Migration is an essential condition for the existence of human life and thus it existed in the past throughout human life, exists in the present, and will continue in the future also, in one or other form, overcoming all the barriers, whether it be natural or artificial created to curb or control it. It is an important phenomenon touching almost all aspects of life - social, economical, political, cultural, health and hygiene. India, 68.9 per cent of the population lives in 6.40 lakh villages. The share of agriculture to overall GDP in India has come down to 14 percent, while 66.2 percent of rural males and 81.6 percent of rural females are engaged in agriculture as cultivators or labourers. Inadequate diversification has taken place in rural
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Their circumstances, and in turn their capacity to migrate, plan and control their journey as well as its outcomes, vary according to their income, social networks, education, and local gender dynamics. Migration out of reach for many rural women Migration requires resources and, as such, it is not available to everyone. Women who represent the poorest of the poor in rural areas often lack the resources to migrate (e.g. information, land ownership, assets and social networks). Even in households where these resources exist, the larger family may control them, constraining women’s migration opportunities Women can be more physically vulnerable and can be restrained in their movement by their caring and reproductive responsibilities. Cultural norms, which can be particularly stringent in rural areas, can also dictate that it is not acceptable for women to travel on their own. That type of restriction may mean that women have to travel shorter distances or stay put altogether .For those living in remote and isolated areas, other obstacles include the lack of proper identity documents and difficulties in accessing transport or information. Indeed, besides the fact that information sources on migration may be scarce in rural areas, rural women, who constitute the bulk of the world’s illiterate people, face increased difficulties in accessing reliable information on legal and safe migration channels. Rural women who do migrate can move to another rural area (rural-to-rural migration), relocate in cities (rural-to-urban migration) or cross international borders (rural-to-international migration). The latter pattern is more likely to occur when connections and support networks are readily available in rural areas through migrant workers or recruitment agencies .When these support structures are absent, rural women often first migrate to urban areas, to gain training and connections before migrating
Their circumstances, and in turn their capacity to migrate, plan and control their journey as well as its outcomes, vary according to their income, social networks, education, and local gender dynamics. Migration out of reach for many rural women Migration requires resources and, as such, it is not available to everyone. Women who represent the poorest of the poor in rural areas often lack the resources to migrate (e.g. information, land ownership, assets and social networks). Even in households where these resources exist, the larger family may control them, constraining women’s migration opportunities Women can be more physically vulnerable and can be restrained in their movement by their caring and reproductive responsibilities. Cultural norms, which can be particularly stringent in rural areas, can also dictate that it is not acceptable for women to travel on their own. That type of restriction may mean that women have to travel shorter distances or stay put altogether .For those living in remote and isolated areas, other obstacles include the lack of proper identity documents and difficulties in accessing transport or information. Indeed, besides the fact that information sources on migration may be scarce in rural areas, rural women, who constitute the bulk of the world’s illiterate people, face increased difficulties in accessing reliable information on legal and safe migration channels. Rural women who do migrate can move to another rural area (rural-to-rural migration), relocate in cities (rural-to-urban migration) or cross international borders (rural-to-international migration). The latter pattern is more likely to occur when connections and support networks are readily available in rural areas through migrant workers or recruitment agencies .When these support structures are absent, rural women often first migrate to urban areas, to gain training and connections before migrating