The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism
1812-1824
On to Canada over Land and Lakes
The Americans tried to invade Canada from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain. All were fought off by the Canadians.
The Americans then attacked by sea and were more successful.
Oliver Hazard Perry: captured a British fleet in Lake Erie.
General Harrison's army overtook the British at Detroit and Fort Malden in the Battle of the Thames in October 1813.
Thomas Macdonough: naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814; he saved upper New York from British conquest. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended
In August of 1814, a second British force attacked Washington D.C. They burned most of the capital, including the White House and Capitol. Francis Scott Key: American prisoner aboard a British ship who watched the British fleet bombard Fort McHenry; wrote the "Star Spangled Banner." Andrew Jackson defended New Orleans at the Battle of New Orleans. The Treaty of Ghent Tsar Alexander I of Russia called the Americans and British to come to peace because he didn't want his British ally to lose strength in the Americas and let Napoleon take over Europe. The Treaty of Ghent, signed on December 24, 1814 in Ghent, Belgium, was an armistice. John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay went to Ghent for the signing. Both sides stopped fighting and conquered territory was restored. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island met in 1814 in Hartford, Connecticut for a secret meeting to discuss their disgust of the war and to redress their grievances. The Hartford Convention's final report demanded: - Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade from embargoes. - Constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared. - The abolition of slavery. - A President could only serve 1 term. - The abolition of the 3/5 clause. - The prohibition of the election of 2 successive Presidents from the same state. Few took serious interest in the demands in the wake of the Ghent treaty. The Hartford resolutions marked the death of the Federalist party. The party nominated their last presidential candidate in 1816. The Second War for American Independence The War of 1812 showed other nations around the world that America would defend its beliefs. The Rush-Bagot Agreement was made between the U.S. and Britain in 1817, and it limited the naval armament on the Great Lakes. Nascent Nationalism The most impressive by-product of the War of 1812 was heightened nationalism. The army and navy were expanded and the Bank of the United States was revived by Congress in 1816. "The American System" Congress instituted the 1st protective tariff, the Tariff of 1816, primarily for protection for American companies. British companies were trying to put American factories out of business by selling their British goods for much less than the American factories. The tariff placed a 20-25% …show more content…
James Monroe won the election.
The time during the administrations of President Monroe was known as the "Era of Good Feelings" because the 2 political parties were getting along. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times
The Panic of 1819 was the first financial panic since President Washington took office. The main cause was over-speculation in frontier lands.
The Bank of the United States was hated by western farmers because it foreclosed on many farms. Growing Pains of the West
Between 1791 and 1819, 9 states from the West had joined the United States. People moved west because of cheap land, the construction of highways, and many Indian territories had been eliminated.
The Land Act of 1820 authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre. The West also demanded cheap transportation and cheap money. Slavery and the Sectional Balance
The House of Representatives passed the Tallmadge Amendment, making it more difficult for Missouri to become a state. It did not allow for anymore slaves to be brought into Missouri and for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already in Missouri. The amendment was defeated by the slave states in