Comparing with other disabilities, diseases, spinal cord injury is a critical disorder in worldwide.
Physiology and anatomy
The spinal cord(SC) is a grayish-white structure that begins superiorly at the foramen magnum in the skull, where it is continuous with the medulla obolongata of the brain. It terminates at the level of the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra. The spinal cord is located within the vertebral canal of the vertebral column, which is surrounded by three meninges: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. Further the protection is provided by the cerebrospinal fluid(CSF), which surrounds the spinal cord in the subarachnoid space.
The SC is roughly cylindrical and composed of an inner core of gray matter, which is surrounded by an outer covering of white matter. The gray matter is seen in cross section as an H- shaped pillar containing the cell bodies and dendrites of afferent neurons and glial cells. While the white matter is composed of mostly myelinated axons.
The lower motor neurons presents in the gray matter , which branch out from the cord to muscles, internal organs and tissue in other parts of the body. The upper motor neuron is located in the brain. …show more content…
But injury can happen in any part of the cord. Injury may occur mainly due to compression or contusion. It ultimately leads to disruption in the normal homeostasis of the body. Two steps are involved in this injury which leads to it acute to chronic phases. One is primary injury and another is secondary injury. Primary injury involved due to displacement of bone or disc into the spinal cord during fracture of the spine. On the other hand secondary injury developed due to the mechanical injury involvement. It includes several biological events like – vascular changes, free radical formation, lipid peroxidation, disruption of ionic balance, glutamate toxicity, apoptosis, inflammatory response, blood flow changes and
Physiology and anatomy
The spinal cord(SC) is a grayish-white structure that begins superiorly at the foramen magnum in the skull, where it is continuous with the medulla obolongata of the brain. It terminates at the level of the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra. The spinal cord is located within the vertebral canal of the vertebral column, which is surrounded by three meninges: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. Further the protection is provided by the cerebrospinal fluid(CSF), which surrounds the spinal cord in the subarachnoid space.
The SC is roughly cylindrical and composed of an inner core of gray matter, which is surrounded by an outer covering of white matter. The gray matter is seen in cross section as an H- shaped pillar containing the cell bodies and dendrites of afferent neurons and glial cells. While the white matter is composed of mostly myelinated axons.
The lower motor neurons presents in the gray matter , which branch out from the cord to muscles, internal organs and tissue in other parts of the body. The upper motor neuron is located in the brain. …show more content…
But injury can happen in any part of the cord. Injury may occur mainly due to compression or contusion. It ultimately leads to disruption in the normal homeostasis of the body. Two steps are involved in this injury which leads to it acute to chronic phases. One is primary injury and another is secondary injury. Primary injury involved due to displacement of bone or disc into the spinal cord during fracture of the spine. On the other hand secondary injury developed due to the mechanical injury involvement. It includes several biological events like – vascular changes, free radical formation, lipid peroxidation, disruption of ionic balance, glutamate toxicity, apoptosis, inflammatory response, blood flow changes and