This example is a valid deductive argument because the argument contains false premises, but the conclusion is true. False premises can lead to either a true or a false conclusion, even in a valid argument. In this example, both premises, which are “all ducks are televisions,” and “all televisions are fish” are false; however, both premises led to a true conclusion, which is “all ducks are fish.” Also, stating the premises, “all ducks are televisions”, and “all televisions are fish” is valid, does not imply ducks are actually televisions, and televisions are fish. Actually, ducks are not televisions and televisions are not fish. Saying this argument is valid is stating that, if the premises were true, the conclusion would have to also
