In this study, the researcher used Life Experiences Survey (LES) to measured violence exposure (Carlson, 2006). The LES consists of six recent and past violence exposures such as threats, physical abuse, beating, knife attacks, gun violence, and sexual abuse (Carlson, 2006). However, for the purpose of this study the gun violence section was only used based on the topic the researcher would ask liker scale question such as how often have you witness gun violence never, sometimes, very often, almost every day (Carlson, 2006). Also, trauma symptoms were measured using the Trauma Symptoms Checklist for Children (TSC-C) (Carlson, 2006). This instrument was make measure outcomes of violence exposure and it has 54 items and six subscales which
