt change in thought.

Marriage is a venerable institution and I often think that maybe I’ll get married someday but who wants to live in an institution?

Back 133

Marriage is a venerable institution and I often think that maybe I’ll get married someday—but who wants to live in an institution?

Front 134

Identify where to use dash in the following sentence.

“I’d like to say that I fully support the candidacy of” The wild applause of the crowd interrupted his speech.

Back 134

“I’d like to say that I fully support the candidacy of—” The wild applause of the crowd interrupted his speech.

Front 135

How to achieve dramatic pause in a sentence?

Back 135

Use a dash to achieve a dramatic pause. e.g.

He was at last at peace—in his grave.

Front 136

Define parentheses.

Back 136

Parentheses, used in a pair ( ), set off information that isn’t essential to the meaning of a sentence or paragraph.

Front 137

Is parentheses singular or plural?

Back 137

Note that parentheses—es—is plural. The singular, referring to one, is parenthesis—is.

Front 138

What are the meaning of explanatory.

Back 138

giving information about something or describing how something works, in order to make it easier to understand:

Front 139

How to write explanatory term in a sentence?

Back 139

Use parentheses to enclose an explanatory term in a sentence.

Front 140

Identify explanatory term in the following sentence and rewrite it in parenthesis.

After taking her routine vital signs, temperature, pulse, and blood pressure, the nurse made the patient as comfortable as possible.

Back 140

After taking her routine vital signs (temperature, pulse, and blood pressure), the nurse made the patient as comfortable as possible.

Front 141

What are the meaning of digressions?

Back 141

di‧gress [intransitive]

to talk or write about something that is not your main subject:

Front 142

How to write minor digressions in a sentence?

Back 142

Use parentheses to enclose minor digressions in a sentence.

Front 143

Identify minor digression in the following sentence and place in to parentheses.

The weights James was first able to move not lift, mind you, were measured in ounces.

Back 143

The weights James was first able to move (not lift, mind you) were measured in ounces.

Front 144

Identify minor digression in the following sentence and place in to parentheses.

My sister received first prize and I was given a holy card as a consolation prize. (The nuns always gave holy cards
as rewards.)

Back 144

My sister received first prize and I was given a holy card as a consolation prize. (The nuns always gave holy cards as rewards.)

Front 145

How to write tables, charts, and diagram references in a sentence?

Back 145

Parentheses are used to enclose references to tables, diagrams, charts, etc.
The cost of office supplies has risen steadily over the past five years. (See Table II.)

Front 146

Can we use parenthesis for letters or numbers come before listed items?

Back 146

Yes we can use parentheses to enclose letters or numbers that come before listed items.
In this case, one parenthesis may also be used.

The patient came to the doctor’s office with the following symptoms: (1) shortness of breath, (2) dizziness, (3) ringing in ears, and (4) pain in left chest.

Front 147

Define asterisk?

Back 147

The asterisk, also called a star, usually refers the reader to a footnote, which usually is placed at the bottom of a page. The footnote is also preceded by an asterisk.

In the medical practice, when specimens are frequently cultured, they’re available for use in the doctor’s office at Diagnostic Medical Swabs.*

* 20 Smith Road, Roselle, New Jersey

Front 148

What to do when the asterisk and some other mark of punctuation fall at the same point in a sentence?

Back 148

The asterisk follows the punctuation mark with no intervening space.
. . . in his hometown,*
In the footnote itself, leave one space after the asterisk.
* Milwaukee, WI

Front 149

Define slash (/)?

Back 149

The slash is a slanted, diagonal line. We can use the slash in some abbreviations and symbols as in

C/O (care of)

Front 150

How we can use slash in writing fractions and serial numbers.

Back 150

The slash is used in writing fractions, such as 4/5, and in some code and serial numbers, such as S/357 564.

Front 151

Define the meaning of and/or.

Back 151

In the expression and/or, the slash indicates that the words joined by the symbol may be used together or individually.

Front 152

Define the meaning of the following sentence.

Dr. Jones and/or Dr. Smith will care for him post-op.

Back 152

Means that either Dr. Jones or Dr. Smith will give post-op care; or both Dr. Jones and Dr. Smith will give the care.

Front 153

Can any space precedes or follows the slash?

Back 153

No space precedes or follows the slash.

Front 154

Describe the use of signs and symbols.

Back 154

Signs and symbols are often used in illustrations, but generally aren't used in text. Exceptions are dollar signs ($), percent signs (%), and other signs that may be used frequently within a particular field.

Front 155

How to use sign of dollar in writing?

Back 155

The $ sign should always precede dollar amounts; its use eliminates the need to use the word dollar after the amount.

Front 156

Where to use the sign of dollar for given amount in the following sentence?

This year’s budget allows approximately 3,200
for maintenance.

Back 156

This year’s budget allows approximately $3,200
for maintenance.

Front 157

Where to use the sign of dollar for given amount in the following sentence?

The company sold its Denver plant for 5.5 million.

Back 157

The company sold its Denver plant for $5.5 million.

Front 158

What is the name of sign &.

Back 158

Ampersand

Front 159

Can we use ampersand in writing?

Back 159

Use an ampersand (&) as necessary in proper nouns, but never use it as a substitute for the word and in text.

Front 160

How to use ampersand in writing names of companies?

Back 160

Galletly & Morris, Inc.
Jackson, Small, Cohen & Metz
Parker Grimes Kuryakin

Note that when a company name includes a series of names, no comma is used before the ampersand.

Front 161

How to write mathematical symbols in an equation?

Back 161

When using mathematical symbols in equations,
insert a space both before and after the operation sign.

11 + 15 = 26
34 x 77 = 2618

Front 162

Is times (multiplication) symbol same as letter X?

Back 162

Note that the “times” symbol is not the same as the letter X—it’s a special mathematical symbol that requires an appropriate font.

Front 163

How to write symbols and numbers in text without an equation?

Back 163

If the symbol and number are used in text, not as part of an equation, there should be no space between them.
<25
150

Front 164

How to write symbols for inches and feet in a text?

Back 164

These symbols aren't the same as quotation marks—they’re straight, rather than curved. However, in text, use the abbreviations ft. and in.
rather than the symbols.

36'9" 36 ft. 9 in.
18 18 in.

Front 165

Define abbreviations?

Back 165

Abbreviations save writing space and sometimes make written presentations easier to read.

Front 166

What is the abbreviation of alternating current and how it can effect a document?

Back 166

AC is the abbreviation of alternating current.

Writing AC instead of alternating current can make a document more readable and less formidable.

Front 167

What is the abbreviation of gross domestic product and how it can effect a document?

Back 167

GDP is the abbreviation of gross domestic product.

writing GDP instead of gross domestic product serves the space-saving and simplifying purpose.

Front 168

What kind of abbreviation should avoid?

Back 168

Avoid abbreviations that might cause confusion. For example, the abbreviation in. (inch) might be misread as the word in, if it comes at the end of a sentence.

Front 169

Abbreviate following units of measurements.

1- 5 horsepower,

2- 17 kilometers,

3- 55 revolutions per minute,

4- 10 inches,

5- 32 Degrees Fahrenheit,

6- 8 gallons,

7- 30 barrels,

8- 20 dozen,

9- 7 years

Back 169

1- 5hp

2- 17 km,

3- 55 rpm,

4- 10 in,

5- 32F,

6- 8 gal.

7- 30 bbl.

8- 20 doz

9- 7 yr

Front 170

Which abbreviations can be plural and which can not?

Back 170

Never make an abbreviation plural, except for the abbreviations for figures, volumes, numbers, and pages.

5 hr., not 5 hrs.; 14 amp., not 14 amps.
but
3 figs., 4 vols., 5 nos., and 7 pp.

Front 171

Can we use period after any abbreviation?

Back 171

Use periods after any abbreviation that may cause confusion, even if the practice in the technical field is to omit the periods.

Front 172

After which abbreviations we should use a period always.

Back 172

Always use a period after the abbreviations ibid., vol., etc., and p.

Front 173

How to use an uncommon abbreviation in your writing?

Back 173

If you use a term often, but are uncertain of your reader’s familiarity with it, write the term out in full the first time you use it. Then place the abbreviated form immediately after it in parentheses. From then on, you can use the
abbreviation alone.

EX: The quality factor (Q)

Front 174

Can we abbreviate the title of an individual? e.g. Doctor, Professor etc.

Back 174

Abbreviate the title of an individual if the title appears before the name of the person.

Front 175

In which sentence title doctor can be used as an abbreviation?

1- Doctor Preston Smyth is a renowned surgeon.

2- The doctor is a renowned surgeon.

Back 175

Only in the first sentence where title doctor is used before the name of the person. Sentence can be.

Dr. Preston Smyth is a renowned surgeon.

Front 176

In which sentence title professor can be used as an abbreviation?

1- I had Professor Thomas Wilkes for biology.

2- Thomas Wilkes was my biology professor.

Back 176

Only in the first sentence where title professor is used before the name of the person. Sentence can be.

I had Prof. Thomas Wilkes for biology.

Front 177

In which sentence title colonel can be used as an abbreviation?

1- Our new administrator is Col. John Hancock.

2- Our new administrator is a colonel.

Back 177

Only in the first sentence where title colonel is used before the name of the person. Sentence can be.

Our new administrator is Col. John Hancock.

Front 178

In writing where we can use abbreviation for the days of week and months of the year?

Back 178

Don’t abbreviate the days of the week and the months of the year unless you’re listing them in a bibliography or footnote.

Front 179

When should use abbreviation in our writing?

Back 179

Use abbreviations only when you have a sound reason for doing so or when they’re standard usage in your field. For all other instances, follow this well-known rule:

When in doubt, spell it out.

Front 180

What is research?

Back 180

Research is the thorough investigation of a topic and the gathering of all available information. It almost always involves finding information that you don’t have yourself.

Front 181

What information is covered in the Research Section?

Back 181

In this section, you’ll look at a few techniques
to help you find the information you need. Responsibly documenting your sources for this information will require you to learn some punctuation rules we haven’t covered yet.

Front 182

Why people do research?

Back 182

1. To confirm or verify information.

2. To clarify and to learn.

Front 183

Why research is essential?

Back 183

Researching other published works that will confirm your own findings is usually essential for long reports and proposals.

Front 184

How many types of reports can be?

Back 184

1- Descriptive report

2- Analytical report

Front 185

What you will lake in your writing without research?

Back 185

Without research to back up your claims or clarify your information, your report or proposal may lack credibility.

Front 186

How research can benefit?

Back 186

Perhaps you need to clarify something either for yourself or for your readers. Proper research may provide you with a detailed explanation of what you need to know.

Front 187

Before you begin what you need to know?

Back 187

Purpose of writing.

Front 188

How many types of researches need to conduct?

Back 188

Generally need to conduct two types of
research: secondary research and primary research.

Front 189

Define secondary research?

Back 189

Secondary research involves using books, magazines, databases, and other written material to find information. This is where you’re most likely to begin your research.

Front 190

Define primary research?

Back 190

However, if you’re applying your research to an actual situation involving your organization and the people in it, you may need to conduct primary research, which is the collecting of data on your own through such tools as surveys and
interviews.

Front 191

What are the secondary research sources?

Back 191

Three common secondary research sources: print resources, the Internet, and electronic databases.

Front 192

What is the good source of print resources?

Back 192

A public or university library can have knowledge in more depth.

Front 193

What we can access in a library?

Back 193

Books, Journals and Periodicals.

Front 194

If you go to library to conduct a research, how should you start?

Back 194

Whenever you go to a library to conduct research, be sure to check in with the reference librarian, who should be able to give
you direction in your search.

Front 195

What information we can get from periodicals?

Back 195

It provides information needed to track competitors, monitor new products, gather data on industry and financial trends, and more.

Front 196

How internet can help in conducting research?

Back 196

Using the Internet for your research allows you to access all kinds of information, current and historic, right from your own home or office.

Front 197

What are the internet research tips?

Back 197

1- Know your search engine.

2- Use more than one search engine.

3- Bookmark the useful website.

4- In writing search request, omit articles (the, a,)

5- In writing search request be as specific as possible.

6- • Be persistent and patient. Try different combinations of words in the search window to reach your goal.

7- Be careful. There’s no assurance that information is reliable or accurate. It’s up to
you to evaluate the credibility of the site, author, and information before using any research.
from an Internet source.

Front 198

What do you understand by electronic database?

Back 198

An electronic database is a collection of information organized in such a way that a computer can quickly search for and select desired pieces of data.

Front 199

How database can be available?

Back 199

Database can be available online, on CD and DVD.

Front 200

Give examples of online databases?

Back 200

1- Website of U.S. Bureau of the Census (www.census.gov). This site provides information on such things as people, businesses, jobs, and geography.

2- Website for the National Opinion Research Center (www.norc.uchicago.edu). This site provides information on such topics as economics, education, health, statistics, and the population.

Front 201

What are the common approaches to gather the primary data?

Back 201

• Surveys
• Interviews
• Observation
• Experiments

Front 202

What are the surveys?

Back 202

Surveys are intended to sample particular populations to get information about things like product preferences, purchasing patterns, and so on. The data is then evaluated with statistical
methods that summarize the data and establish a margin of error for the accuracy of the results.

Front 203

What are the methods to conduct surveys?

Back 203

1- Fill out written questionnaires.

2- Computer assisted telephonic surveys (especially for political, marketing, and

opinion research organizations.)

Front 204

Within a company, conducting a survey how can be helpful?

Back 204

Conducting surveys with interested
employees can provide informative
and helpful data for a report.

Front 205

Is conducting a survey, easy or difficult?

Back 205

Reaching people by phone or mail and gaining their cooperation can be difficult, and without sufficient numbers, your return rates may be too small for a useful statistical analysis.

Front 206

How interview can be useful in primary research?

Back 206

Taking careful notes is an important part of any
interview. Even though they can take a lot of
time, interviews often provide information you
wouldn't be able to gather in any other way.

Front 207

How to conduct an interview?

Back 207

Make sure you take accurate, complete
notes or use a recording device if the subject is willing to be recorded. Ask follow-up questions, but your main job is to listen. Show interest during an interview by leaning forward, making eye contact, and asking questions to encourage elaboration of answers. Immediately after the interview, review your notes and think about how each point relates to your purpose. Be sure to send thankyou notes to the people
you interview.

Front 208

Define observation?

Back 208

In the human and management sciences,
observation is often called field research.

Observation is a firsthand method of obtaining primary information. For example, watching people shop in a grocery store can give you a lot of information about their buying behaviors.

Front 209

How to document your observations?

Back 209

Make sure to document your observations carefully. Go “into the field” with whatever you need—a notepad, a tape recorder, or even a camera. Make sure you take systematic notes that include all of the relevant details, such as who, what, when, where, and why.

Front 210

Define experiments?

Back 210

In research, experiments are intended to
discover what causes what. In fact, only through experiments can someone assert that X causes Y.

Front 211

How to make experiments?

Back 211

Researchers gather a group of people with similar characteristics and then divide them into two matched groups. The experimental group would use the hand lotion being considered.
The control group would use a substitute, which isn't really a hand lotion.

Front 212

What is the Importance of the record of experiments?

Back 212

Documenting each step of such experiments and the results are crucial to their credibility. For the information to be useful, careful records must be kept and the results presented in a professional-quality report.

Front 213

How to use research results?

Back 213

Here research means finding the information you need to complete a writing assignment. When you find that information, you make notes about it. Then you arrange those notes in a logical order, creating an outline, and write your report. However, to properly present your findings, you must keep track of your sources
and include them in your report.

Front 214

How to document your research for a writing assignment?

Back 214

Documentation in written material means giving credit where credit is due. In other words, when you prepare a document, you must acknowledge, or recognize, the source of the primary and secondary material you've used.

Front 215

What can be the research resources?

Back 215

Sources may include books, periodicals, newspapers, films, websites, interviews, surveys, or any other information you obtain from sources other than yourself.

Front 216

Giving credit, how supports you in writing?

Back 216

Giving credit strengthens your argument,
protects you from charges of plagiarism—illegally using other people’s ideas—and adds a depth of information that can be pursued by your reader.

Front 217

What is method to give credit in writing?

Back 217

• Cite sources in the text of your document using footnotes or references to end notes.
• Cite sources for any illustrations, graphs, and tables (you may need written permission to use copyrighted material)
• Prepare a list of sources (a bibliography, a reference list, or a works-cited page), especially if you've used a large number of sources

Front 218

What is plagiarism?

Back 218

Plagiarism is a serious intellectual crime that involves using the work of another person,
whether in his or her exact words or in a paraphrase, and claiming it as your own.

Front 219

How you can accused of plagiarism?

Back 219

Unless you carefully document every idea you use from any research source, you may be accused of plagiarism.

Front 220

What can happen? If you fail to use proper documentation?

Back 220

If you failed to use proper documentation, or if some or all of your presentation was done by
someone other than yourself, you would most likely be dismissed from school or fired from
your job—that’s how serious plagiarism is.

Front 221

In what situations documentation becomes essential?

Back 221

• When directly quoting or paraphrasing a source
• When using someone else’s unique ideas
• When using factual, statistical, or visual material from some outside source

Front 222

In what situations documentation is not essential?

Back 222

You don’t have to provide documentation for information you use that’s common knowledge.

Front 223

What is the common knowledge?

Back 223

Common knowledge is the information most people know without doing any outside research or reading. The following statements are examples of common knowledge:
• There are 12 inches in a foot.
• Protractors are used to draw angles.
• The birthday of the United States of America is July 4.
• The formula for water is H2O.

Front 224

What to do if you are not sure that knowledge is common or not?

Back 224

If you’re unsure whether something is common knowledge or not, be on the safe side and document the source.

Front 225

What are the methods of documentation in writing?

Back 225

There are generally three different ways of citing the sources you've used in preparing a document:
1. Footnotes
2. Endnotes
3. Notes in the body of the text

Front 226

Which method of documentation we should follow always?

Back 226

Always include a complete list of your sources at the end of the document. The list should be arranged alphabetically according to the last name of the author.

Front 227

What is superscript?

Back 227

A superscript is a
number or symbol
that appears partially
above the line of text.
For example, the
number at the end of
this sentence is a
superscript.1

Front 228

What are Footnotes and how to write them?

Back 228

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page
that includes the material being cited. They’re numbered consecutively throughout the manuscript. In the manuscript itself, place a superscript “1” after the copy for your first
documentation. At the bottom of that page, place the footnote numbered with a superscript “1.”

Front 229

When Footnotes can appear awkward?

Back 229

Footnotes can appear awkward when you must cite a number of sources in one document. They take up space at the bottom of a page and may be distracting to the reader. It’s best to use footnotes only if you’re citing just a few sources.

Front 230

Write an example Footnote.

Back 230

It is well known that patients who suffer from Crohn’s and Colitis can have many debilitating symptoms.¹

¹See the CCFA.org website for more information about the symptoms that Crohn’s and Colitis patients may experience.

Front 231

How to write endnotes?

Back 231

Put superscript in your text and include it in a list at the end of the manuscript. Start a new page for the list of end notes, and label it “Notes” or “Endnotes.” List all of the citations in the order in which they appear in the manuscript, and number them accordingly.

Front 232

How endnotes are useful as compare to footnotes?

Back 232

Endnotes are easier to handle than footnotes,
and they make your presentation more readable.

Front 233

What are the hints for formatting footnotes or endnotes?

Back 233

1- Single space within footnotes, but double space between footnotes on a given page.

2- Consult the current edition of The Chicago Manual of Style or the stylebook of the Modern Language Association (MLA) or the American Psychological Association (APA) for a detailed
description of how to cite different kinds of sources.

3- Use your computer’s word processing program to help you format your documentation properly.

Front 234

How to document a source in the body of text?

Back 234

“A good exam requires students
to assimilate and apply the material they've learned” (Jones 72).

The reference here refers to page 72 in a publication by Jones.

Front 235

How to document a source website?

Back 235

Hitti, Miranda. “AARP Brand-Name Prescription Drug Prices Up.” Web MD Medical News, 16 Aug. 2005. 22 May 2006
.

Front 236

What are the quotation marks?

Back 236

Quotation marks (“ ”) are used in pairs. One
mark indicates the start of the quotation;
the second mark indicates the end of the
quotation.

Front 237

What are the two main functions of quotation marks?

Back 237

1. They set off the exact words of a speaker.

2. Quotation marks are used to set off the titles of short works such as short stories, magazine articles, short poems, songs, and chapter titles.

Front 238

Give examples to use the quotation marks for the exact words of a speaker in quotations.

Back 238

1- He asked, “Will you be home in time for dinner?”
2- “Get out!” John shouted.
3- “The time is right,” Mark added.

4- She suggested, “Pick up a quart of milk on your way home.”
5- “When I think about it,” Bruce said, “Kate often lies to get her way.”

Front 239

Give examples to use the quotation marks to set off the titles.

Back 239

1- Have you ever read the short story “The Gift of
the Magi”?
2- My favorite poem is Joyce Kilmer’s “Trees.”
3- His article “In Defense of the Nation” was
published in a well-known journal.
4- Pete Seeger wrote the song “Where Have All the Flowers Gone?”

Front 240

Why use quotes inside quotes?

Back 240

Occasionally, when you may come across a sentence that has one quote inside another.

Front 241

How to use quotes inside quotes?

Back 241

You must use two different types of quotation marks. The main quote is set off by regular quotation marks (“ ”), and the quote inside the
quote is set off by single quotation marks (‘ ’).

Front 242

Give two examples of sentences having quotes inside quotes.

Back 242

1- Mary glared at Joyce and declared, “Bruce said, ‘I will never marry you.’ We both know he meant it.”
2- Marilynn said, “I really enjoyed reading the
story ‘Bartleby the Scrivener.’ ”

Front 243

What are italics?

Back 243

Italics is another emphatic mark of punctuation that calls attention to certain material.

A type of printed letters that lean to the right, often used to emphasize particular words

Front 244

What is equivalent of italics in handwritten?

Back 244

The handwritten equivalent of italics is underlining.

Front 245

When to use italicized words in writing?

Back 245

When writing reports or citing research sources, you should know that certain titles and names are italicized.

Front 246

Give few examples of titles to be italicized in writing.

Back 246

Books: Tom Sawyer, End of the Spear
Magazines: Newsweek
Journals: Journal of the American
Medical Association

Front 247

The names of which books should not be italicized?

Back 247

Don’t italicize the names of sacred books, such as the Bible, and well-known documents, like the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence.

Front 248

What is the purpose to italicize words?

Back 248

Occasionally italics may be used for emphasis, giving a word the extra stress you would give it if you were to say the word aloud.

Front 249

What is paraphrase?

Back 249

Sometimes you might want to put another person’s words into your own words. That is, you may decide to paraphrase what someone else said.

To paraphrase is to put someone else’s
words and ideas into your own words.

Front 250

How to do paraphrasing?

Back 250

Notice that paraphrasing involves writing new sentences and phrasing the ideas in your own style. You can’t simply substitute a few synonyms for the author’s words and keep the same sentence structure and wording unless you place the copied text in quotation marks. You must also use in-text citation with a paraphrase in which you introduce the author
of the ideas.

Front 251

What is the purpose of summary?

Back 251

The purpose of a summary is to save your reader time while still getting across the important points of an article or report.

Front 252

How we use summaries in our daily life?

Back 252

You probably use summaries every day. When a friend asks you what a new movie is about, you don’t launch into a lengthy, detailed description of every moment’s action.Instead, you explain the main plotline and any character
elements that are important to the story.

Front 253

If someone asks how your day has been, how you will reply?

Back 253

If someone asks how your day has been, you recount only the most noteworthy events, not every moment since you opened your eyes.

Front 254

If you are asked to summarize a magazine article or a business report-- or make it possible for your supervisor or board member to read it quickly. What you will do?

Back 254

Your summary must accurately represent the original work so your reader will have the information he or she needs. If you miss or delete a vital point, your reader will miss it, too, possibly affecting an important decision based on the information in the summary.

Front 255

How you can better understand an article?

Back 255

In some cases, putting the text into your own words can actually help you understand what it says.

Front 256

What is the process to write a summary?

Back 256

By first breaking down a lengthy or complicated piece into an outline, you can both determine the main points and organize your summary.

Front 257

How much should be the length of a summary?

Back 257

A short article may be reduced to just a paragraph or two, while a book may need several pages to cover all the important information.

Front 258

What kind of care should take place while summarizing?

Back 258

Make sure you accurately represent the content,
meaning, and tone of each source. It’s dishonest and unethical to write a summary that changes the meaning or tone of the text’s ideas for your own purpose.

Front 259

Should we give credit to sources in summaries?

Back 259

Remember that anytime you paraphrase or summarize someone else’s idea, you must give him or her credit through proper documentation. While the ideas won’t appear in quotation marks, they’re still required to be cited in the text and included in the list of your sources. Give full credit where it’s due.

Front 260

What are the General Rules of Capitalization?

Back 260

Capital letters are also called uppercase letters. They have two major functions.

• To indicate the beginning of a sentence
• To indicate a proper noun or a proper adjective

Front 261

Define proper noun and proper adjective.

Back 261

A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, or thing. A proper adjective is a word derived from a proper noun. A proper adjective is used to describe or define another noun.

Front 262

What are the examples of proper noun and proper adjective.

Back 262

Proper Noun Proper Adjective
Victoria Victorian era
England English language
France French fries
Rome Roman numerals

Front 263

How to begin sentences?

Back 263

Capitalize the first letter of a word that begins a sentence.
• Make hay while the sun shines.
• The play opens on the first of the month.
• A penny saved is a penny earned.
• Summer is my favorite time of year.

Front 264

What are the capitalization rules about pronoun I.

Back 264

Always capitalize the pronoun I.
• They all thought I would be first to climb the mountain.
• Whenever I visit my uncle, we always go to a baseball game.
• After you finish the dishes, I’ll dry them and put them away.
Notice in the last sentence that the I is capitalized even when it’s part of a contraction. Therefore, you write I’ll, I've, and I’d.

Front 265

What are the capitalization rules for the days of week?

Back 265

Capitalize the days of the week: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday.
• Every Tuesday, we go to the park for lunch.
• He finished his work late Friday afternoon.
• Many people do their grocery shopping on Saturday.

Front 266

What are the capitalization rules for the months of the year?

Back 266

Capitalize the names of the 12 months: January,
February, March, April, May, June, July, August,
September, October, November, and December.
• In my city, the coldest month of the year is
usually February.
• Every September, we take a trip to Florida.
• The beach is the busiest during July and August.

Front 267

What are the capitalization for the specific holidays?

Back 267

Capitalize the names of specific holidays—for example, President’s Day, Martin Luther King Day, Valentine’s Day, Cinco de Mayo, the Fourth of July, Yom Kippur, Christmas, Ramadan, Thanksgiving Day, and New Year’s Eve

Front 268

Should we capitalize the names of four seasons?

Back 268

Don’t capitalize the names of the four seasons—winter, spring, summer, and fall (autumn), unless the words begin a sentence.

Front 269

Should we capitalize the words yesterday, today and tomorrow?

Back 269

Don’t capitalize the words yesterday, today, and
tomorrow, unless the words begin a sentence.

Front 270

Should we capitalize the direct words, east west etc?

Back 270

Don’t capitalize direction words like east, northwest, south, or western unless they’re used to name a particular place.

Front 271

Example sentence having direction words.

Back 271

• I live east of San Francisco.
• The Southeast has suffered more hurricane damage.
• Jane romanticizes the stories of the Old West.

Front 272

How to write a date begin with the month?

Back 272

• January 19, 2005
• Sunday, December 7, 1941

• July 4 or the Fourth of July

Front 273

How to write a date begin with the day?

Back 273

• 19 January 2005

Front 274

How to write a date using numbers only?

Back 274

• 12/07/41 (December 7, 1941)
• 01/19/2005 (January 19, 2005)

Front 275

If written in a form MMDDYY in boxes or without boxes, what it means?

Back 275

MMDDYYYY means that the boxes provide
two spaces for the month (M), two spaces for the day (D), and four spaces for the year (Y).

Front 276

How to capitalize the name of a person?

Back 276

Capitalize all elements of a person’s name: first name, middle name or initial, and last name.

• Maria Lasswell Cooper
• George M. Long

Front 277

How to capitalize junior or senior written with the name?

Back 277

Capitalize Jr. and Sr. when they follow a person’s name.
• Luther Crockett, Jr.
• James E. Major, Sr.

Front 278

How to capitalize the title used before the name of a person?

Back 278

Capitalize titles used before a person’s name.
• Mr. James L. Robertson
• Mrs. Carolyn B. Cranwell
• Ms. Jennifer Hopewell
• Senator Trent Lott or Sen. Trent Lott
• Rep. Harry Lomacks
• Rev. Marcia G. Levine
• Rabbi Gabriel Greenberg
• Dr. James R. Maxwell
• Professor Lucinda E. Roy

Front 279

How to capitalize the geographical names?

Back 279

Capitalize the names of specific places, such as specific rivers, lakes, oceans, buildings, parks, streets, and mountain ranges. Capitalize the names of continents, countries, states and
provinces, cities, and towns.

Front 280

What are the examples of geographical names?

Back 280

• Missouri River • Yellowstone National Park
• Dakota Badlands • Pennsylvania
• Grand Canyon • San Francisco
• Lake Erie • Africa
• Grant’s Tomb • Rocky Mountains
• Central Park • Main Street
• Brooklyn Bridge

Front 281

Should we capitalize the words river, mountain and street when they are using in a sentence?

Back 281

Don’t capitalize words like river, mountains,
and street when they aren't part of a specific
name.

• The river will soon overflow.
• We couldn’t see the mountains because
of the dense fog.
• The street on which I live is very quiet.

Front 282

Should capitalize the word the when it comes
just before the name of a specific geographical
location.

Back 282

Don’t capitalize the word the when it comes
just before the name of a specific geographical
location.
• the Canadian wilderness
• the United Arab Emirates
• the Czech Republic
• the Rocky Mountains
• the Atlantic Ocean

Front 283

How to write the state name abbreviations?

Back 283

United States Postal Service has assigned each state a two-letter postal code name.
Capitalize both letters in these abbreviations.

Alabama AL, New York NY

Front 284

When we should capitalize the words father, mother, grand father, grand mother when using in sentence?

Back 284

Capitalize words like Father, Mother, Grandmother, and Grandfather when you use them in place of the person’s name. Don’t capitalize these words when they follow the,
a/an, or a possessive pronoun like my, our, your, his, her, and their.

Front 285

Example sentences how to capitalize words father mother etc.?

Back 285

• “Please, Father, let me go to the party,” I begged.
• My father was a cabinetmaker.
• My grandmother is a fine cook.
• On what day will Mother be arriving?
• My son, an attorney, is a county prosecutor.
• I asked my doctor about my wife’s prescription.

Front 286

How to capitalize the title of works?

Back 286

When writing titles, capitalize the first and last
word and all major words. Generally, the only words that you shouldn't capitalize within a title are articles (a, an, and the), coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for nor, or, so, and yet),
and prepositions (Figure 19). However, some publishers capitalize some prepositions, so it’s best to check titles before using them in a document.

Front 287

How to capitalize the title of works? Example sentences.

Back 287

• The West Wing (television series)
• American Gothic (painting)
• Black Hawk Down (film)
• Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (stage play)
• “Stand by Your Man” (song)
• Sunday in the Park with George (Broadway musical)
• A Brief History of Time (book)
• The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas

Front 288

How can we write correct spellings?

Back 288

Correct pronunciation leads us towards writing correct spellings.

Front 289

How spellings can be a problem for everyone?

Back 289

Because our alphabet uses letters to represent more than one sound—for example, the c in cat and the c in city.

In addition, two words can have the same sound but be spelled differently—for example, principal and principle.

Front 290

How we can check the spelling of words?

Back 290

Dictionaries also provide a lot of other information, like the meanings of words, their pronunciation, their parts of speech, and so on.

There are specific dictionaries to learn spellings having correctly spelled list of words.

There are even dictionaries that list words the way they’re often misspelled. These books are often called bad speller dictionaries.

Computer spell checker but they can not think and always not reliable.

Front 291

What is dictionary?

Back 291

A dictionary gives basic information about a word.

Front 292

A dictionary contains what information about a word?

Back 292

A dictionary tells us pronunciation, parts of speech, other tenses of the verb, definition, synonyms and antonyms of a word.

Front 293

Define synonyms and antonyms?

Back 293

Synonyms are words that have similar
meanings, like large and big or hard and
difficult. Antonyms are words that have
opposite meanings, like large and small
or hard and easy.

Front 294

What do you know about dictionaries editions?

Back 294

Dictionaries come in different editions.
College dictionaries, for example, give
more information than some used in
high schools. Unabridged dictionaries,
like those found in libraries, list words that aren't
found in other dictionaries.

Front 295

How spell checker works?

Back 295

Here’s how it works: the spell checker has its own dictionary. As it scans your document, it compares the words in the document with the words in its dictionary. If it doesn't find it there, it
alerts you, usually by highlighting the word it “thinks” is misspelled.

Front 296

Is spell checker fool proof?

Back 296

One final warning about spell checkers. You’ll find that they’re an invaluable part of preparing accurate documents, but they’re not foolproof.

Front 297

What is i and e rhyme?

Back 297

A Spelling Rhyme

i before e,
except after c,
and when sounded as a
as in neighbor and weigh.

Front 298

When to place i before e?

Back 298

• Place i before e:
cried, died, fried, friend, lied, pie, piece, spied, tried

Front 299

When to place e before i?

Back 299

• When the ie comes after the letter c, reverse the order and make it ei:
conceive, deceive, receipt, receive

• Place the e before the i when the word has an ay sound as in hay:
freight, sleigh, weight, neighbor

Front 300

What are the words have exception of e and i rules.

Back 300

None of these words follows the rules in the little poem.

ancient, conscience, either, foreign, forfeit, height, leisure, neither, science, species, weird

Front 301

Define suffix?

Back 301

A suffix is an addition to the end of a word.
A suffix may change the meaning of a
word or give it a different grammatical
function (as in changing an adjective into
an adverb).

Front 302

What are the types of suffix?

Back 302

Vowel suffix: suffixes that begin with

vowels (a, e, i, o, u)

consonant suffix: suffixes that begin with consonants (all letters that aren't vowels).

Front 303

How to add consonant suffix?

Back 303

Adding suffixes that begin with consonants is relatively easy. All you do is add the ending to whatever word you want. The only exceptions are words that end in y preceded by a consonant. For such words, first change the y to i and then add the suffix. When a word ends in a vowel and a y, just add the suffix.

help helpful,

mercy merci merciless

Front 304

How to add vowel suffix if word ends in y?

Back 304

a. When a word ends in y preceded by a consonant, change the y to i and then add the suffix.
marry + -age = marriage
cry + -ed = cried
happy + -er = happier
b. When a word ends in y preceded by a vowel, just add the suffix.
enjoy + -able = enjoyable
employ + -ing = employing
joy + -ous = joyous

Front 305

How to add vowel suffix if word ends in silent e?

Back 305

To add a vowel suffix to a word that ends in a silent e, drop the e and then add the suffix.
hope + -ing = hoping
like + -able = likable
pace + -ed = paced
defense + -ive = defensive
probe + -ing = probing

Front 306

How to add vowel suffix if words ending in a consonant preceded by two vowels?

Back 306

To add a vowel suffix to a word that ends in a
consonant preceded by two vowels, just add the suffix.
deal + -ing = dealing
cheat + -er = cheater
boat + -ing = boating
wait + -er = waiter
conceal + -able = concealable

Front 307

How to add vowel suffix if One-syllable words ending in a consonant preceded by only one vowel.?

Back 307

To add a vowel suffix to a one syllable
word ending in a consonant preceded by only
one vowel, double the last letter of the root word and then add the suffix.
hop + -er = hopper
ship + -ing = shipping
flag + -ed = flagged
flat + -est = flattest
big + -er = bigger

Front 308

How to add vowel suffix to words of two syllables or more ending in a consonant preceded by only one vowel?

Back 308

a. If the last syllable in the word is accented, double the last letter of the word and then add the suffix.
occur + -ed = occurred
upset + -ing = upsetting
begin + -er = beginner
admit + -ance = admittance
b. If the last syllable in the word isn't accented, simply add the suffix.
focus + -ing = focusing
open + -er = opener
formal + -ize = formalize
alter + -ed = altered

Front 309

What is accent syllable?

Back 309

This is the syllable that is said louder than the other syllable or syllables.

Front 310

How to add vowel suffix if words ending in ce and ge?

Back 310

If a word ends in either ce or ge and the suffix begins with a, o, or u, don’t drop the silent e. Just add the suffix.
notice + -able = noticeable
courage + -ous = courageous
peace + -able = peaceable
change + -able = changeable

Front 311

What are syllables?

Back 311

The term syllable is difficult to explain in writing. Basically, a syllable is a sound that requires a single effort, or a sound that can be said without interruption. Examples of words with only one syllable are top, big, bat, set, brat, lose, most, and horse. Notice that you can say each one of these words with a single pulse of your voice. Many words, however, have more than one syllable. If you need practice in understanding syllables, say the following words out loud and listen for the syllables. The number of syllables for each word is given in parentheses after the word.

party (2) double (2) ignorance (3) flannel (2)
therapy (3) dimple (2) lateral (3) harvest (2)
information (4) paper (2) poetry (3) accidental (4)

Front 312

What are accents?

Back 312

When a word has more than one syllable, one of those syllables is generally accented, or
stressed, more than the other. Here’s the same list of words just given. This time the syllable
that’s accented is shown in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Say the words out loud again, this time listening for the syllable that receives the most stress.
PARty DOUble IGnorance FLANnel
THERapy DIMple LAteral HARvest
inforMAtion PAper POetry acciDENtal

Front 313

What are homonyms?

Back 313

Homonyms are sound-alike words. One word sounds like another, but it’s different in meaning and spelling.

Front 314

Why words having same sounds and different spellings?

Back 314

That words can sound alike but be spelled differently in English is the result of the fact that there’s not a one-to-one correspondence
between sounds and letters. There are 26 letters in the English alphabet and no less than 42 sounds in the language, so it’s obvious that letters, and combinations of them, must represent more than one sound.

Front 315

How following letters will sound? they’re, their, and there,

Back 315

if you were to say aloud they’re, their, and there, all three words would sound the same, even though all three have very different meanings.

Front 316

What are near homonyms?

Back 316

In addition to words that sound exactly alike, there are some words that are commonly confused because their sounds are very similar. They’re called near-homonyms.

Front 317

What is important to avoid confusing between homonyms and near homonyms?

Back 317

It’s important to avoid confusing homonyms and near-homonyms so that your meaning is clear and so that you don’t appear to be making
careless spelling errors.

Example: Principle or principal? Make sure you’re using the word you intended to use.

Front 318

Correct spelling errors of homonyms in following sentences.

• Your car will be toad if you park in the private lot.
• The mall’s business ours are from 9:00 A.M. to 10:00 P.M.
• Did you here the latest report?
• How many tears does the stadium have?

Back 318

• Your car will be towed if you park in the private lot.
• The mall’s business hours are from 9:00 A.M. to 10:00 P.M.
• Did you hear the latest report?
• How many tiers does the stadium have?

Front 319

Define the words with multiple meanings?

Back 319

Some words sound alike and are spelled alike, but they have different meanings, depending on how they’re used in a sentence.

Front 320

Examples of words with multiple meanings.

Back 320

chair Please, don’t sit on my antique chair.
chair Major Forsythe will chair the committee.
matter What does it matter?
matter Matter is made up of molecules and atoms.
shield The knight raised his shield in defiance.
shield Kathy tried to shield her eyes from the sun.
tread The tread on the tires was worn thin.
tread Tread softly when you pass the children’s nursery.
tried He tried hard, but he failed.
tried She was tried in federal court and found guilty.

Front 321

How to write numbers in written text?

Back 321

In general, numbers up to ten are spelled
out, while larger numbers are written in numerals. Multiples such as two hundred or nine thousand follow the same rule. However, in technical or scientific writing, physical quantities (length, distance, volume, etc.) are expressed only in figures.

Front 322

How to write extremely large numbers, such as millions, billions, and trillions?

Back 322

Extremely large numbers, such as millions, billions, and trillions, can be expressed as a combination of figures and words.

Incorrect: The budget for the project exceeded fourteen and one-half billion dollars.
Correct: The budget for the project exceeded $14.5 billion.

Front 323

How to write numbers containing both whole numbers and fractions?

Back 323

Numbers containing both whole numbers and fractions are usually written as figures.

Incorrect: The frame measures eight and fifteen sixteenths by four and seven twelfths.
Correct: The frame measures 8 15/16 by 4 7/12.

Front 324

How to write numbers that begin a sentence?

Back 324

Numbers that begin a sentence should be written as text; however, if the number contains more than two words, rewrite the sentence so the number falls elsewhere.
Incorrect: 88 piano keys had to be carefully checked and cleaned.
Correct: Eighty-eight piano keys had to be carefully checked and cleaned.
Incorrect: Nine thousand, three hundred fifty-two people came to the concert.
Correct: Total attendance at the concert was 9,352.

Front 325

How to write money in written text?

Back 325

spell out numbers up to ten (or ninety-nine, if your company prefers that style) and use figures for higher numbers. When you spell out the number, also spell out the unit of currency,
such as dollars, cents, euros, yen, etc. When you use figures, use $ or other currency symbol.

Front 326

How to write fractional amounts in written text?

Back 326

Fractional amounts over one dollar are set in figures, and large amounts combine figures
and words.

Front 327

Examples to write money.

Back 327

Three dollars $155
Two cents $43.75
30 cents $5 million

Front 328

How to write years when writing dates?

Back 328

Numbers for years aren't spelled out (except in very formal writing), regardless of whether it’s the year 8 A.D. or 2005. Also note that no comma
appears in the year number with four digits and that B.C. and A.D. are set in small caps with no space between the letters.

Front 329

Which is the preferred order to write dates?

Back 329

The preferred order for writing dates is day-month-year, without internal punctuation.

7 March 1999
20 December 2004

Front 330

How dates are written in United States?

Back 330

However, in the United States, dates are often written in the month-day-year sequence, with the year set off with a comma before it (and after it, if the text continues).
March 7, 1999
The accident on December 20, 2004, was found to be Everett’s fault.

Front 331

Define ordinal and cardinal numbers.

Back 331

There are two kinds of numbers you can use to talk about a specific day: an ordinal number and a cardinal number. Cardinal numbers represent amounts like one, two, and three. Ordinal numbers represent a place in a series like first, second, and third.

Front 332

If you write a date in one of these forms, then refer to another date in the same month, which number format would you use?

Back 332

If you write a date in one of these forms, then refer to another date in the same month, spell it out as an ordinal number.

Example:

We mailed the statement on 2 July 2005 and received confirmation of its receipt on the ninth.

Front 333

If you write a date and use only month and year then comma will be required or not?

Back 333

When you use only a month and year, no comma is needed before the year.

Example:
He was hired in April 1994 and left the company in February 2001.

Front 334

Can we use ordinal numbers to express a day and month?

Back 334

Ordinal numbers may be used to express a day and month.
We notified him of his promotion on the fifth of June.

Front 335

How to abbreviate a year in written text?

Back 335

To abbreviate a year, use an apostrophe before the last two digits of the year, as you would for omitted letters in a contraction.

Incorrect: His grandfather immigrated to New York in ‘09.
Correct: His grandfather immigrated to New York in ’09.

Front 336

How to write time in written text?

Back 336

Figures are used to express exact times and when designated with A.M. or P.M. Include ciphers (zeros) when writing even hours. Don’t use o’clock with figures or with A.M. or P.M.

Examples:

She wanted to be home by 9:00 so she could watch her favorite television program.
John’s plane is scheduled to arrive at 11:50 P.M.
on Thursday.

Front 337

When to spell out times?

Back 337

Spell out times of day when using terms such as half past, quarter of, noon, or midnight. Use o’clock with spelled-out times.

Grace had a doctor’s appointment at quarter of three.
Harry left at nine o’clock.
Please be home by midnight.

Front 338

What we will review about spelling contractions?

Back 338

Now we’ll review proper spelling of
contractions and the difference between contractions and possessive pronouns.

Front 339

How to write spelling contractions?

Back 339

Use contractions to shorten a word, syllable, or word group. Use an apostrophe to show that letters or sounds are missing when you write a contraction.
We rode the Gen’l Jones Steamboat.
It’s too bad that the dog hurt its paw.

Front 340

Define possessive pronoun?

Back 340

a pronoun indicating possession, for example mine, yours, hers, theirs.

Front 341

How to avoid the confusion between following contractions and possessive pronouns?

its/it’s, whose/who’s, and your/you’re.

Back 341

When you’re in doubt, think about what the contraction means. Which is correct?

Who’s/Whose going to vote next?

Who is going to vote next?
or
Whose going to vote next?

Since you can say who is, you can use the contraction. Who’s is the proper choice.

Front 342

For which reasons nouns in English change form, or spelling?

Back 342

Nouns in English only change form, or spelling, for one of two reasons: to become plural or possessive.

Front 343

How to form the plural of nouns and proper names.

Back 343

To form the plural of nouns and proper names, add s.

desk = desks, crowd = crowds, group = groups

Canadian = Canadians

Ann = Anns

(Would all the Anns please standup?)

Wolff = Wolffs

The Wolffs are coming to dinner.

Front 344

How to form the plural of a noun that ends in the sound s, sh, x, z, or ch.

Back 344

To form the plural of a noun that ends in the sound s, sh, x, z, or ch, add es.

Pass = Passes, Clutch = Clutches, fox = foxes,

dish = dishes, buzz = buzzes,

Front 345

How to form the plural of a noun that ends in y preceded by a consonant?

Back 345

To form the plural of a noun that ends in y preceded by a consonant, change the y to i and add es.

army = armies, variety = varieties,

County = Counties, Company = Companies,

Pony = Ponies, Specialty = Specialties

City = Cities

Front 346

How to form the plural of a noun that ends in o preceded by a vowel.

Back 346

To form the plural of a noun that ends in o preceded by a vowel, add s.

Cameo = Cameos, Patio = Patios

Embryo = Embryos, Radio = Radios

Front 347

How to form the plurals of many nouns that end in o preceded by a consonant.

Back 347

To form the plurals of many nouns that end in o preceded by a consonant, add es.

Echo = Echoes, Potato = Potatoes,

Tomato = Tomatoes, Volcano = Volcanoes

Front 348

What are the exception for nouns of musical terms that end in o preceded by a consonant?

Back 348

Exception: Many musical terms that end in o preceded by a consonant are made plural simply by adding an s.

Alto = Altos, Piano = Pianos,

Banjo = Banjos, Solo = Solos,

Soprano = Sopranos

Front 349

What are the exception for nouns of non-musical terms that end in o preceded by a consonant?

Back 349

There are a few non-musical exceptions
as well, so use a dictionary to make sure
your spelling is correct.

Auto = Autos, Dynamo = Dynamos,

Casino = Casinos, Halo = Halos

Front 350

How to form the plural of many nouns that
end in f or fe?

Back 350

To form the plural of many nouns that
end in f or fe, change the f or fe to v and
add es. This is what creates the hard v sound in the plural form.

Calf = Calves, Knife = Knives, Loaf = Loaves,

Thief = Thieves, Half = Halves, Life = Lives,

Front 351

When to add s only for some nouns ending in f or fe?

Back 351

Some nouns ending in f or fe simply add an s to form the plural. It’s easy to tell when to simply add an s. Listen for the soft f sound in the plural of the following words.

bailiff = bailiffs, belief = beliefs, chef = chefs,

chief = chiefs, proof = proofs, roof = roofs

safe = safes, staff = staffs, tariff = tariffs

Front 352

What are irregular plural forms?

Back 352

Certain Old English nouns have irregular plural forms.
child = children, ox = oxen, woman = women
foot = feet, goose = geese, louse = lice

Front 353

What are the plural nouns borrowed from French, Greek and Latin?

Back 353

Plural nouns borrowed from French, Greek, and Latin frequently retain the spelling of the original language.

axis = axes, basis = bases, crisis = crises

Front 354

How to form the plural of a compound noun that’s written as two or more separate words with one or more hyphens?

Back 354

When forming the plural of a compound noun that’s written as two or more separate words with one or more hyphens, make the most important part plural.

fathers-in-law, mothers-in-law, notaries public

boards of education, courts-martial, editors in chief

Front 355

How to write the plurals of titles?

Back 355

Here are a few plurals of common titles:

Mr. Messrs.
Mrs. Mmes.
Miss Misses
Ms. Mses.

Front 356

How to know exact meanings of a noun if it is same in singular and plural.

Back 356

Some nouns are the same in singular and plural. When one of these nouns is the subject of the sentence, consider the meaning of the sentence to determine if a singular or plural verb is necessary.

deer, fish, salmon, sheep, species

The deer is standing in our garden. (one deer)
The deer are eating the plants. (more than one deer)

Front 357

Give example of nouns look plural but are actually singular.

Back 357

economics
ethics
measles
molasses
mumps
news

Front 358

How to make nouns possessive?

Back 358

In addition to becoming plural, a noun may add an ending to show ownership or relationship to another noun. The possessive suffix is ’s or s’.

Front 359

Give examples to show that possessive in English is shortcut of a phrase.

Back 359

The possessive in English is really a shortcut for an of phrase. For instance, instead of saying
the dog of the boy, we can say, the boy’s dog.
Instead of saying, the salaries of the teachers
we can say, the teachers’ salaries.

Front 360

How can we express possessive formations for time and money.

Back 360

Even time and money relationships are expressed with possessive formations. Instead of the worth of two cents, we commonly say, two cents’ worth. Instead of saying a vacation of one week, we can say, one week’s vacation.

Front 361

How to express possessive formation for both singular and plural nouns that don't end in s?

Back 361

The possessive case of both singular and plural nouns that don’t end in s are formed by adding an apostrophe and an s.
I have the child’s shoe.
The children’s shoes are in the closet.

Front 362

How to express possessive formation for a singular noun ends in s?

Back 362

If a singular noun already ends in s (boss, Bess), either an apostrophe by itself may be used after the s or apostrophe and s:
boss’ or boss’s office
Mr. Adams’ or Mr. Adams’s book

Front 363

How to express possessive formation for a plural noun ends with s?

Back 363

A plural noun that ends with s forms its possessive by adding only an apostrophe:
The girls’ basketball equipment is gone.

Front 364

What are the usage of apostrophe?

Back 364

Besides indicating possession, the apostrophe in English is also used in contractions.

Front 365

How to use apostrophe for contractions?

Back 365

The apostrophe in a contraction indicates the spot where a letter or letters have been omitted when two words are put together and shortened. For example,

does not = doesn't

cannot = can’t

it is = it’s

Karen is = Karen’s

Front 366

How to express possession for personal pronouns?

Back 366

Unlike nouns, personal pronouns in their possessive form don’t have apostrophes.
ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs

Front 367

How to express possessive formation for possessive adjectives?

Back 367

Possessive adjectives, similarly, are never spelled with an apostrophe:
my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their

Front 368

How to use Its and It's?

Back 368

Yet the two rules are actually quite easy to remember.

Rule 1: When you mean it is or it has, use an apostrophe.

Rule 2: When you are using its as a possessive, don't use the apostrophe.

Front 369

Self Check-1:

Q_1, 1. Add the proper end mark of punctuation to each sentence.

a. You’ll be ready soon, won’t you
b. Mimi asked you to mail this coat
c. Please sit right down and make yourself comfortable
d. I just can’t believe you did that
e. Where did you put my book

Back 369

1.

a. ?
b. .
c. .
d. !
e. ?

Front 370

Self Check-1:

2. Insert commas where needed in the following sentences.

a. We studied biology algebra general business and English grammar.
b. Biology is an area of study concerned with living organisms—their form and structure
their behavior their function their origin their development and growth etc.

Back 370

a. We studied biology, algebra, general business, and
English grammar.
b. their form and structure, their behavior, their function,
their origin, their development and growth, etc.

Front 371

Self Check-1:

2. Insert commas where needed in the following sentences.

c. The dark dingy musty cellar needed to be cleaned.
d. Turning his car left Bill crashed into a truck emerging from a side road.

Back 371

c. dark, dingy, musty cellar
d. Turning his car left,

Front 372

Self Check-1:

2. Insert commas where needed in the following sentences.

e. Well I guess I’ll have to agree with you.
f. As soon as he finished his jog Rich jumped into the shower.

Back 372

e. Well,
f. As soon as he finished his jog,

Front 373

Self Check-1:

2. Insert commas where needed in the following sentences.

g. He pays all his bills on the last day of the month since that’s when he receives
his paycheck.
h. Atoms which are the building blocks of nature combine to form molecules.

Back 373

g. month,
h. Atoms, which are the building blocks of nature,

Front 374

Self Check-1:

2. Insert commas where needed in the following sentences.

i. Air that’s polluted is bad for you.
j. I was sitting in the booth with my brother and his six friends decided to try to
squeeze in with us.

Back 374

i. No commas needed.
j. brother,

Front 375

Self Check-1:

3. Insert colons or semicolons into the following sentences where needed.

a. I learned all the rules and regulations of basketball however, I never really learned
to handle the ball very well.

Back 375

a. I learned all the rules and regulations of basketball;

Front 376

Self Check-1:

3. Insert colons or semicolons into the following sentences where needed.

b. When you report for the test make sure you have the following items with you at least
three sharpened No. 2 pencils, your entrance ticket, and a picture identification.

Back 376

b. the following items with you:

Front 377

Self Check-1:

3. Insert colons or semicolons into the following sentences where needed.

c. Richard had three choices have the car fixed, buy a new one, or do without.
d. We went to Niagara Falls my sister and her husband went to Cape Cod.

Back 377

c. Richard had three choices:

d. We went to Niagara Falls;

Front 378

Self Check-1:

3. Insert colons or semicolons into the following sentences where needed.

e. Her music collection included Revolution, by the Beatles The Wall, by Pink Floyd and
Harvest, by Neil Young.

Back 378

e. Her music collection included Revolution, by the Beatles; The Wall, by Pink Floyd; and Harvest,
by Neil Young.

Front 379

Self Check-2:

Insert hyphens, dashes, or parentheses in the following sentences where needed.

1. Faith, hope, and charity these are the great virtues, but the greatest of these is charity.

Back 379

1. Faith, hope, and charity—

Front 380

Self Check-2:

Insert hyphens, dashes, or parentheses in the following sentences where needed.

2. She watches television every evening MTV is her favorite station and then complains about
being tired the next morning.

Back 380

2. (MTV is her favorite station) or —MTV is her
favorite station—

Front 381

Self Check-2:

Insert hyphens, dashes, or parentheses in the following sentences where needed.

3. I felt very self conscious when it was my turn to ask exPresident Bush a question.

Back 381

3. self-conscious; ex-President

Front 382

Self Check-2:

Insert hyphens, dashes, or parentheses in the following sentences where needed.

4. Ellen was proud because of what Mr. White said that hers was a well written report on typical
behavior in fifth grade classrooms.

Back 382

4. Mr. White said—; well-written; fifth-grade

Front 383

Self Check-2:

Insert hyphens, dashes, or parentheses in the following sentences where needed.

5. Two thirds of the class voted to hold the party on a weekday.

Back 383

5. Two-thirds

Front 384

Self Check-2:

Put apostrophes in any of the following words that need one.

6. Its too late for him to pass the course.

Back 384

6. It’s

Front 385

Self Check-2:

Put apostrophes in any of the following words that need one.

7. Shaws plays are among my favorites.

Back 385

7. Shaw’s

Front 386

Self Check-2:

Put apostrophes in any of the following words that need one.

8. Someones red raincoat was left in the gym.

Back 386

8. Someone’s

Front 387

Self Check-2:

Put apostrophes in any of the following words that need one.

9. I enjoyed reading Dr. Jones article.

Back 387

9. Dr. Jones’ or Dr. Jones’s

Front 388

Self Check-2:

Put apostrophes in any of the following words that need one.

10. Has yours been published yet?

Back 388

10. correct

Front 389

Self Check-2:

Put apostrophes in any of the following words that need one.

11. Kindness doesnt cost anything.

Back 389

11. doesn’t

Front 390

Self Check-2:

Put apostrophes in any of the following words that need one.

12. He excused himself to go to the mens room.

Back 390

12. men’s

Front 391

Self Check-2:

Put apostrophes in any of the following words that need one.

13. Jerrys going to be here soon with his three sons.

Back 391

13. Jerry’s

Front 392

Self Check-2:

Put apostrophes in any of the following words that need one.

14. The trees leaves had all fallen to the ground; now its bare.

Back 392

14. tree’s; it’s

Front 393

Self Check-2:

Put apostrophes in any of the following words that need one.

15. Karens dog was carrying a bone in its mouth.

Back 393

15. Karen’s

Front 394

Self Check-2:

Substitute abbreviations and/or symbols for the appropriate words in the
following sentences.

16. My uncle is 6 feet and 5 inches tall.

Back 394

16. 6 ft. 5 in.

Front 395

Self Check-2:

Substitute abbreviations and/or symbols for the appropriate words in the
following sentences.

17. When I checked the temperature outside, it was only 12 degrees Fahrenheit.

Back 395

17. 12°F

Front 396

Self Check-2:

Substitute abbreviations and/or symbols for the appropriate words in the
following sentences.

18. The engine was running at 5000 revolutions per minute when it suddenly lost power.

Back 396

18. 5000 rpm

Front 397

Self Check-2:

Substitute abbreviations and/or symbols for the appropriate words in the
following sentences.

19. I had to go see Doctor Bogert when I sprained my ankle.

Back 397

19. Dr. Bogert

Front 398

Self Check-2:

Substitute abbreviations and/or symbols for the appropriate words in the
following sentences.

20. Margaret accepted an internship with Brown, Jones, Waterford, and Cliffs, an accounting
firm in the city.

Back 398

20. Brown, Jones, Waterford & Cliffs

Front 399

Self Check-3:

Fill in the blanks.

1. The starting point for your research should be your _______.

Back 399

1. statement of purpose

Front 400

Self Check-3:

Fill in the blanks.

2. _______ is an illegal act of using someone else’s work without giving that person credit.

Back 400

2. Plagiarism

Front 401

Self Check-3:

Fill in the blanks.

3. In text or on a works cited page, titles of books, magazines, and movies are set off
in _______.

Back 401

3. italics

Front 402

Self Check-3:

Fill in the blanks.

4. To retell another person’s story or idea in your own words is to _______.

Back 402

4. paraphrase

Front 403

Self Check-3:

Fill in the blanks.

5. Documentation isn’t necessary for information that’s _______, but is necessary for
information that’s _______, _______, or _______.

Back 403

5. common knowledge; quoted; paraphrased; summarized

Front 404

Self Check-3:

Fill in the blanks.

6. Books, periodicals, and other printed materials are considered _______ sources for research.

Back 404

6. secondary

Front 405

Self Check-3:

Fill in the blanks.

7. In documentation, _______ are used to set off titles of poetry, short stories, and
chapter titles.

Back 405

7. quotation marks

Front 406

Self Check-3:

Fill in the blanks.

8. One purpose of research is to _______ information you believe is true.

Back 406

8. confirm or verify

Front 407

Self Check-3:

Fill in the blanks.

9. Symbols may be used for indicating measurements in _______.

Back 407

9. illustrations

Front 408

Self Check-3:

Fill in the blanks.

10. Observing the behavior of teenagers at the mall is an example of _______ research.

Back 408

10. primary

Front 409

Self Check-3:

Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

______ 11. Because the Internet is a free entity, it’s not necessary to document articles
found there.

Back 409

11. False

Front 410

Self Check-3:

Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

______ 12. Use quotation marks when you’re writing the exact words of a speaker.

Back 410

12. True

Front 411

Self Check-3:

Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

______ 13. When emphasis is needed, use italics rather than quotation marks.

Back 411

13. True

Front 412

Self Check-3:

Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

______ 14. A summary of an article will always be shorter than the original.

Back 412

14. True

Front 413

Self Check-3:

Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

______ 15. Endnotes are written at the end of each page.

Back 413

15. False

Front 414

Self Check-3:

Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

______ 16. Without research and proper documentation, a professional report lacks credibility.

Back 414

16. True

Front 415

Self Check-3:

Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

______ 17. Research is always a complex process of looking up information in books.

Back 415

17. False

Front 416

Self Check-3:

Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

______ 18. The handwritten equivalent of italics is underscoring.

Back 416

18. True

Front 417

Self Check-3:

Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

______ 19. Failure to properly document a source is a violation of copyright law, punishable in a
court of law.

Back 417

19. True

Front 418

Self Check-3:

Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

______ 20. A good place to start research on a company report is in the company library.

Back 418

20. True

Front 419

Self Check-4:

Read each of the following sentences for errors in capitalization. In some instances, a word is capitalized when it shouldn’t be; in other cases, a word isn’t capitalized when it should be. Underline each word that’s capitalized incorrectly.

1. We want to finish the project before thanksgiving.

Back 419

1. Thanksgiving

Front 420

Self Check-4:

Read each of the following sentences for errors in capitalization. In some instances, a word is capitalized when it shouldn’t be; in other cases, a word isn’t capitalized when it should be. Underline each word that’s capitalized incorrectly.

2. Have I been here since sunday?

Back 420

2. Sunday

Front 421

Self Check-4:

Read each of the following sentences for errors in capitalization. In some instances, a word is capitalized when it shouldn’t be; in other cases, a word isn’t capitalized when it should be. Underline each word that’s capitalized incorrectly.

3. You can go if you want to, but i’m not going.

Back 421

3. I’m

Front 422

Self Check-4:

Read each of the following sentences for errors in capitalization. In some instances, a word is capitalized when it shouldn’t be; in other cases, a word isn’t capitalized when it should be. Underline each word that’s capitalized incorrectly.

4. please call the doctor before I return.

Back 422

4. Please

Front 423

Self Check-4:

Read each of the following sentences for errors in capitalization. In some instances, a word is capitalized when it shouldn’t be; in other cases, a word isn’t capitalized when it should be. Underline each word that’s capitalized incorrectly.

5. Please come by Tomorrow since Tuesday is my day off.

Back 423

5. tomorrow

Front 424

Self Check-4:

Read each of the following sentences for errors in capitalization. In some instances, a word is capitalized when it shouldn’t be; in other cases, a word isn’t capitalized when it should be. Underline each word that’s capitalized incorrectly.

6. Did you know where the Bensons celebrated new year’s eve?

Back 424

6. New Year’s Eve

Front 425

Self Check-4:

Read each of the following sentences for errors in capitalization. In some instances, a word is capitalized when it shouldn’t be; in other cases, a word isn’t capitalized when it should be. Underline each word that’s capitalized incorrectly.

7. It has been a very rainy Spring.

Back 425

7. spring

Front 426

Self Check-4:

Read each of the following sentences for errors in capitalization. In some instances, a word is capitalized when it shouldn’t be; in other cases, a word isn’t capitalized when it should be. Underline each word that’s capitalized incorrectly.

8. Aleta’s birthday is on february 29, so she gets presents only every four years.

Back 426

8. February

Front 427

Self Check-4:

Read each of the following sentences for errors in capitalization. In some instances, a word is capitalized when it shouldn’t be; in other cases, a word isn’t capitalized when it should be. Underline each word that’s capitalized incorrectly.

9. Every summer we drive East on Route 12 to watch the fourth of July fireworks on the beach.

Back 427

9. east; Fourth

Front 428

Self Check-4:

Read each of the following sentences for errors in capitalization. In some instances, a word is capitalized when it shouldn’t be; in other cases, a word isn’t capitalized when it should be. Underline each word that’s capitalized incorrectly.

10. Ella’s grandmother raises beautiful african violets.

Back 428

10. African

Front 429

Self Check-5:

The following sentences have one or two errors in capitalization. Rewrite the sentences,
making the necessary corrections.

1. Believe it or not, Harper climbed all of the steps in the Washington monument.

Back 429

1. Monument

Front 430

Self Check-5:

The following sentences have one or two errors in capitalization. Rewrite the sentences,
making the necessary corrections.

2. I asked my professor, dr. Wilson Snipes, what he thought of the Bill of Rights.

Back 430

2. Dr.

Front 431

Self Check-5:

The following sentences have one or two errors in capitalization. Rewrite the sentences,
making the necessary corrections.

3. Please send your Contributions to Luther Barber, 404 Lakewood avenue, Covington, SC.

Back 431

3. contributions; Avenue

Front 432

Self Check-5:

The following sentences have one or two errors in capitalization. Rewrite the sentences,
making the necessary corrections.

4. White-water rafting on the Colorado river isn’t a game for amateurs.

Back 432

4. River

Front 433

Self Check-5:

The following sentences have one or two errors in capitalization. Rewrite the sentences,
making the necessary corrections.

5. While Martha was with her Doctor, I talked to the Nurse.

Back 433

5. doctor; nurse

Front 434

Self Check-5:

The following sentences have one or two errors in capitalization. Rewrite the sentences,
making the necessary corrections.

6. We decided to drive to the grand canyon, but we ended up staying with friends in Idaho.

Back 434

6. Grand Canyon

Front 435

Self Check-5:

The following sentences have one or two errors in capitalization. Rewrite the sentences,
making the necessary corrections.

7. Homer spent two hours helping ms. Lacey fill out her Tax forms.

Back 435

7. Ms.; tax

Front 436

Self Check-5:

The following sentences have one or two errors in capitalization. Rewrite the sentences,
making the necessary corrections.

8. I enjoyed hearing rev. Liston’s Sermon.

Back 436

8. Rev.; sermon

Front 437

Self Check-5:

Rewrite the following titles with correct capitalization.

9. to kill a mockingbird

Back 437

9. To Kill a Mockingbird

Front 438

Self Check-5:

Rewrite the following titles with correct capitalization.

10. the roman spring of mrs. stone

Back 438

10. The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone

Front 439

Self Check-5:

Rewrite the following titles with correct capitalization.

11. close encounters of the third kind

Back 439

11. Close Encounters of the Third Kind

Front 440

Self Check-5:

Rewrite the following titles with correct capitalization.

12. from here to eternity

Back 440

12. From Here to Eternity

Front 441

Self Check-5:

Rewrite the following titles with correct capitalization.

13. dinotopia: the world beneath

Back 441

13. Dinotopia: The World Beneath

Front 442

Self Check-5:

Rewrite the following titles with correct capitalization.

14. you’re a good man, charlie brown

Back 442

14. You’re a Good Man, Charlie Brown

Front 443

Self Check-5:

Rewrite the following titles with correct capitalization.

15. a tale of two cities

Back 443

15. A Tale of Two Cities

Front 444

Self Check-6:

1. Form the plural of the following words.

a. chief ____________________________
b. leaf ____________________________
c. country __________________________
d. turkey __________________________
e. waltz ____________________________
f. deer ____________________________
g. goose __________________________
h. mouse __________________________

Back 444

1.

a. chiefs
b. leaves
c. countries
d. turkeys
e. waltzes
f. deer
g. geese
h. mice

Front 445

Self Check-6:

2. Change the following noun phrases so that each includes a possessive. Example: The glasses of the doctor—the doctor’s glasses
a. the sister of Lois
b. a vacation of two weeks
c. the parents of the children
d. the dresses of the ladies
e. the branch of the tree

Back 445

2.

a. Lois’s or Lois’ sister
b. two weeks’ vacation
c. the children’s parents

d. the ladies’ dresses
e. the tree’s branch

Front 446

Self Check-6:

3. Correct any misspelled words in the following sentences.

a. There house is on fire.

Back 446

a. Their

Front 447

Self Check-6:

3. Correct any misspelled words in the following sentences.

b. Marcy swerved and stepped on the breaks.

Back 447

b. brakes

Front 448

Self Check-6:

3. Correct any misspelled words in the following sentences.

c. The camels moved like saleing ships across the burning dessert.

Back 448

c. sailing; desert

Front 449

Self Check-6:

3. Correct any misspelled words in the following sentences.

d. In Carrie’s judgement, her mother was to blame.

Back 449

d. judgment

Front 450

Self Check-6:

3. Correct any misspelled words in the following sentences.

e. Craig was embarassed when his daugter droped her plate.

Back 450

e. embarrassed; daughter; dropped

Front 451

Self Check-6:

3. Correct any misspelled words in the following sentences.

f. Obeying his conscence, Mike agreed to forfiet the game.

Back 451

f. conscience; forfeit

Front 452

Self Check-6:

3. Correct any misspelled words in the following sentences.

g. That families merryment seems to effect they’re pets, too.

Back 452

g. family’s; merriment; affect; their

Front 453

Self Check-6:

3. Correct any misspelled words in the following sentences.

h. Jesse said he couldn’t here the band from his third-tear seat.

Back 453

h. hear; third-tier

Front 454

Self Check-6:

3. Correct any misspelled words in the following sentences.

i. Who’s house will we go to after the plain lands?

Back 454

i. Whose; plane

Front 455

Self Check-6:

3. Correct any misspelled words in the following sentences.

j. Julie’s freind said her nervousness wasn’t that noticable.

Back 455

j. friend; noticeable

Front 456

Self Check-6:

3. Correct any misspelled words in the following sentences.

k. We went to three diffrent church’s to hear there sopranoes sing.

Back 456

k. different; churches; their; sopranos

Front 457

Self Check-6:

3. Correct any misspelled words in the following sentences.

l. We went into the boss’s office to see if the chefs had brought the potatoes.

Back 457

l. No errors

Front 458

What are the conjunctive adverbs?

Back 458

Therefore,