That was established by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife…
This case implicated a challenge brought by the Western Watersheds Project (“WWP”), in which the Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”) decided to grant a 10 -year grazing permit to LHS Spilt Rock Ranch, LLC (“Split Rock”), for four federal public land allotments in central Wyoming (“the Split Rock allotments”).1 The 102-page Environmental Assessment was published in 2009. Relying largely on the 2005 Rangeland Health Standards Assessment (RHS), it recognized significant ecological issues on the rangeland. The Environmental Assessment took into account five alternatives to address these issues, however, it merely studied three in detail.2 Two alternatives, discussed as “No Action” and “No Grazing,” were considered succinctly, but excluded without detailed studies.3 The EA did not analyze the No Grazing alternative because the 1987 Lander Resource Management Plan (RMP) had…
Mexican Spotted Owl The Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) has two other related species of the spotted owls which are the Northern and California spotted owls. Each spotted owl is located in their own geographic area and are considered to be tamed approachable birds by humans. During the day they sit on a tree branch in the deep shade and hunt during the night. The Mexican spotted owl can distinguished by its color, feathers and habitat location.…
The article, American Forest Policy-Global Ethical Tradeoffs, addresses the issue of global increases in timber demand, especially within the United States, coupled with the decrease in timber production and forest cultivation within the U.S., and the potential solutions that may remedy the growing timber dilemma. The authors propose several solutions and discuss their potential benefits and costs, but overall, voice their preference of establishing forest plantations and practicing intensive forest management. The article is written is a very straightforward, factual way that is aimed at the general public, in an attempt to have them understand the unintentional hypocrisies of their actions of advocating reduced logging while still importing…
Reproduction Elf owls find north facing woodpecker cavities to raise the young. Elf owls usually lay three eggs. Three eggs are very common to elf owls. Females can lay anywhere one to five eggs.…
For a multitude of reasons, the management philosophy became outdated and failures developed - the old paradigms were insufficient to meet the changing realities faced by federal agencies. By the 1990s, federal policymakers, land managers, and environmental scholars conceptualized and suggested a new paradigm - ecosystem management - to correct prior deficiencies in light of changing ecological, legal and political realities for federal land and resource management and its respective federal agencies. In Federal Ecosystem Management, James R. Skillen, an Assistant Professor of Environmental Studies at Calvin College, notes that the new paradigm of ecosystem management would address and correct prior failures through a three-pronged framework of land and resource management integration across factitious jurisdictional boundaries, amelioration of the conflict between biodiversity protection and economic development, and re-structure the process of federal management by making it more collaborative and less hierarchical. Skillen’s narrative traces the emergence of ecosystem management as official federal policy, how it was shaped into two distinct models by federal environmental…
Introduction The reintroduction of the Mexican Gray wolf into the southwestern United States has been a subject of large controversy in the past few decades. They first became protected by the Endangered Species Act of 1976; this species that had numbers in the thousands only a few decades earlier had become completely extinct in the United States (Southwest Wildlife). In 1960 the population dropped to seven, and yet there were still no efforts to implement their recovery as a species for 16 more years. Currently the goal of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service is to expand the population in the wild to at least one hundred (Bergman).…
Solano County is considered one of the first counties in California (CA), formed in 1850 (Salano County CA, n.d.). (See Figure 1). It is the easternmost county of the North Bay, located approximately 72 kilometers northeast of San Francisco, covering a total of 235,430 hectare (ha), which includes approximately 174, 927 ha of rural land area and approximately 21,807 ha of water area (Salano County CA, n.d.). In 1999, the United States Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) issued a Biological Opinion, in accordance with Section Seven of the Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA), concerning the Solano Project Water Service Contract Renewal between the Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), United States Department of the Interior (USDOI), and the Solano County…
The Umbrellabird Conservation in the Choco proposal was evaluated utilizing Keeney and Gregory’s (2005) Structured Decision Making evaluation criteria as designated within the context of this review. This proposal was chosen based upon Gregory and Keeney’s lengthy careers, and expertise involving decision research, decision analysis and decision making involvement with environmental sustainability and management of endangered species. In addition, our analysis incorporated the Arizona Grant Proposal Checklist and Review Worksheet to determine the strengths and shortcomings of the aforementioned proposal. Of which in turn, will lead to the decision of whether the chosen proposal should be funded, not funded, or a request for a rewrite is necessary.…
This article discusses the changes occurring in forest ecosystems where a fire is a crucial component of the environment. The study mentioned that climate change and decades of fire suppression are changing the dynamics of these forests and threatening the lively hood of spotted owls that occupy the place. The research explained in this article examines spotted owl that lives in California and they provided telemetry data on how owls survive in wildfires. The data gathered showed that spotted owls typically avoid the badly burned areas, but they benefit from habitat that includes a mixture of burned patches of different sizes and degrees of severity. I found this article interesting, and I think that students will enjoy learning that fire…
In the book owl babies there were three owls named Sarah, Bill, and Percy, they woke up and suddenly their mother owl was not to be found in their hole that was their house. They went outside and tried to look for her while sitting on the branch, but when all failed they closed their eyes and wished for their mother owl to come back. Suddenly, the mother owl came flying quietly and saw her babies sitting on the branch. Then, they all went back in their hole and the owl kids had a great old time with their mother owl. The owl kids all said, “I knew you would come, I love…
Owls, hawks, and eagles are types of raptors, animals which have hooked beaks and sharp claws, and are therefore adapted for seizing prey animals. Hawks and eagles differ from owls in that they eat their prey animals by tearing them into small pieces, picking out the flesh and avoiding most of the bone material which they might eat. The relatively small amount of indigestible bone and fur that remain will be compacted by their stomach muscles into a pellet similar to the owl’s. Do you think an eagle pellet would be as useful for dissecting as an owl’s? Why or why not?…
Environmental issues often arise from injustice in environmental policy-making and enforcement of regulations and laws and the deliberate targeting of minorities. Issues that impact the environment have impacts on people that live there as well. In the past and in the present, social injustice in the quest for economic growth and profit has marginally affected Native Americans and minorities. Lack of protection of spiritual grounds and indigenous habitats of Native Americans by the American government and the strategic placement of hazardous and other noxious facilities in poor and African American neighborhoods, present not just environmental issues but also social justice issues.…
Juniperus virginiana is a woody invasive species that is threatening grasslands in the great plains. A variety of methods are used to control the spread of this tree, including prescribed fire and mechanical/hand cutting, and although fire is a natural control of redcedar and less expensive per acre than cutting, it is at a disadvantage because of negative cultural perceptions of the use of fire, perpetuated by fire suppression campaigns in the past century. A number of agencies have implemented cost-share programs to educate and recruit landowners in the battle against redcedar, however these programs have not been assessed and there is concern that, due to the differences between agency missions and landowner missions, these programs aren't…
The Endangered Species Act, like many of the conservation acts, was put in place because people noticed something needed to be done. Although this act is very complex and can be confusing, it has been successful. Nonetheless, since many species are still listed or waiting to be assessed people criticize the act’s effectiveness. In 1966, congress passed the Endangered Species Preservation Act. This listed native animals as endangered and gave limited protection.…