The only differences were found in the fMRI scanner and revealed that different brain regions were activated. SCWT checks everyday activities such as reading and color recognition. Going against the automatic responses (verbal perseverations) or impulsive graphomotor actions (CTT 's near-miss errors) requires mental discipline and learning new ways of…
Jeffrey Herf’s book Divided Memory: The Nazi Past in the Two Germanys studies the distinct ways in which post-World War II German national political leaders in both the East and West were influenced by both their pre-war beliefs and post-war “political interests in domestic and international politics”. Herf specifically addresses four questions he wishes to find an answer to: why did German politicians place such prominence on to Nazi crimes in mainstream political rhetoric after 1945; why did the “public memory” of the Holocaust differ so much between the GDR and FRG; how did each side “approach the issues of memory and justice”; and finally, “how did the Cold War affect discussion of the Jewish catastrophe in both Germanys? (p.2).” It is…
Again, the multitude of errors immensely depletes the validity of this article. Summary Baddeley gave a thorough description of the working memory system. Within that description he highlighted the central executive, phonological loop, and the visuo-spatial scratch pad.…
Sensory memory registers a large capacity of environmental information while short-term memory has a limited capacity of retrieving information. Short- term memory has new…
The Baddeley-Hitch model was developed to explain and to help us understand what is meant by “Working Memory.” It is said that Working Memory was developed because they thought that short-term memory was lacking some details. Since short-term memory is for storing information for only a short period of time; working memory manipulates the information for more complex cognition. Not only did Baddeley-Hitch thought that short-term memory had its issues, but they wanted to develop an alternative model for STM and develop something that will provide a different view of the working memory system. Baddeley-Hitch defined Working Memory as “a limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such…
In response to this identity theory of memory, philosophers Clark and Chalmers proposed a theory of memory that holds that memory is a kind of mental storage similar to a notebook. According to Clark and Chalmers, facts are recorded in the minds just as facts can be recorded in a notebook. As such, memory is a storage of ideas and experiences that can be called upon by the mind to be used in our day-to-day cognition. To illustrate this, Clark and Chalmers compare two examples of memory.…
Rats were trained to swim to hidden platform in the water maze (Morris, 1984). The maze consisted of a 120 cm diameter, 46 cm high circular pool filled with black ink and maintained at 25–26°C. The 10 cm diameter platform was 0.5–1 cm below the surface of the black ink water. The pool was placed in the center of an enclosure with white walls and a colored geometric figure on each of the walls (triangle, square, circle, and strip) that served as spatial cues. In the place navigation task which included 3 consecutive days, each rats was placed in the pool six times, starting in a random order of direction: north, south, east, or west with 30-min intervals between trials.…
Internally Generated Cell Assembly Sequences in the Rat Hippocampus (Summary) It was long thought that the hippocampus was the seat of spatial navigation. However, newer models suggest that other cognitive processes such as episodic memory and action planning depend on the hippocampus. Further, these models suggest that this activity might be internally organized cell assemblies.…
The specific are for mastery would be language arts, specifically reading comprehension. I will focus on reading comprehension to test Mary’s ability to find the main idea and comprehend what she is reading. It has been shown that Mary has a difficulty finding the main idea and theme of a story independently on reading tests and in small reading groups. To collect the baseline data I will use a probe the tests reading comprehension. The probe I will use is called A Maze Passage Generator, this probe creates and generates sentences to test reading comprehension.…
The Hippocampus is a part of the brain in the Limbic System. This part is where long-term memory is stored. If this part becomes dysfunctional in any given person, he or she will be unable to form long-term memories. Therefore, that person will only have short term memory that will not change to long-term during sleep, so he or she will lose any new memories gained throughout the day. A case study that was done on this phenomenon in the 1950’s was done on Henry Molaison.…
Memory plays an important role in people’s everyday lives. It allows people with tasks such as going to the shop and remembering everything they need to buy, or where and when they’ve to be somewhere for a meeting. Memory can be explained by using two psychological approaches: Biological and Cognitive.…
It is critical to survival the ability to distinguish between a dangerous and a safe context. A place with aversive connotations generates a fear memory associated to a context; however, when the same place becomes safe, after reexposure, an extinction memory is generated (LeDoux, 2000). Therefore, both the fear and the extinction memory are evoked by the same context, and after some time, the fear memory usually persists and overcomes the extinction memory (Sotres-Bayon et al., 2006; Ji and Maren, 2007). This phenomenon, designated as spontaneous recovery of fear, is an increasing problem for those patients who are treating the emotional outcomes of previous traumatic events as in the Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)(Andero and Ressler,…
Introduction There has been much evidence to support the theory that the usage of schematic categorization has been correlated to greater memory recall and has been linked to the levels of processing theory. The study being replicated is Mandler and Pearlstone (1966). This study was chosen as investigates schematic processing, and the role it plays on subsequent recall. A schema is the mental representation of an object, person, events or actions developed from our past knowledge of the world; it allows us to make broad generalizations on how things work around us.…
METHODS Subjects The study consisted of four rats. All the rats are male and are virtual albino Sprague-dawley. The rats in this study are not previously conditioned.…
6.1 RESULTS 6.1.1 Barrier Effects on Choice Behavior Over training days (i.e., Discrimination phase III), the mice came to choose the arm containing the Higher reward (HR arm) on a majority of trials in the absence of a barrier (Day effect: F (5, 40) = 4.7, p <0.001). Without the barrier, the mice chose the HR arm more often on the third day of training in comparison to the first training day (Fisher’s PLSD, p <0.001). When the 20-cm barrier was placed in the HR arm, the number of HR arm choices significantly decreased. Specifically, the mice chose the HR arm less on the first day of training with the barrier in comparison to the second and third days of training without the barrier (Fisher’s PLSD, p < 0.001 and 0.0001, respectively).…