Moreover, the appropriateness of heteronormativity is universally acknowledged and supported. Not only the protection of the heteronormative culture in the United States in the 20th century, but also in Africa, China, and the Victorian age pornography. According to the series of the secret history of civilization (1999) by Bailey and Barbato, in the Victorian age, pornography was invented as an amusement for Victorians, and an approach to explore bodies and pleasure. Sexual practice is no longer hide and became the erotic art instead. Yet, the ‘secret space’ reflects a heteronormative-like pornography industry. For example, sexual pleasure mainly means the so-called male-female pattern, due to the sexual representation images and statues in
