Albuterol is an adrenergic receptor agonist with pharmacological properties and therapeutic indications similar to terbutaline. The mechanism of the anti-asthmatic action of adrenergic receptor agonists is without a doubt linked to the direct relaxation of airway smooth muscle and the bronchodilator. Although human bronchial smooth muscle receives little or no sympathetic stoppage, it contains large numbers of adrenergic receptors. When the adrenergic receptors activate the adenylyl cyclase cyclic AMP pathway it causes reduction in smooth muscle tone. Adrenergic receptor agonist for example, albuterol and isoproterenol, also increase the conductance of large Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels in airway smooth muscle, which then causes the membrane…
In an asthmatic occurrence albuterol would be used as a bronchodilator in the efforts to open up the airway to help the patient breath better. In conjunction with the albuterol a corticosteroid would be used as an inflammatory. The corticosteroid is used to prevent or help ease the inflammation within the airway of the patient. When using these two medications together give the patient maximum control of their breathing without becoming ventilated.…
1. Classify JR’s asthma severity and control based on signs and symptoms prior to ER admission. JR’s severity would be moderate relating to the fact that he has more than one nighttime awakening; symptoms are daily with wheezing and shortness of breath (SOB); daily use of albuterol; exposure to smoke and allergens. (Chisholm-, Schwinghammer, Wells, Kolesar, & DiPiro, 2016, p. 243). His asthma is not well controlled related to daily use of inhalers; symptoms are > 2 times a week; continued exposure to allergens and triggers.…
The recurrence and severity of attacks are influenced by several triggers, of which exposure to tobacco smoke and viral illnesses are the most frequently identify factors. Other respiratory exposure are air pollution, allergens, dust, cold air, exercise, perfumes, or medicines may contribute to asthma attacks. Autonomic and inflammatory mediators especially arachidonic acid derivate such as leukotrienes play important roles. Mild episodic asthma is well managed with the intermittent use of short-acting inhaled beta 2 agonists, such as albuterol. Patients with more severe disease or frequent exacerbation rely on medication to control the disease, such as inhale corticosteroids.…
During an acute exacerbation of asthma, allergens are inhaled and attach to IgE molecules that are bound to the outside of mast cells in the airways (Douglas and Elward 2010). IgE molecules are a type of antibody that are secreted by B lymphocytes in response to allergens (Douglas and Elward 2010; Holgate and Douglass 2010). Once the allergens have attached to the IgE molecules on the mast cells, the mast cell then secretes histamine, prostaglandin D2 and leukotriene C4 (Bradding et al. 2006). These are chemical mediators which can induce bronchoconstriction, excess mucus secretion and mucosal oedema (Bledsoe et al. 2004;…
Assessment Task Two Case Study Question 1 Mr. Harding has a number of ‘pre-morbid’ chronic conditions that may be impacting on his admission and the care you will need to provide. Choose two (2) of Mr. Harding’s chronic diseases, explain the pathophysiology. What organs are affected by each disorder? (20 marks/10 per disorder) Asthma Asthma is a chronic syndrome related to the inflamed airways of the lungs (Rogers 2010).…
It would be beneficial to educate Tracy, focusing on different medications, treatments, safety concerns and risk factors that could possibly be integrated into her management. Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease, characterized by episodes or attacks of impaired breathing. Symptoms are caused by inflammation of small airways and may include bronchial hyper-responsiveness, recurrent attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and coughing. The variable airflow obstruction is often reversible, either spontaneously or by treatment with…
In modern Western society, avoiding contact with the numerous pollutants and substances that can trigger an asthma attack is virtually impossible. In the home, the workplace, even in the air we breathe, we're surrounded by an endless list of potential asthma triggers. A vast range of stimuli can trigger asthma attacks. Chief culprits include dust mites, air conditioning (which cycles offending substances into the air we breathe) and something as simple as cat dander!…
The impact of asthma is different for each individual. Tu’s asthmatic symptoms’ such as chronic cough, wheeze, chest tightness and shortness of breath has impact her a lot. In her young days she used to miss school and when she started work as a healthcare she reported sick a lot. After few months of her employment she had an asthmatic attack. This was a life threatening experience for Tu, which lead to an acute hospital admission for 3 weeks.…
Asthma affects a lot of people in this world from children, Adults, and elderly; some have a hard time adjusting because there’s so many things you have to be cautious about. Diseases that affect the airway can be very challenging and difficult to live with, especially for children because they have to have to be very careful not to do anything to trigger their asthma. How Asthma is Trigger People today are living with asthma and will probably never know because they never had any signs or symptoms to occur until something triggers their…
Asthma Asthma is a respiratory tract disease characterized by spasms of the airway tube that can affect individuals. According to Huether and McCance (2012) well over 34 million adult and children were diagnosed with asthma by health care providers. Although, it is more prevalent during childhood. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the pathophysiology of chronic and acute asthma disorders, implications of genetics on Asthma, as well as diagnosis and treatment. Pathophysiology of Chronic Asthma Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that is characterized by intermittent period of acute airflow obstruction (Kennedy 2006).…
The worldwide prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity increased from 4.2% in 1990 to 6.7% in 2010. This trend is likely to continue and the prevalence is expected to reach 9.1%, or 60 million, in 2020 (Raj Manu, 2012). Additionally, it is known that childhood obesity is occurring at younger ages. Obesity in children can affect their health by potentially having to deal with hypertension, diabetes type 2, sleep apnea, Asthma and or heart and liver complications due to child obesity. These health problems can have a dramatic effect on a child’s everyday life.…
The purpose of this literature review is to have a look at the various information available, regarding the relationship between stress and asthma. There is more to stress than a state of mind, it is a physical state of being that can affect the immune system and possibly airflow, and as a result may have an effect on asthma (Vig, Forsythe, and Vliagoftis, 2006). We are in search of the connection between stress and asthmatic symptoms as well as the emotional effects asthma has on the individual. Stressful life situations and asthma The relationship begins with the effect that “life” has on our physical bodies and health.…
Asthma has been associated with a reduction of antioxidants in the diet (vitamin E, vitamin C, carotenoids, selenium, polyphenols and fruit, zinc), a reduction of n-3 PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) and an increase in n-6 PUFAs, and vitamin D supplementation or deficiency (K and Deveroux). The nutrition of pregnant women and young children has been researched, this is due because it is believed that nutrition may be a key factor in the “development of the airways and the immune system, possibly already in the womb, through epigenetic mechanisms. As the development of the lungs and airways is regulated by genetic and epigenetic factors that may be affected by the environment.” (Peroni, Bonomo, Casarotto, Boner, and Piacentini). For example,…
The main purpose of asthma medications is to assist the patient in remaining symptom free. The patient should feel free to consult with their physician if he/she feels that their medications require alterations (AAAAI,…