Summary Of Langston Hughes's Passing

Improved Essays
Journal Ten Both the novella Passing by Nella Larsen and the section of Langston Hughes’ work The Ways of White Folks entitled Dear Ma deal with the subject of African American people who are “passing” as white. The term passing means to be accepted for what one is not, and in this case refers to an African American being accepted as white. Both stories take place decades ago, 1929 in Passing and 1934 in Dear Ma. This was a period of time when racism, ignorance, and bigotry were found everywhere, and controlled they way society worked. Despite not being from this time period, nor being African American, I’m going to give my thoughts on how the passing of oneself as a different race may impact one’s personal relationships. To do this, I’m going …show more content…
She is introduced early on, and we quickly learn that she is an African American who has ‘passed over’ and is currently married to a white man and has a daughter. During a sitting for tea with main character Irene, we learn that Clare is content with her life. Despite her acceptance of life a white woman, Clare tells Irene that she wishes she could see those from her past, and is eager to meet with Irene. Because the novella is from Irene’s point of view, we don’t know Clare’s actual thoughts in feelings on the matter, though we can assume some things by the way Irene describes Clare’s actions. Irene has trouble understanding why Clare is so adamant on seeing her again, and I wonder if this is due to a longing for connection to a past she must hide from those who are currently in her life, including her husband and child. Because Irene is also light skinned, Clare can pass her off as a friend from the past without admitting to her actual race and background. From what I can see so far, Clare does not regret her decision to pass over, but does have a certain wistfulness for the African American community see grew up in and currently has cut ties from. Perhaps this shows how much strain it can put not only on a person’s relationships, but also themselves to pass as a different …show more content…
Due to this letter being in the passing person’s own eyes, we can get a better understanding of how Jack feels than we can of Clare. It becomes obvious throughout the letter that Jack does not regret his decision to pass over, just as it seems Clare does not. This is interesting, because we also learn how much strain it puts on his relationship with his family, none of whom are light skinned enough to pass. Jack describes how his brother is resentful of his passing, and how he always has been. Because Jack is confused over this, we can see how different his life is than that of his siblings. Jack has possibly never had to deal first hand with being seen as inferior as his siblings and mother have, and has therefore lived a different life then them. This difference in life experience can perhaps explain Jack’s confusion over his brother’s feelings as well as the easiness in which he accepts the different life despite the rift it causes between him and his

Related Documents

  • Great Essays

    Langston Hughes has been revered as the "’O. Henry of Harlem,’ the ‘Dean of Negro Writers in America,’ and the ‘Negro Poet Laureate,’" as well as “’the Poet Laureate’ of Black America’” (Scott 1; Waldron 140). He was a pivotal figure in the Harlem Renaissance and, in fact, defined the movement from a literary point of view. He also contributed an unsurpassed personal account of the movement in his autobiography The Big Sea (Gates and McKay 1251). Hughes was a prolific writer and produced plays, novels, autobiographies, newspaper columns, African American histories, short stories, books for juveniles, and anthologies, as well as poems (Scott 1). His poetic creations embody some of the most characteristic aspects of African American poetry…

    • 1638 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Great Essays
  • Superior Essays

    This is applicable to Passing, Irene and Clare are both reduced to body parts as well: their eyes and their hair. Irene’s internal and external conflicts prove her to be an unreliable narrator. When Clare visits Irene, she is determined on not allowing her back into the African-American circle but “before Irene could greet her [Irene] had dropped a kiss on her dark curls. Looking at the woman before her, Irene Redfield had a sudden inexplicable onrush of affectionate feeling” (Larsen 65). The “dark curls” are Irene’s physical trait that are directly associated with her African American culture, what Landry refers to as “an exterior testament to her chosen race loyalty” (Landry 39). The fact that Clare specifically chooses to kiss her hair shows that interest in their “black” features. Normally, this kiss would seem as nothing more than a friendly greeting, however that kiss suddenly evokes excessive affection out of Irene. It is Irene’s narration, or interpretation, of that kiss that gives it a sexual undertone. In a way, Irene sexualizes herself because she has an unconscious sexual desire for Clare. To validate those feelings, Irene transfers those desires into that kiss, emphasizing their mutual attraction towards each other’s “exotic” features. The unreliability of the narrators is consequent of the fact that both Yunior and Irene permit their personal ideas to influence and…

    • 1903 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Superior Essays
  • Improved Essays

    I did get a better understanding of the novel, Passing, by Nella Larsen because this article re-evaluated important aspects of the book. She also challenged other critics to make her point across and used many key quotes that made my understanding of the novel better. One particular point in the article, that I most certainly agreed with was the part in which she states, “Irene is aware that she often feels outnumbered, a sense of aloneness in her adherence to her own class and kind; not merely in the great thing of marriage but in the whole pattern of her life. These details suggest that Clare ironically infiltrates a particular segment of dominant American society whereas Irene yearns for assimilation or absorption into the same world,” (Brody, 1992) and this true. Throughout the novel of Passing, Irene always is seeking a way to understand the world and she does this by essentially, crossing over and getting the white privilege whenever she wants. Irene at times says crossing over like Clare, in totality, is wrong but Irene in doing so whenever she wants is also something that is just as wrong. One particular point in the article, that I disagree with is when she states, “Irene kills Clare in part because Clare is black and most hated,” (Brody, 1992), and I have to say that this is something, in my opinion, that I cannot agree with. I do not agree with that statement because I believe that Irene killed Clare mainly out of jealousy. Jealousy because Irene was very envious of the life Clare lived and also because Clare ruined everything in her life the moment she stepped in. Thus, I believe that Irene did not kill Clare just because she was black nor because she was the most…

    • 1205 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    In his work “Salvation”, Langston Hughes, as a young African-American child, decided to describe a life-changing experience that occurred in his beliefs. At the age of twelve years old, Hughes describes that he has come to the point in his life that gained him the opportunity of being “saved” by Jesus. Just like all the other children, he was expected to accept Jesus’ into his life, and by doing so, he would be saved. Therefore, when the time came, Langston was escorted to the front row, and placed with the other children that were ready to also be saved. As the ceremony started to commence, the children were greeted with sermons, prayers, and moans from the clergy. One after another, Langston became aware that more and more children began…

    • 757 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Their relationship is quickly revealed within the first two pages of the book when Larsen writes, “bringing them to a clear, sharp remembrance, in which even now, after two years, humiliation, resentment, and rage were mingled”. (Larsen 1082) This first mention about their relationship clearly shows that it is not a very happy relationship between the two of them. This quotes also hints that they had a past together and at one point, something happened that cause Irene to have these strong feelings towards Clare. This is just the start of the portrayal of envy from the side of Irene in this story. Irene also become extremely mad and envious of Clare during the Re-encounter because Clare’s avowed yearning for “[her] own people” (1104). Another thing that makes Irene really envious is that “Clare not only wanted to have her cake and eat it too, but she wanted to nibble at the cakes of other folk as well.” (1104) She always wants to go out and be white, but when shes around black people she wants to embrace it. This is because Clare can pick and choose what parts of her life can interact with black people. She has a great life, but she also chooses to be selfish and make the lives of others around her worse. When it is convenient for her she wants to be black, but when it is not “Clare cared nothing for the race. She only belonged to it”. (1105) So again Clare has…

    • 1415 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Superior Essays

    Clare’s ability to “pass” and her disregard for moral codes allow her to transgress sexual and racial boundaries. Though Irene scorns Clare’s “passing”, she is secretly drawn to her lifestyle, professing that the woman “was…capable of heights and depths of feeling that she…had never known” (51). Clare’s ability to defy boundaries of sex and race both fascinates and repulses Irene. When discussing the matter with her husband Brian, Irene notes of “passing”, “We disapprove of it and at the same time condone it. It excites our contempt and yet we rather admire it. We shy away from it with an odd kind of revulsion, but we protect it” (42). Irene is both offended by and attracted to Clare’s taboo behavior. In fact she is envious of Clare’s intimate life because of its striking contrast to her own. Yet Irene represses these desires and openly condemns Clare’s behavior. It is only after she had learned that the woman sitting across from her at the Drayton Hotel was in fact her childhood friend Clare Kendry that Irene deems the woman’s flirtatious smile “too provocative for a waiter” (10). By Irene’s strict standards, Clare’s promiscuity is not representative of proper conduct for middle-class black women. Jenkins notes that while Clare exhibits such behavior when “passing” as white, “it is precisely her affiliation with ‘blackness’ which makes her behavior threatening” (149). Clare’s sexual availability to both black and white men only plays upon the stereotype that black women are promiscuous and ultimately discredits her race. By living as freely as she does, Clare Kendry dares to violate the black moral codes upheld by Irene, insulting herself and the race. Clare’s “passing” allows her to experience, with ease, the middle-class success that Irene has worked so hard to attain. Acknowledging her resentment of the other’s life would only undermine Irene’s efforts…

    • 1604 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Superior Essays
  • Improved Essays

    [Frame] The aspect of passing, where a person pretends they are someone they are not and strive to either fool someone or protect themselves, became commoner with the increase of tension and anxiety with identities in the 1920s. [Transition to the specific text] In the novel, Passing, Nella Larsen bases her story off of black women passing as white to create better opportunities for themselves. [Thesis] Larsen uses a strong change in tone and diction to help describe the strained relationship between Clare and Irene and how Irene was more accepting of Irene in the beginning of the novel than the end. [Map of the two scenes] In the beginning of Passing, Irene opens a letter from Clare which provides her with anger and confusion while she still…

    • 940 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Superior Essays

    Irene spends a great deal of time in Passing struggling with her opinion of Clare. While she makes Clare out to be a horrid person who disregards other’s feelings, Irene continually interacts with her. This double standard also appears in Irene’s view of passing. Even though she condemns Clare for taking part in passing, Irene, herself, will occasionally take part in the act of passing. Irene dislikes for passing can be explained by her struggle with her identity, and this struggle with her identity makes Irene into an unreliable narrator because all of Irene’s actions are based on how she believes she should act, and her opinion on how she identifies conflicts with how she presents herself and other characters.…

    • 1170 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Superior Essays
  • Improved Essays

    She was someone who felt the need to hide her black side. She felt the need to hide that part of herself, because of her husband John Bellew, who was a big time racist that did not know that his wife was black. As Irene put it Clare, “was someone caught between two allegiances, different, yet the same. Herself. Her race. Race! The thing that bound and suffocated her. Whatever steps she took, or if she took none at all, something would be crushed. A person or the race. Clare, herself, or the race. Or, it might be, all three” (78). Clare’s ‘passing’ and her desire to reenter parts of her black experience was her decision. In the end of the novel before she dies, the readers can assume that Clare truly believed that her true identity was white, because she suppressed her black side for so long. Also in the final scene before she passed away, she wore a red gown that was symbolic of her identity…

    • 1170 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Langston Hughes had a rather difficult life in post-war United States, as with the United States being a rather racist society, excluding and handicapping all races besides white. Hughes, being partially African American, White American, and Native American, Hughes experienced the worst of the worlds firsthand. He was under the stereotypes all the time, it be African American stereotypes, or Native American stereotypes. As a result of this racism he endured, Hughes poems was directed towards American society and towards the ruined dreams of people that were suppressed by the racism.…

    • 355 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    Irene passes as it pleases her while Clare has fully passed over, marrying a white man and almost completely cutting out any relation to her life with the black community from before. At Clare’s tea party, all three women, Clare, Gertrude, and Irene, talk about their children and their perspectives on their children’s skin color. Both Clare and Gertrude express their distress when they were pregnant that they feared their children would be born with darker skin. Clare, having concealed her race from her husband, exclaims that she “nearly died of terror the whole nine months before Margery was born for fear she might be dark… the strain is simply too —too hellish” (Larsen 36). For those nine months, Clare lived with the fear that she would be discovered that she was part black and that it would show in her child, compromising her own financial security, social status, and even her safety. Although Gertrude did marry a white man who knows her race, she still relives her apprehension, saying how it was “awful the way [skin color] skips generations and then pops out… he said he didn’t care what colour it turned out… but of course, no one wants a dark child” (Larsen 36). Gertrude still desires to pass, and she would rather her boys pass too, giving them better opportunities for schooling, work, and social than if they were labelled as “black.” Irene, having married Brian, a black man, does not depend on passing to secure her life and safety, and the audience is able to see her thoughts about Clare and how fully passing is a dangerous way to…

    • 1092 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Improved Essays

    All types of kids will die someday no matter how hard you try to make their lives better economically; similar to the tale “Kids Who Die” by Langston Hughes. Hughes was a literary icon well known for writing about the African Americans’ experience with racism and discrimination during the 1950-1960’s. He was the leading voice of the Harlem Renaissance, promoting upcoming young poets. On the other hand, he was the first black poet to support himself through his writing, according to the Poetry Foundation. In this poem, the theme displays children will die to strive for a better lifestyle, while the affluent people are living care-free.…

    • 966 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
  • Great Essays

    Clare marries a businessman who is always traveling, and her fear of having a dark child clarifies the situation. On the other hand, Irene sexless marriage is due to sleeping in different beds (with her husband, Brian). But also,“[Brian believes sex] is a grand joke, the greatest in the world” (Larsen 42). With the absence of sex in their marriages “Larsen can flirt… with the idea of a lesbian relationship between them” (McDowell 370). Irene passes for heterosexual while loving Clare because she doesn’t want to lose her morality. Irene Redfield begins to have feelings for Clare Kendry when they reunite at the Drayton. Irene sees indubitably the day she receives Clare’s letter, “significantly, the novel’s opening image is an envelope (a metaphoric vagina) which Irene hesitates to open” (McDowell 374). She sees a world of danger; the world that might over through her middle-class morality, worrying about “appearance, social respectability, and safety” (McDowell 374), therefore, rejecting Clare. Irene’s feelings for Clare aggrandize at Clare’s tea party. Where “Irene Redfield [tries] to understand the look [on] Clare’s face as she said goodbye[,] something that she could find no name” (Larsen 33). Furthermore, this feelings overgrow in Irene’s bedroom. As Irene feelings awaken, Irene feels a threat to her security, middle-class morality, and her middle-class standing. Therefore, Imagining a romance…

    • 1502 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Great Essays
  • Great Essays

    This could probably serve as a reason Irene did not tell John of Clare’s true identity. The entire idea of Clare hiding her race and colour from her husband seemed concerning and offensive to Irene. But “she had to Clare kendry a duty. She was bound to her by those very ties of race, which, for all her repudiation of them, Clare had been unable to completely sever” (Larsen, 52). Race became a reason for Irene to remain loyal to her friend, because by betraying her friend, she was also betraying herself since she was also passing/doing the same as Clare. The importance Irene gave to ‘passing’ and maintaining her social class had already forced her to suppress her so called feelings for Clare, but had also allowed Larsen to leave it up to her audience to decide whether Irene’s paranoid behaviour and suspicions (of Clare betraying their friendship) were a result of Irene’s confused feelings over Clare or the feelings of jealousy which developed from Clare’s proximity to Brian. This paranoid behaviour had resulted into a psychological turmoil in Irene’s life, where she had allowed herself to believe that Clare and Brian were sharing an illegitimate relationship. In order to support her claim, Larsen, using Irene’s point of view as her getaway, provides sufficient information to discuss how the institution…

    • 1353 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Great Essays
  • Great Essays

    Passing By Nella Larsen

    • 1185 Words
    • 5 Pages

    In the novella, Passing, Nella Larsen portrays the multifaceted struggles an African-American woman must delicately balance in order to survive in society in the 1920’s through the character of Irene Redfield. When Irene and her childhood acquaintance Clare Kendry happen upon each other at a restaurant in Chicago, they are both “passing” for white women. It quickly becomes clear that Clare has been living as a white woman, while Irene utilizes her ability to pass exclusively when she needs to - a point of pride for her. This choice connects to her choice to support Clare, because it is impossible to support Clare in her endeavors, to support Clare in her double life and her marriage to a racist, without feeling guilt and responsibility for…

    • 1185 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Great Essays